Generic placeholder image

Current Neuropharmacology

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1570-159X
ISSN (Online): 1875-6190

Meta-Analysis

Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Reduction Therapies for Secondary Prevention in Patients with Stroke: A Network Meta-analysis

Author(s): Xing Wang, Jun Zheng, Yuqi Chen, Chao You and Lu Ma*

Volume 22, Issue 12, 2024

Published on: 20 October, 2023

Page: [2034 - 2044] Pages: 11

DOI: 10.2174/1570159X22666231020093035

Price: $65

Open Access Journals Promotions 2
Abstract

Background: Patients with previous strokes are at a higher risk of stroke recurrence. Current guidelines recommend a range of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)-lowering treatments to reduce the risk of recurrent stroke. However, the optimal agent for decreasing LDL-C to lower the risk of recurrent stroke remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the relative effects of various LDL-C -lowering agents for secondary stroke prevention.

Methods: Several databases were searched from inception up to 2022. Only randomized controlled trials that compared different LDL-C-lowering agents in adult patients with previous strokes were included. The primary endpoint was a recurrent stroke. The surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) was also applied to estimate the overall ranking probability of the treatment agents for each outcome.

Results: Overall, nine trials comprising 17,226 patients were included. Ezetimibe plus statins (RR: 0.56, 95% CrI: 0.35-0.87) and statins alone (RR: 0.90, 95% CrI: 0.81-1.00) reduced the risk of stroke recurrence. Ezetimibe plus statins was superior to statins alone in decreasing the incidence of recurrent stroke (RR: 0.62, 95% CrI: 0.39-0.95). However, treatment with statins was related to an increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke compared to placebo (RR: 1.57, 95% CrI: 1.13-2.21). All agents were related to a decreased incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events.

Conclusion: Treatment with ezetimibe plus statins was suggested as the most efficacious in decreasing the incidence of recurrent stroke. The analysis also revealed that statin monotherapy was related to an increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke.

Keywords: Ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, low-density lipoprotein, PCSK9, secondary prevention, cardiovascular events.

Graphical Abstract
[1]
Saini, V.; Guada, L.; Yavagal, D.R. Global epidemiology of stroke and access to acute ischemic stroke interventions. Neurology., 2021, 97(S2), S6-S16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000012781] [PMID: 34785599]
[2]
Johnson, C.O.; Nguyen, M.; Roth, G.A.; Nichols, E.; Alam, T.; Abate, D.; Abd-Allah, F.; Abdelalim, A.; Abraha, H.N.; Abu-Rmeileh, N.M.E.; Adebayo, O.M.; Adeoye, A.M.; Agarwal, G.; Agrawal, S.; Aichour, A.N.; Aichour, I.; Aichour, M.T.E.; Alahdab, F.; Ali, R.; Alvis-Guzman, N.; Anber, N.H.; Anjomshoa, M.; Arabloo, J.; Arauz, A.; Ärnlöv, J.; Arora, A.; Awasthi, A.; Banach, M.; Barboza, M.A.; Barker-Collo, S.L.; Bärnighausen, T.W.; Basu, S.; Belachew, A.B.; Belayneh, Y.M.; Bennett, D.A.; Bensenor, I.M.; Bhattacharyya, K.; Biadgo, B.; Bijani, A.; Bikbov, B.; Bin Sayeed, M.S.; Butt, Z.A.; Cahuana-Hurtado, L.; Carrero, J.J.; Carvalho, F.; Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A.; Castro, F.; Catalá-López, F.; Chaiah, Y.; Chiang, P.P-C.; Choi, J-Y.J.; Christensen, H.; Chu, D-T.; Cortinovis, M.; Damasceno, A.A.M.; Dandona, L.; Dandona, R.; Daryani, A.; Davletov, K.; de Courten, B.; De la Cruz-Góngora, V.; Degefa, M.G.; Dharmaratne, S.D.; Diaz, D.; Dubey, M.; Duken, E.E.; Edessa, D.; Endres, M.; Faraon, E.J.A.; Farzadfar, F.; Fernandes, E.; Fischer, F.; Flor, L.S.; Ganji, M.; Gebre, A.K.; Gebremichael, T.G.; Geta, B.; Gezae, K.E.; Gill, P.S.; Gnedovskaya, E.V.; Gómez-Dantés, H.; Goulart, A.C.; Grosso, G.; Guo, Y.; Gupta, R.; Haj-Mirzaian, A.; Haj-Mirzaian, A.; Hamidi, S.; Hankey, G.J.; Hassen, H.Y.; Hay, S.I.; Hegazy, M.I.; Heidari, B.; Herial, N.A.; Hosseini, M.A.; Hostiuc, S.; Irvani, S.S.N.; Islam, S.M.S.; Jahanmehr, N.; Javanbakht, M.; Jha, R.P.; Jonas, J.B.; Jozwiak, J.J.; Jürisson, M.; Kahsay, A.; Kalani, R.; Kalkonde, Y.; Kamil, T.A.; Kanchan, T.; Karch, A.; Karimi, N.; Karimi-Sari, H.; Kasaeian, A.; Kassa, T.D.; Kazemeini, H.; Kefale, A.T.; Khader, Y.S.; Khalil, I.A.; Khan, E.A.; Khang, Y-H.; Khubchandani, J.; Kim, D.; Kim, Y.J.; Kisa, A.; Kivimäki, M.; Koyanagi, A.; Krishnamurthi, R.K.; Kumar, G.A.; Lafranconi, A.; Lewington, S.; Li, S.; Lo, W.D.; Lopez, A.D.; Lorkowski, S.; Lotufo, P.A.; Mackay, M.T.; Majdan, M.; Majdzadeh, R.; Majeed, A.; Malekzadeh, R.; Manafi, N.; Mansournia, M.A.; Mehndiratta, M.M.; Mehta, V.; Mengistu, G.; Meretoja, A.; Meretoja, T.J.; Miazgowski, B.; Miazgowski, T.; Miller, T.R.; Mirrakhimov, E.M.; Mohajer, B.; Mohammad, Y.; Mohammadoo-khorasani, M.; Mohammed, S.; Mohebi, F.; Mokdad, A.H.; Mokhayeri, Y.; Moradi, G.; Morawska, L.; Moreno Velásquez, I.; Mousavi, S.M.; Muhammed, O.S.S.; Muruet, W.; Naderi, M.; Naghavi, M.; Naik, G.; Nascimento, B.R.; Negoi, R.I.; Nguyen, C.T.; Nguyen, L.H.; Nirayo, Y.L.; Norrving, B.; Noubiap, J.J.; Ofori-Asenso, R.; Ogbo, F.A.; Olagunju, A.T.; Olagunju, T.O.; Owolabi, M.O.; Pandian, J.D.; Patel, S.; Perico, N.; Piradov, M.A.; Polinder, S.; Postma, M.J.; Poustchi, H.; Prakash, V.; Qorbani, M.; Rafiei, A.; Rahim, F.; Rahimi, K.; Rahimi-Movaghar, V.; Rahman, M.; Rahman, M.A.; Reis, C.; Remuzzi, G.; Renzaho, A.M.N.; Ricci, S.; Roberts, N.L.S.; Robinson, S.R.; Roever, L.; Roshandel, G.; Sabbagh, P.; Safari, H.; Safari, S.; Safiri, S.; Sahebkar, A.; Salehi Zahabi, S.; Samy, A.M.; Santalucia, P.; Santos, I.S.; Santos, J.V.; Santric Milicevic, M.M.; Sartorius, B.; Sawant, A.R.; Schutte, A.E.; Sepanlou, S.G.; Shafieesabet, A.; Shaikh, M.A.; Shams-Beyranvand, M.; Sheikh, A.; Sheth, K.N.; Shibuya, K.; Shigematsu, M.; Shin, M-J.; Shiue, I.; Siabani, S.; Sobaih, B.H.; Sposato, L.A.; Sutradhar, I.; Sylaja, P.N.; Szoeke, C.E.I.; Te Ao, B.J.; Temsah, M-H.; Temsah, O.; Thrift, A.G.; Tonelli, M.; Topor-Madry, R.; Tran, B.X.; Tran, K.B.; Truelsen, T.C.; Tsadik, A.G.; Ullah, I.; Uthman, O.A.; Vaduganathan, M.; Valdez, P.R.; Vasankari, T.J.; Vasanthan, R.; Venketasubramanian, N.; Vosoughi, K.; Vu, G.T.; Waheed, Y.; Weiderpass, E.; Weldegwergs, K.G.; Westerman, R.; Wolfe, C.D.A.; Wondafrash, D.Z.; Xu, G.; Yadollahpour, A.; Yamada, T.; Yatsuya, H.; Yimer, E.M.; Yonemoto, N.; Yousefifard, M.; Yu, C.; Zaidi, Z.; Zamani, M.; Zarghi, A.; Zhang, Y.; Zodpey, S.; Feigin, V.L.; Vos, T.; Murray, C.J.L. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke, 1990–2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol., 2019, 18(5), 439-458.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30034-1] [PMID: 30871944]
[3]
Mohan, K.M.; Wolfe, C.D.A.; Rudd, A.G.; Heuschmann, P.U.; Kolominsky-Rabas, P.L.; Grieve, A.P. Risk and cumulative risk of stroke recurrence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke., 2011, 42(5), 1489-1494.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.602615] [PMID: 21454819]
[4]
Amarenco, P.; Lavallée, P.C.; Monteiro Tavares, L.; Labreuche, J.; Albers, G.W.; Abboud, H.; Anticoli, S.; Audebert, H.; Bornstein, N.M.; Caplan, L.R.; Correia, M.; Donnan, G.A.; Ferro, J.M.; Gongora-Rivera, F.; Heide, W.; Hennerici, M.G.; Kelly, P.J.; Král, M.; Lin, H.F.; Molina, C.; Park, J.M.; Purroy, F.; Rothwell, P.M.; Segura, T.; Školoudík, D.; Steg, P.G.; Touboul, P.J.; Uchiyama, S.; Vicaut, É.; Wang, Y.; Wong, L.K.S. Five-year risk of stroke after TIA or minor ischemic stroke. N. Engl. J. Med., 2018, 378(23), 2182-2190.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1802712] [PMID: 29766771]
[5]
Hoshino, T.; Uchiyama, S.; Wong, L.K.S.; Kitagawa, K.; Charles, H.; Labreuche, J.; Lavallée, P.C.; Albers, G.W.; Caplan, L.R.; Donnan, G.A.; Ferro, J.M.; Hennerici, M.G.; Molina, C.; Rothwell, P.M.; Steg, P.G.; Touboul, P.J.; Vicaut, É.; Amarenco, P. Five-year prognosis after TIA or minor ischemic stroke in asian and non-asian populations. Neurology., 2021, 96(1), e54-e66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000010995] [PMID: 33046613]
[6]
Heuschmann, P.U.; Kircher, J.; Nowe, T.; Dittrich, R.; Reiner, Z.; Cifkova, R.; Malojcic, B.; Mayer, O.; Bruthans, J.; Wloch-Kopec, D.; Prugger, C.; Heidrich, J.; Keil, U. Control of main risk factors after ischaemic stroke across Europe: Data from the stroke-specific module of the EUROASPIRE III survey. Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol., 2015, 22(10), 1354-1362.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2047487314546825] [PMID: 25139770]
[7]
Hackam, D.G.; Hegele, R.A. Cholesterol lowering and prevention of stroke. Stroke., 2019, 50(2), 537-541.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.118.023167] [PMID: 30602355]
[8]
Amarenco, P.; Lavallée, P.; Touboul, P.J. Stroke prevention, blood cholesterol, and statins. Lancet Neurol., 2004, 3(5), 271-278.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(04)00734-3] [PMID: 15099541]
[9]
Aradine, E.; Hou, Y.; Cronin, C.A.; Chaturvedi, S. Current status of dyslipidemia treatment for stroke prevention. Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep., 2020, 20(8), 31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11910-020-01052-4] [PMID: 32572590]
[10]
Khan, S.U.; Talluri, S.; Riaz, H.; Rahman, H.; Nasir, F.; Bin Riaz, I.; Sattur, S.; Ahmed, H.; Kaluski, E.; Krasuski, R. A Bayesian network meta-analysis of PCSK9 inhibitors, statins and ezetimibe with or without statins for cardiovascular outcomes. Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol., 2018, 25(8), 844-853.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2047487318766612] [PMID: 29569492]
[11]
Lee, M.; Cheng, C.Y.; Wu, Y.L.; Lee, J.D.; Hsu, C.Y.; Ovbiagele, B. Association between intensity of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction with statin-based therapies and secondary stroke prevention. JAMA Neurol., 2022, 79(4), 349-358.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.5578] [PMID: 35188949]
[12]
Baigent, C.; Keech, A.; Kearney, P.M.; Blackwell, L.; Buck, G.; Pollicino, C.; Kirby, A.; Sourjina, T.; Peto, R.; Collins, R.; Simes, R. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: Prospective meta-analysis of data from 90 056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet., 2005, 366(9493), 1267-1278.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67394-1] [PMID: 16214597]
[13]
Mach, F.; Baigent, C.; Catapano, A.L.; Koskinas, K.C.; Casula, M.; Badimon, L.; Chapman, M.J.; De Backer, G.G.; Delgado, V.; Ference, B.A.; Graham, I.M.; Halliday, A.; Landmesser, U.; Mihaylova, B.; Pedersen, T.R.; Riccardi, G.; Richter, D.J.; Sabatine, M.S.; Taskinen, M.R.; Tokgozoglu, L.; Wiklund, O.; Mueller, C.; Drexel, H.; Aboyans, V.; Corsini, A.; Doehner, W.; Farnier, M.; Gigante, B.; Kayikcioglu, M.; Krstacic, G.; Lambrinou, E.; Lewis, B.S.; Masip, J.; Moulin, P.; Petersen, S.; Petronio, A.S.; Piepoli, M.F.; Pintó, X.; Räber, L.; Ray, K.K.; Reiner, Ž.; Riesen, W.F.; Roffi, M.; Schmid, J-P.; Shlyakhto, E.; Simpson, I.A.; Stroes, E.; Sudano, I.; Tselepis, A.D.; Viigimaa, M.; Vindis, C.; Vonbank, A.; Vrablik, M.; Vrsalovic, M.; Zamorano, J.L.; Collet, J-P.; Koskinas, K.C.; Casula, M.; Badimon, L.; John Chapman, M.; De Backer, G.G.; Delgado, V.; Ference, B.A.; Graham, I.M.; Halliday, A.; Landmesser, U.; Mihaylova, B.; Pedersen, T.R.; Riccardi, G.; Richter, D.J.; Sabatine, M.S.; Taskinen, M-R.; Tokgozoglu, L.; Wiklund, O.; Windecker, S.; Aboyans, V.; Baigent, C.; Collet, J-P.; Dean, V.; Delgado, V.; Fitzsimons, D.; Gale, C.P.; Grobbee, D.; Halvorsen, S.; Hindricks, G.; Iung, B.; Jüni, P.; Katus, H.A.; Landmesser, U.; Leclercq, C.; Lettino, M.; Lewis, B.S.; Merkely, B.; Mueller, C.; Petersen, S.; Petronio, A.S.; Richter, D.J.; Roffi, M.; Shlyakhto, E.; Simpson, I.A.; Sousa-Uva, M.; Touyz, R.M.; Nibouche, D.; Zelveian, P.H.; Siostrzonek, P.; Najafov, R.; van de Borne, P.; Pojskic, B.; Postadzhiyan, A.; Kypris, L.; Špinar, J.; Larsen, M.L.; Eldin, H.S.; Viigimaa, M.; Strandberg, T.E.; Ferrières, J.; Agladze, R.; Laufs, U.; Rallidis, L.; Bajnok, L.; Gudjónsson, T.; Maher, V.; Henkin, Y.; Gulizia, M.M.; Mussagaliyeva, A.; Bajraktari, G.; Kerimkulova, A.; Latkovskis, G.; Hamoui, O.; Slapikas, R.; Visser, L.; Dingli, P.; Ivanov, V.; Boskovic, A.; Nazzi, M.; Visseren, F.; Mitevska, I.; Retterstøl, K.; Jankowski, P.; Fontes-Carvalho, R.; Gaita, D.; Ezhov, M.; Foscoli, M.; Giga, V.; Pella, D.; Fras, Z.; de Isla, L.P.; Hagström, E.; Lehmann, R.; Abid, L.; Ozdogan, O.; Mitchenko, O.; Patel, R.S. 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: Lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur. Heart J., 2020, 41(1), 111-188.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455] [PMID: 31504418]
[14]
Hackam, D.G.; Woodward, M.; Newby, L.K.; Bhatt, D.L.; Shao, M.; Smith, E.E.; Donner, A.; Mamdani, M.; Douketis, J.D.; Arima, H.; Chalmers, J.; MacMahon, S.; Tirschwell, D.L.; Psaty, B.M.; Bushnell, C.D.; Aguilar, M.I.; Capampangan, D.J.; Werring, D.J.; De Rango, P.; Viswanathan, A.; Danchin, N.; Cheng, C.L.; Yang, Y.H.K.; Verdel, B.M.; Lai, M.S.; Kennedy, J.; Uchiyama, S.; Yamaguchi, T.; Ikeda, Y.; Mrkobrada, M. Statins and intracerebral hemorrhage: Collaborative systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation., 2011, 124(20), 2233-2242.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.055269] [PMID: 22007076]
[15]
McKinney, J.S.; Kostis, W.J. Statin therapy and the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage: A meta-analysis of 31 randomized controlled trials. Stroke, 2012, 43(8), 2149-2156.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.655894] [PMID: 22588266]
[16]
Henyan, N.N.; Riche, D.M.; East, H.E.; Gann, P.N. Impact of statins on risk of stroke: A meta-analysis. Ann. Pharmacother., 2007, 41(12), 1937-1945.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1K280] [PMID: 17986516]
[17]
Hutton, B.; Salanti, G.; Caldwell, D.M.; Chaimani, A.; Schmid, C.H.; Cameron, C.; Ioannidis, J.P.A.; Straus, S.; Thorlund, K.; Jansen, J.P.; Mulrow, C.; Catalá-López, F.; Gøtzsche, P.C.; Dickersin, K.; Boutron, I.; Altman, D.G.; Moher, D. The PRISMA extension statement for reporting of systematic reviews incorporating network meta-analyses of health care interventions: checklist and explanations. Ann. Intern. Med., 2015, 162(11), 777-784.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/M14-2385] [PMID: 26030634]
[18]
Higgins, J.P.T.; Altman, D.G.; Gøtzsche, P.C.; Jüni, P.; Moher, D.; Oxman, A.D.; Savovic, J.; Schulz, K.F.; Weeks, L.; Sterne, J.A.C. The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ, 2011, 343, d5928.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d5928] [PMID: 22008217]
[19]
Balshem, H.; Helfand, M.; Schünemann, H.J.; Oxman, A.D.; Kunz, R.; Brozek, J.; Vist, G.E.; Falck-Ytter, Y.; Meerpohl, J.; Norris, S.; Guyatt, G.H. GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence. J. Clin. Epidemiol., 2011, 64(4), 401-406.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.07.015] [PMID: 21208779]
[20]
Wang, X.; Wen, D.; Chen, Y.; Ma, L.; You, C. PCSK9 inhibitors for secondary prevention in patients with cardiovascular diseases: A bayesian network meta-analysis. Cardiovasc. Diabetol., 2022, 21(1), 107.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12933-022-01542-4] [PMID: 35706032]
[21]
Egger, M.; Smith, G.D.; Schneider, M.; Minder, C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ, 1997, 315(7109), 629-634.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629] [PMID: 9310563]
[22]
Giugliano, R.P.; Pedersen, T.R.; Saver, J.L.; Sever, P.S.; Keech, A.C.; Bohula, E.A.; Murphy, S.A.; Wasserman, S.M.; Honarpour, N.; Wang, H.; Lira Pineda, A.; Sabatine, M.S. Stroke prevention with the PCSK9 (Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin-Kexin Type 9) inhibitor evolocumab added to statin in high-risk patients with stable atherosclerosis. Stroke., 2020, 51(5), 1546-1554.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.027759] [PMID: 32312223]
[23]
Jukema, J.W.; Zijlstra, L.E.; Bhatt, D.L.; Bittner, V.A.; Diaz, R.; Drexel, H.; Goodman, S.G.; Kim, Y.U.; Pordy, R.; Reiner, Ž.; Roe, M.T.; Tse, H.F.; Montenegro, V.P.C.; White, H.D.; Zeiher, A.M.; Szarek, M.; Schwartz, G.G.; Steg, P.G. Effect of alirocumab on stroke in ODYSSEY OUTCOMES. Circulation, 2019, 140(25), 2054-2062.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.043826] [PMID: 31707788]
[24]
Bohula, E.A.; Wiviott, S.D.; Giugliano, R.P.; Blazing, M.A.; Park, J.G.; Murphy, S.A.; White, J.A.; Mach, F.; Van de Werf, F.; Dalby, A.J.; White, H.D.; Tershakovec, A.M.; Cannon, C.P.; Braunwald, E. Prevention of stroke with the addition of ezetimibe to statin therapy in patients with acute coronary syndrome in IMPROVE-IT (Improved Reduction of Outcomes: Vytorin Efficacy International Trial). Circulation., 2017, 136(25), 2440-2450.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029095] [PMID: 28972004]
[25]
Hosomi, N.; Nagai, Y.; Kohriyama, T.; Ohtsuki, T.; Aoki, S.; Nezu, T.; Maruyama, H.; Sunami, N.; Yokota, C.; Kitagawa, K.; Terayama, Y.; Takagi, M.; Ibayashi, S.; Nakamura, M.; Origasa, H.; Fukushima, M.; Mori, E.; Minematsu, K.; Uchiyama, S.; Shinohara, Y.; Yamaguchi, T.; Matsumoto, M. The Japan statin treatment against recurrent stroke (J-STARS): A multicenter, randomized, open-label, parallel-group study. EBioMedicine., 2015, 2(9), 1071-1078.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.08.006] [PMID: 26501105]
[26]
Yakusevich, V.V.; Malygin, A.Y.; Lychenko, S.V.; Petrochenko, A.S.; Kabanov, A.V. The efficacy of high-dose simvastatin in acute period of ischemic stroke. Ration. Pharmacother. Cardiol., 2012, 8(1), 4-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.20996/1819-6446-2012-8-1-4-16]
[27]
Amarenco, P.; Bogousslavsky, J.; Callahan, A., III; Goldstein, L.B.; Hennerici, M.; Rudolph, A.E.; Sillesen, H.; Simunovic, L.; Szarek, M.; Welch, K.M.; Zivin, J.A. High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack. N. Engl. J. Med., 2006, 355(6), 549-559.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa061894] [PMID: 16899775]
[28]
Collins, R.; Armitage, J.; Parish, S.; Sleight, P.; Peto, R. Effects of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin on stroke and other major vascular events in 20536 people with cerebrovascular disease or other high-risk conditions. Lancet., 2004, 363(9411), 757-767.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15690-0] [PMID: 15016485]
[29]
White, H.D.; Simes, R.J.; Anderson, N.E.; Hankey, G.J.; Watson, J.D.G.; Hunt, D.; Colquhoun, D.M.; Glasziou, P.; MacMahon, S.; Kirby, A.C.; West, M.J.; Tonkin, A.M. Pravastatin therapy and the risk of stroke. N. Engl. J. Med., 2000, 343(5), 317-326.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200008033430502] [PMID: 10922421]
[30]
Plehn, J.F.; Davis, B.R.; Sacks, F.M.; Rouleau, J.L.; Pfeffer, M.A.; Bernstein, V.; Cuddy, T.E.; Moyé, L.A.; Piller, L.B.; Rutherford, J.; Simpson, L.M.; Braunwald, E. Reduction of stroke incidence after myocardial infarction with pravastatin: The Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) study. Circulation, 1999, 99(2), 216-223.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.99.2.216] [PMID: 9892586]
[31]
Ariesen, M.J.; Claus, S.P.; Rinkel, G.J.E.; Algra, A. Risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage in the general population: A systematic review. Stroke, 2003, 34(8), 2060-2065.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000080678.09344.8D] [PMID: 12843354]
[32]
Gurevitz, C.; Auriel, E.; Elis, A.; Kornowski, R. The Association between low levels of low density lipoprotein cholesterol and intracerebral hemorrhage: Cause for concern? J. Clin. Med., 2022, 11(3), 536.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11030536] [PMID: 35159988]
[33]
Westover, M.B.; Bianchi, M.T.; Eckman, M.H.; Greenberg, S.M. Statin use following intracerebral hemorrhage: A decision analysis. Arch. Neurol., 2011, 68(5), 573-579.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneurol.2010.356] [PMID: 21220650]
[34]
Lauer, A.; Greenberg, S.M.; Gurol, M.E. Statins in intracerebral hemorrhage. Curr. Atheroscler. Rep., 2015, 17(8), 46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11883-015-0526-5] [PMID: 26092038]
[35]
Violi, F.; Calvieri, C.; Ferro, D.; Pignatelli, P. Statins as antithrombotic drugs. Circulation., 2013, 127(2), 251-257.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.145334] [PMID: 23319813]
[36]
Undas, A.; Brummel, K.E.; Musial, J.; Mann, K.G.; Szczeklik, A. Simvastatin depresses blood clotting by inhibiting activation of prothrombin, factor V, and factor XIII and by enhancing factor Va inactivation. Circulation, 2001, 103(18), 2248-2253.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.103.18.2248] [PMID: 11342472]
[37]
Lin, M.S.; Lin, Y.S.; Chang, S.T.; Wang, P.C.; Chien-Chia Wu, V.; Lin, W.Y.; Chung, C.M. Effect of initiating statin therapy on long-term outcomes of patients with dyslipidemia after intracerebral hemorrhage. Atherosclerosis, 2019, 288, 137-145.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.07.009] [PMID: 31374467]
[38]
Tai, S.Y.; Lin, F.C.; Lee, C.Y.; Chang, C.J.; Wu, M.T.; Chien, C.Y. Statin use after intracerebral hemorrhage: A 10‐year nationwide cohort study. Brain Behav., 2016, 6(8), e00487.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/brb3.487] [PMID: 27247857]
[39]
Hackam, D.G.; Hegele, R.A. Lipid-modifying therapies and stroke prevention. Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep., 2022, 22(7), 375-382.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11910-022-01197-4] [PMID: 35554824]
[40]
Sanz-Cuesta, B.E.; Saver, J.L. Lipid-lowering therapy and hemorrhagic stroke risk. Stroke., 2021, 52(10), 3142-3150.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.121.034576] [PMID: 34154390]
[41]
Tramacere, I.; Boncoraglio, G.B.; Banzi, R.; Del Giovane, C.; Kwag, K.H.; Squizzato, A.; Moja, L. Comparison of statins for secondary prevention in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMC Med., 2019, 17(1), 67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12916-019-1298-5] [PMID: 30914063]
[42]
Manktelow, B.N.; Potter, J.F. Interventions in the management of serum lipids for preventing stroke recurrence. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2009, 2009(3), CD002091.
[PMID: 19588332]
[43]
Amarenco, P.; Labreuche, J. Lipid management in the prevention of stroke: Review and updated meta-analysis of statins for stroke prevention. Lancet Neurol., 2009, 8(5), 453-463.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70058-4] [PMID: 19375663]
[44]
Diener, H.C.; Hankey, G.J. Primary and secondary prevention of ischemic stroke and cerebral hemorrhage. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2020, 75(15), 1804-1818.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.12.072] [PMID: 32299593]
[45]
Wilson, P.W.F.; Polonsky, T.S.; Miedema, M.D.; Khera, A.; Kosinski, A.S.; Kuvin, J.T. Systematic review for the 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: A report of the american college of cardiology/american heart association task force on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation, 2019, 139(25), e1144-e1161.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000626] [PMID: 30586775]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy