Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1389-2010
ISSN (Online): 1873-4316

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Research Progress of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv and Predictive Analysis of Quality Markers Based on Network Pharmacology

Author(s): Xiaomei Zhao, Qiong Qu, Ying Zhang, Peiyuan Zhao, Jinqing Qiu, Xinbo Zhang, Xi Duan and Xiao Song*

Volume 25, Issue 7, 2024

Published on: 10 October, 2023

Page: [860 - 895] Pages: 36

DOI: 10.2174/0113892010265000230928060645

Price: $65

Open Access Journals Promotions 2
Abstract

Du Zhong is a valuable Chinese medicinal herb unique to China. It is a national second- class precious protected tree, known as “plant gold”, which has been used to treat various diseases since ancient times. The main active ingredients are lignans, phenylprophetons, flavonoids, iridoids and steroids and terpenoids, which have pharmacological effects such as lowering blood pressure, enhancing immunity, regulating bone metabolism, protecting nerve cells, protecting liver and gallbladder and regulating blood lipids. In this paper, a comprehensive review of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. was summarized from the processing and its compositional changes, applications, chemical components, pharmacological effects, and pharmacokinetics, and the Q-marker of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. is preliminarily predicted from the aspects of traditional efficacy, medicinal properties and measurability of chemical composition, and the pharmacodynamic substance basis and potential Q-marker of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. are further analyzed through network pharmacology. It is speculated that quercetin, kaempferol, β-sitosterol, chlorogenic acid and pinoresinol diglucoside components are selected as quality markers of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv., which provide a basis for the quality control evaluation and follow-up research and development of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.

Keywords: Eucommia ulmoides Oliv, processing, applications, pharmacokinetics, quality markers, network pharmacology.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Chinese pharmacopoeia commission. In: Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China, 2020ed.; China Medical Science Press: Beijing, 2020.
[2]
Li, G.; Li, Z.K.; Li, H.; Xiao, J.P.; Xu, Y.Q.; Chen, J.; Wu, W.; Yang, H.J. Study on development strategy of Eucommia ulmoides Chinese medicine industry. Zhongguo Xiandai Zhongyao, 2021, 23(04), 567-586.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.13313/j.issn.1673-4890.20201016001]
[3]
Lan, Y.; Wang, S.Y.; Wu, J.; Cai, J.Y.; Liu, W.H. Research progress on the regulation of immune function by active ingredients of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. Health Care Today, 2020, 20(3), 24-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1671-0223(x).2020.03.007]
[4]
Dong, Y.J.; Jiang, Y.Q.; Liu, Y.; Chen, J.P.; Gai, X.H.; Tian, C.W.; Chen, C.Q. Research progress on chemical composition and pharmacological effects of Cassiae Semen and predictive analysis on quality markers. Chin. Tradit. Herbal Drugs, 2021, 52(09), 2719-2732.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7501/j.issn.0253-2670.2021.09.022]
[5]
He, Y.N.; Liu, Y.; Wang, F.; Zhang, D.K.; Yang, M. Processing history and modern research progress of Eucommia ulmoides. Zhongguo Xiandai Zhongyao, 2021, 23(04), 593-598.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.13313/j.issn.1673-4890.20200921002]
[6]
Zhang, P.; Li, M.H.; Zhou, J.; Wei, F.; Ma, S.C.; Lu, T.L. Effect of processing technology on the quality of Eucommia ulmoides and recent advances in study on its chemical composition and pharmacology. Chung Kuo Yao Hsueh Tsa Chih, 2020, 55(06), 421-427.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.11669/cpj.2020.06.002]
[7]
Liu, K.X.; Zhou, L.; Liu, P.F.; Zhang, M.M.; Cao, Y.; Xu, N. Effect of processing with salt-water on the chemical constituents of Eucommiae Cortex. Zhongchengyao, 2011, 33(02), 280-284.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1528.2011.02.023]
[8]
Xiao, J.; Yan, R.J.; Zhang, S.H.; Luo, Y.L.; Cai, P.; Liang, X.J. Effects of different processing methods on quality of processed Eucommiae Cortex. Drugs Clin., 2013, 28(06), 874-878.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7501/j.issn.1674-5515.2013.06.014]
[9]
Zhu, X.Y.; Zhou, Y.P.; Lu, J.L.; Lin, S.Y.; Xie, H.; Xia, C.J.; Li, W.D. Comparative study on fingerprints of decoctions of processed products of eucommiae cortex. World Chin. Med., 2019, 14(02), 274-277.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-7202.2019.02.004]
[10]
Wang, Q.Q.; Zhou, H.Y.; Zhou, X.; Zhang, Q.; Jia, D.Y.; Lu, X.S.; Xiao, S.P.; Zhou, J.X.; Chen, M.; Zhan, Z.L. Herbal textual research on Eucommiae Cortex in famous classical formulas. Chin. J. Exp. Tradit. Med. Formulae, , 1-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.13422/j.cnki.syfjx.20230355]
[11]
Zhang, G.H.; Wang, S.Y.; Zhang, G.P.; Jia, J.L. Analysis of cultivation technology and application value of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. Mod. Rural Sci. Technol., 2018, 07, 60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-5329.2018.07.058]
[12]
Liang, X.J.; Liu, H.; Huang, X.L.; He, D.; Wan, D.; Zhang, S.H. Analysis on application and product status of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. as homology plant of medicine and food. Zhongguo Xiandai Zhongyao, 2021, 23(04), 587-592.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.13313/j.issn.1673-4890.20191126002]
[13]
Satake, H.; Ono, E.; Murata, J. Recent advances in the metabolic engineering of lignan biosynthesis pathways for the production of transgenic plant-based foods and supplements. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2013, 61(48), 11721-11729.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf4007104] [PMID: 23718735]
[14]
Zhang, S.N.; Li, X.Z. The research review of the components and pharmacological action of the bark of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. Chin. Ethn. Folk Med., 2017, 26(10), 56-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1007-8517.2017.10.zgmzmjyyzz201710017]
[15]
Chen, Y.; Pan, R.; Zhang, J.; Liang, T.; Guo, J.; Sun, T.; Fu, X.; Wang, L.; Zhang, L. Pinoresinol diglucoside (PDG) attenuates cardiac hypertrophy via AKT/mTOR/NF-κB signaling in pressure overload-induced rats. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2021, 272, 113920.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.113920] [PMID: 33607200]
[16]
Feng, H.; Zhou, H.H.; Ouyang, D.S. Chemical constituents and pharmacology of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. Chin. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 2015, 20(06), 713-720.
[17]
Wang, C.Y.; Tang, L.; He, J.W.; Li, J.; Wang, Y.Z. Ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of eucommia ulmoides: A review. Am. J. Chin. Med., 2019, 47(2), 259-300.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X19500137] [PMID: 30857406]
[18]
Gao, H.W.; Li, Y.P.; Li, S.C. Study Advances in Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Effects of Eucommia Ulmoides Oliv. Information on TCM, 2021, 38(06), 73-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.19656/j.cnki.1002-2406.210615]
[19]
Zuo, Y.M.; Gao, L.Y.; Zhang, Z.L. Chemical constituents of epoxy lignans of Eucommia ulmoides Leaves. Zhong Yao Cai, 2022, 45(09), 2139-2143.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.13863/j.issn1001-4454.2022.09.020]
[20]
Wang, X.R.; Wang, Y.T.; Zhu, H.H.; Ping, Y.; Wang, F.Y.; Wang, Y.; Wang, H. Main chemical components and health care function and application of Eucommia ulmoides. Shipin Anquan Zhiliang Jiance Xuebao, 2021, 12(06), 2292-2303.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.2021.06.037]
[21]
Shi, S.Y.; Peng, M.J.; Zhang, Y.P.; Peng, S. Combination of preparative HPLC and HSCCC methods to separate phosphodiesterase inhibitors from Eucommia ulmoides bark guided by ultrafiltration-based ligand screening. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2013, 405(12), 4213-4223.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-013-6806-4] [PMID: 23404133]
[22]
Xing, Y.F.; He, D.; Wang, Y.; Zeng, W.; Zhang, C.; Lu, Y.; Su, N.; Kong, Y.H.; Xing, X.H. Chemical constituents, biological functions and pharmacological effects for comprehensive utilization of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver. Food Sci. Hum. Wellness, 2019, 8(2), 177-188.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2019.03.013]
[23]
Zhang, Y. Research progress on the lignan-like components of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. and its determination method. J. North Pharm., 2014, 11(03), 53-54.
[24]
Hussain, T.; Tan, B.; Liu, G.; Oladele, O.A.; Rahu, N.; Tossou, M.C.; Yin, Y. Health-promoting properties of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.: A review. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med., 2016, 2016, 1-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5202908] [PMID: 27042191]
[25]
Zuo, Y.M.; Zhang, Z.L.; Li, Y.Y.; Chen, L.Y.; Liu, R.H.; Wang, Y.Y. Study on the chemical components of lignans of Folium Eucommiae. Lishizhen Med. Mater. Med. Res., 2014, 25(06), 1317-1319.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1008-0805.2014.06.014]
[26]
Huang, Q.; Tan, J.B.; Zeng, X.C.; Wang, Y.Q.; Zou, Z.X.; Ouyang, D.S. Lignans and phenolic constituents from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver. Nat. Prod. Res., 2021, 35(20), 3376-3383.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2019.1700250] [PMID: 31815549]
[27]
Fan, Y.B.; Zhou, Y.; Liu, D.P.; Zhang, Y.S.; Zhou, C.X. Classified summary of main components in Eucommia Ulmoides. China Pharm., 2014, 17(10), 1756-1760.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1008-049X.2014.10.050]
[28]
Zhang, W.P.; Zhu, W.; Zhang, L.; Fu, D.M.; Zhang, Z.D.; Zhang, L.; Zu, Y.G. Contents of main active ingredients and correlation with different agesand parts of Eucommia ulmoides oliv. Non-wood. For. Res., 2020, 38(03), 46-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14067/j.cnki.1003-8981.2020.03.006]
[29]
Wang, J.J.; Qin, X.M.; Gao, X.X.; Zhang, B.; Wang, P.Y.; Hao, J.Q.; Du, G.H. Research progress on chemical compounds, pharmacological action, and quality status of Eucommia ulmoides. Chin. Tradit. Herbal Drugs, 2017, 48(15), 3228-3237.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7501/j.issn.0253-2670.2017.15.031]
[30]
He, X.; Wang, J.; Li, M.; Hao, D.; Yang, Y.; Zhang, C.; He, R.; Tao, R. Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.: Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology of an important traditional Chinese medicine. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2014, 151(1), 78-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.023] [PMID: 24296089]
[31]
Liu, C.; Guo, F.F.; Xiao, J.P.; Wei, J.Y.; Tang, L.Y.; Yang, H.J. Research advances in chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of different parts of Eucommia ulmoides. Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi, 2020, 45(3), 497-512.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20191108.201] [PMID: 32237506]
[32]
Takamura, C.; Hirata, T.; Ueda, T.; Ono, M.; Miyashita, H.; Ikeda, T.; Nohara, T. Iridoids from the green leaves of Eucommia ulmoides. J. Nat. Prod., 2007, 70(8), 1312-1316.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np0780046] [PMID: 17691745]
[33]
Kong, Y.F.; Yang, B.; Hu, Y.L.; Dong, C.H. Research advance on structural modification and structure-activity relationship of iridoids. Nat. Prod. Res. Dev., 2021, 33(07), 1236-1250.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.16333/j.1001-6880.2021.7.019]
[34]
Tang, L.D.; Wang, J.Y.; Tan, D.; Zhang, L.; Yuan, Y. [Effects of triterpenoid and iridoid of Eucommiae Cortex on collagen-induced arthritis in rats]. Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi, 2022, 47(20), 5591-5598.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20220401.703] [PMID: 36471977]
[35]
Wang, L.L.; Tang, X.L.; Wang, K.; Chen, T.Q.; Zhou, X.W.; Xu, W.Y.; Chen, X. The active ingredient and health-care function of Eucommia ulmoides and its development in food processing. Shipin Anquan Zhiliang Jiance Xuebao, 2020, 11(10), 3074-3080.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.2020.10.003]
[36]
Yan, Y.; Zhao, H.; Chen, C.; Zou, L.; Liu, X.; Chai, C.; Wang, C.; Shi, J.; Chen, S. Comparison of multiple bioactive constituents in different parts of Eucommia ulmoides based on UFLC-QTRAP-MS/MS combined with PCA. Molecules, 2018, 23(3), 643.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23030643] [PMID: 29533983]
[37]
Wang, B.; Jiang, Y.; Yao, Z.; Chen, P.; Yu, B.; Wang, S. Aucubin protects chondrocytes against IL-1β-Induced apoptosis in vitro and inhibits osteoarthritis in mice model. Drug Des. Devel. Ther., 2019, 13, 3529-3538.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S210220] [PMID: 31631977]
[38]
Luo, S.; Ren, X.; Shi, X.; Zhong, K.; Zhang, Z.; Wang, Z. Study on enhanced extraction and seasonal variation of secondary metabolites in Eucommia ulmoides leaves using deep eutectic solvents. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 2022, 209, 114514.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114514] [PMID: 34896977]
[39]
Bai, M.M.; Shi, W.; Tian, J.M.; Lei, M.; Kim, J.H.; Sun, Y.N.; Kim, Y.H.; Gao, J.M. Soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitory and anti-inflammatory components from the leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver (duzhong). J. Agric. Food Chem., 2015, 63(8), 2198-2205.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00055] [PMID: 25679330]
[40]
Cai, D.H.; Xue, M.; LI, Y.; Zhu, S.R.; Liu, X.L.; Zhang, L. Activity study of four main components contained in Eucommia ulmoides leaves against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in vitro. Moder. Tra. Chin. Med. Mater. Med.-. World Sci. Technol., 2021, 23(01), 81-87.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.11842/wst.20200420015]
[41]
Hirata, T.; Kobayashi, T.; Wada, A.; Ueda, T.; Fujikawa, T.; Miyashita, H.; Ikeda, T.; Tsukamoto, S.; Nohara, T. Anti-obesity compounds in green leaves of Eucommia ulmoides. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2011, 21(6), 1786-1791.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.01.060] [PMID: 21324693]
[42]
Wang, T.; Fan, L.; Feng, S.; Ding, X.; An, X.; Chen, J.; Wang, M.; Zhai, X.; Li, Y. Network pharmacology of iridoid glycosides from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver against osteoporosis. Sci. Rep., 2022, 12(1), 7430.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10769-w] [PMID: 35523810]
[43]
Zuo, Y.M.; Zhang, Z.L.; Wang, Y.Y.; Chen, L.Y.; Liu, R.H.; Li, Y.Y. Study on chemical constituents of iridoids from eucommiae folium. Zhong Yao Cai, 2014, 37(2), 252-254.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.13863/j.issn1001-4454.2014.02.023] [PMID: 25095345]
[44]
Huang, Y.X.; Liu, E.W.; Wang, L.; Huo, Y.; Wang, Q.; Olaleye, O.; Wang, T.; Gao, X.M. LC/MS/MS determination and pharmacokinetic studies of six compounds in rat plasma following oral administration of the single and combined extracts of Eucommia ulmoides and Dipsacus asperoides. Chin. J. Nat. Med., 2014, 12(6), 469-476.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1875-5364(14)60073-X] [PMID: 24969529]
[45]
Kim, B.H.; Park, K.S.; Chang, I.M. Elucidation of anti-inflammatory potencies of Eucommia ulmoides bark and Plantago asiatica seeds. J. Med. Food, 2009, 12(4), 764-769.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2008.1239] [PMID: 19735174]
[46]
Xin, X.M.; Feng, L.; Wang, H.; Wang, X.D.; Zhu, Y.Y. Study advancement about chemical composition and pharmacological actions of Eucommiae ulmoides Oliv. Med. Recapitulate, 2007, 19, 1507-1509.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-2084.2007.19.028]
[47]
Li, L.; Liu, M.; Shi, K.; Yu, Z.; Zhou, Y.; Fan, R.; Shi, Q. Dynamic changes in metabolite accumulation and the transcriptome during leaf growth and development in Eucommia ulmoides. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2019, 20(16), 4030.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20164030] [PMID: 31426587]
[48]
Gong, M.; Li, Q.; Guo, H.; Cui, B.; Liu, Y.; Wang, P.; Zhu, H.; Liu, X.; Dai, L.; Wang, Z. Protective effect of active components of Eucommia ulmoides leaves on gastric ulcers in rats: Involvement of the PI3K/Akt/NF‐κB pathway. J. Food Sci., 2022, 87(7), 3207-3222.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.16214] [PMID: 35733355]
[49]
Yan, Y.; Zhao, H.; Zou, L.S.; Liu, X.H.; Chai, C.; Wang, S.N.; Hua, Y.J. Difference of chemical constituents in Eucommiae Cortex from different habitats by LC-QTOF MS/MS. Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi, 2017, 42(14), 2730-2737.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20170419.004] [PMID: 29098829]
[50]
Dai, X.; Huang, Q.; Zhou, B.; Gong, Z.; Liu, Z.; Shi, S. Preparative isolation and purification of seven main antioxidants from Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.(Du-zhong) leaves using HSCCC guided by DPPH-HPLC experiment. Food Chem., 2013, 139(1-4), 563-570.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.02.006] [PMID: 23561146]
[51]
Cheng, J.; Bai, Y.J.; Zhao, Y.Y.; Wang, B.; Cheng, T.M. [Studies on the phenylpropanoids from Eucommia ulmoides. Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi, 2002, 27(1), 38-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1001-5302.2002.01.014] [PMID: 12774353]
[52]
Zhang, Z.L.; Zuo, Y.M.; Li, Y.Y.; Chen, L.Y.; Liu, R.H. [Phenylpropanoids constituents of Eucommia ulmoides leaves]. Zhong Yao Cai, 2014, 37(3), 421-423.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.13863/j.issn1001-4454.2014.03.024] [PMID: 25174105]
[53]
Li, K.; Hao, Z.Y.; Zhang, C.L.; Sun, Y.J.; Chen, H. Chemical constituents from Eucommia ulmoides. Zhong Yao Cai, 2016, 39(9), 2016-2018.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.13863/j.issn1001-4454.2016.09.020] [PMID: 30207658]
[54]
Ren, X.M.; Han, Z.Z.; Song, L.X.; Lv, Z.Y.; Yang, Y.B.; Xiao, Y.; Zhang, Z.J. Four new phenolic compounds from the tender leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. and their anti-inflammatory activities. Phytochem. Lett., 2021, 44, 173-177.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2021.06.020]
[55]
Nakamura, T.; Nakazawa, Y.; Onizuka, S.; Saori Satoh; Chiba, A.; Sekihashi, K.; Miura, A.; Yasugahira, N.; Sasaki, Y.F. Antimutagenicity of Tochu tea (an aqueous extract of Eucommia ulmoides leaves). Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen., 1997, 388(1), 7-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1383-5718(96)00096-4] [PMID: 9025787]
[56]
Wu, G.H.; Chen, Y.; Zheng, L.H.; Huang, T.; Hao, X.J.; Zhang, J.X. Chemical constituents of Eucommia ulmoides in Guizhou province. Zhong Yao Cai, 2015, 38(5), 980-984.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.13863/j.issn1001-4454.2015.05.023] [PMID: 26767291]
[57]
Wang, S.Y.; Ding, L.F.; Wu, X.D.; Wang, H.Y.; Zhao, Q.S.; Song, L.D. [Chemical constituents of Eucommia ulmoides. Zhong Yao Cai, 2014, 37(5), 807-811.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.13863/j.issn1001-4454.2014.05.021] [PMID: 25335288]
[58]
Wen, K.; Fang, X.; Yang, J.; Yao, Y.; Nandakumar, K.S.; Salem, M.L.; Cheng, K. Recent research on flavonoids and their biomedical applications. Curr. Med. Chem., 2021, 28(5), 1042-1066.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1875533XMTA4BMTMl5] [PMID: 32660393]
[59]
Guo, F.F.; Tang, X.; Tang, L.Y.; Wei, J.Y.; Xiao, J.P.; Yang, H.J. Possible pharmaceutical effect and active components in different parts of Eucommia ulmoides based on network pharmacology. Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi, 2020, 45(8), 1800-1807.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20200107.401] [PMID: 32489063]
[60]
Akinyi, M.; Gao, X.M.; Li, Y.H.; Wang, B.Y.; Liu, E.W.; Chai, L.J. JawoBah, A.; Fan, G.W. Vascular relaxation induced by Eucommiae Ulmoides Oliv. and its compounds Oroxylin A and wogonin: Implications on their cytoprotection action. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med., 2014, 7(10), 3164-3180.
[PMID: 25419347]
[61]
Kim, H.Y.; Moon, B.H.; Lee, H.J.; Choi, D.H. Flavonol glycosides from the leaves of Eucommia ulmoides O. with glycation inhibitory activity. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2004, 93(2-3), 227-230.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.03.047] [PMID: 15234757]
[62]
Li, X.; Deng, S.; Li, J.; Gong, S.; Song, T.; Ge, J.; Zhao, Y.; Zhang, J.; Ma, L.; Zheng, Y.; Fu, K. UPLC‐MS analysis and network pharmacology‐based investigation into the active ingredients and molecular mechanisms of anti‐fatigue of male flowers with Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol., 2022, 36(6), 1083-1098.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/fcp.12798] [PMID: 35535756]
[63]
Li, C.; Li, L.; Wang, C.; Yang, J.; Ye, F.; Tian, J.; Si, Y.; Zhang, D. A new ursane-type nor-triterpenoid from the leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. Molecules, 2012, 17(12), 13960-13968.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules171213960] [PMID: 23183887]
[64]
Ding, Y.X.; Guo, Y.J.; Ren, Y.L.; Dou, D.Q.; Li, Q. Isolation of flavonoids from male flowers of Eucommia ulmoides and their anti-oxidantive activities. Chin. Tradit. Herbal Drugs, 2014, 45(03), 323-327.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7501/j.issn.0253-2670.2014.03.005]
[65]
Cheng, J.; Zhao, Y.Y.; Cui, Y.X.; Cheng, T.M. [Studies on flavonoids from leave of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv]. Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi, 2000, 25(5), 284-286.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1001-5302.2000.05.010] [PMID: 12512449]
[66]
Jia, Z.R.; Li, B.; Li, Y.H.; Zhen, H.S.; Lu, C.H. Determination of catechin in Eucommia ulmoids by RP-HPLC. Chi. J. Experi. Prescri., 2013, 19(05), 117-119.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.13422/j.cnki.syfjx.2013.05.057]
[67]
Luo, J.; Tian, C.; Xu, J.; Sun, Y. Studies on the antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of enzyme-assisted water extracts from Du-zhong (Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.) leaves. J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem., 2009, 24(6), 1280-1287.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/14756360902829741] [PMID: 19912062]
[68]
Hua, H.M.; Yin, H.Q.; Li, B.Q.; Hu, B.; Pei, Y.H. A new monoterpene from the bark of Eucommia ulmoides. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res., 2002, 4(3), 201-204.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10286020290023997] [PMID: 12118509]
[69]
Han, R.; Yuan, T.; Yang, Z.; Zhang, Q.; Wang, W.W.; Lin, L.B.; Zhu, M.Q.; Gao, J.M. Ulmoidol, an unusual nortriterpenoid from Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. Leaves prevents neuroinflammation by targeting the PU.1 transcriptional signaling pathway. Bioorg. Chem., 2021, 116, 105345.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105345] [PMID: 34560559]
[70]
Yao, L.N. Chemical studies on the Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. In: M.D Thesis;; Tianjin University: Tianjin, 2010.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7666/d.y1874369]
[71]
Fu, G.; Tong, H.; Zeng, H.; Zou, B.; Chai, J.; Zhang, L.; Xie, M.; Chen, F.; Wan, Y. Antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver leaf extracts. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., 2018, 31(4), 1333-1339.
[PMID: 30033417]
[72]
Wang, N.; Wei, H. A new terpenoid from the leaves of cortex eucommia ulmoides-diazepinolide. Chin. Tradit. Herb. Drugs., 1995, 1995(8), 446.
[73]
Yan, J.K.; Ding, L.Q.; Shi, X.L.; Donkor, P.O.; Chen, L.X.; Qiu, F. Megastigmane glycosides from leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver with ACE inhibitory activity. Fitoterapia, 2017, 116, 121-125.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2016.12.001] [PMID: 27923676]
[74]
Zhang, X.F.; Hu, W.Z.; Jiang, A.L.; Feng, K.; Hou, M.Y. Research progress on extraction methods and pharmacological effects of eucommia ulmoides polysaccharide. Zhongguo Xin Yao Zazhi, 2021, 30(04), 347-351.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1003-3734.2021.04.009]
[75]
Wang, Q.Y.; Ran, T.H.; Wang, S.; Tian, J.Y.; Luo, F.Z.; Wang, W.J.; Xi, J.; Liu, L.; He, G.Z. Research status of pharmacological effects of Eucommia ulmoides polysaccharides. Agric. Technol. Serv., 2018, 35(06), 73-74.
[76]
Sun, Y.; Huang, K.; Mo, L.; Ahmad, A.; Wang, D.; Rong, Z.; Peng, H.; Cai, H.; Liu, G. Eucommia ulmoides polysaccharides attenuate rabbit osteoarthritis by regulating the function of macrophages. Front. Pharmacol., 2021, 12, 730557.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.730557] [PMID: 34421623]
[77]
Mu, Y.X.; Yang, F.; Kang, H.L.; Wang, N.; Fang, Q.H. Relationship between crystallization behavior and properties of Eucommia ulmoides gum/natural rubber blends. Synth. Rubber Ind., 2018, 41(03), 230-234.
[78]
Wu, H.Y.; Peng, C.J.; Deng, H.Q. Research progress on chemical component of Eucommia Folium. Sci. Technol. Food Ind., 2019, 40(17), 360-364.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2019.17.059]
[79]
Wang, X.T.; Zeng, X.C.; Luo, W.; Zhou, H.G.; Ouyang, D.S. Antihypertensive effect and target organ protection of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. Chin. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 2016, 21(12), 1429-1433.
[80]
Luo, L.; Wu, W.; Zhou, Y.; Yan, J.; Yang, G.; Ouyang, D. Antihypertensive effect of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. extracts in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2010, 129(2), 238-243.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.03.019] [PMID: 20347950]
[81]
Li, L.; Yan, J.; Hu, K.; Gu, J.; Wang, J.J.; Deng, X.L.; Li, H.; Jing, X.; Li, Z.Y.; Ye, Q.F.; Ouyang, D.S. Protective effects of Eucommia lignans against hypertensive renal injury by inhibiting expression of aldose reductase. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2012, 139(2), 454-461.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.11.032] [PMID: 22138658]
[82]
Ding, Z.J.; Liang, C.; Wang, X.; Yao, X.; Yang, R.H.; Zhang, Z.S.; He, J.J.; Du, H.Y.; Fang, D.; Li, Q. Antihypertensive activity of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv: male flower extract in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med., 2020, 2020, 1-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6432173] [PMID: 32419815]
[83]
Wang, W.L.; Wen, C.Y.; Guo, Q.P.; Duan, Y.H.; Li, Y.H.; He, S.P.; Li, F.N. Biological properties of chlorogenic acid and its mechanism of action. Chin. J. Anim. Nutr., 2017, 29(07), 2220-2227.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2017.07.002]
[84]
Lang, Q.; Gong, L.; Ye, J.; Zhou, Y.P. Hypoglycemic effect of the polysaccharide from Eucommia ulmoides leaves in diabetic rats. Mod. Food Sci. Technol., 2020, 36(10), 27-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2020.10.0388]
[85]
Huang, Q.; Zhang, F.; Liu, S.; Jiang, Y.; Ouyang, D. Systematic investigation of the pharmacological mechanism for renal protection by the leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver using UPLC-QTOF/MS combined with network pharmacology analysis. Biomed. Pharmacother., 2021, 140, 111735.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111735] [PMID: 34020251]
[86]
Naveed, M.; Hejazi, V.; Abbas, M.; Kamboh, A.A.; Khan, G.J.; Shumzaid, M.; Ahmad, F.; Babazadeh, D. FangFang, X.; Modarresi-Ghazani, F.; WenHua, L.; XiaoHui, Z. Chlorogenic acid (CGA): A pharmacological review and call for further research. Biomed. Pharmacother., 2018, 97, 67-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.064] [PMID: 29080460]
[87]
Wang, J.H.; Liu, Y.L.; Li, C.L.; Yu, J.; Li, X.H.; Wang, F.X. Effect of chlorogenic acid extracted from Eucommia ulmoides Oliv on hyperlipemia of mice induced by high fat diet. Sci. Technol. Food Ind., 2012, 33(15), 360-362.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2012.15.019]
[88]
Lee, G.H.; Lee, H.Y.; Park, S.A.; Shin, T.S.; Chae, H.J. Eucommia ulmoides leaf extract ameliorates steatosis induced by high-fat diet in rats by increasing lysosomal function. Nutrients, 2019, 11(2), 426.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11020426] [PMID: 30781653]
[89]
Wang, H.T.; Wei, C.; Su, P.; Yang, J.; Qiao, B.L. Effect of Eucommia ulmoides oliver oil soft capsules on regulating the level of blood lipid in model rats. China Pharm., 2019, 28(16), 20-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-4931.2019.16.006]
[90]
Bai, B.H.; Xie, X.W.; Li, D.P.; Xu, S.H.; Huang, J. Research progress of Eucommia ulmoides and its active ingredients in prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Liaoning Zhongyiyao Daxue Xuebao, 2019, 21(01), 126-129.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.13194/j.issn.1673-842x.2019.01.034]
[91]
Guan, M.; Pan, D.; Zhang, M.; Leng, X.; Yao, B. The aqueous extract of Eucommia leaves promotes proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med., 2021, 2021, 1-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3641317] [PMID: 34249129]
[92]
Xing, Y.Y.; Wang, J.Y.; Pan, Y.Y.; Chen, X.Y.; Yuan, Y. Research progress on mechanism of Duzhong(Eucommia ulmoides Oliver) in bone protection. Zhonghua Zhongyiyao Xuekan, 2020, 38(03), 92-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2020.03.025]
[93]
Wang, Z.L.; Liu, Z.C.; Fu, Z.J.; Wei, Z.C.; Huang, C.Y.; Lu, X.B.; Zhu, M. Study on the improving and mechanism of eucommia ulmoides extract on bone metabolism in depressed mice. Chin. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2020, 36(01), 50-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.13699/j.cnki.1001-6821.2020.01.014]
[94]
Su, J.; Chen, S.H.; Lv, G.Y.; Mu, X.H.; Fang, H. Effects on reproduction and sex hormone treated by cortex Eucommiae and Semen Cuscutae in kidney-yang deficiency rats. J. Zhejiang Univ. Tradit. Chin. Med., 2014, 38(09), 1087-1090.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.16466/j.issn1005-5509.2014.09.023]
[95]
Li, A.; Yuan, J.F.; Gong, Q.; Zhang, N.; Chen, L.Y.; Luo, Y.Y.; Cui, Y.R.; Wang, H.L.; Liu, R.H. Effects of Eucommia ulmoides extract against renal injury caused by long-term high purine diets in rats. Food Funct., 2021, 12(12), 5607-5620.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D0FO02802A] [PMID: 34018492]
[96]
Xiao, L.M.; Wang, C.R.; Feng, X.; Yao, W.J.; Yu, D.R.; Tang, H.B. Research progress of miscarriage prevention of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. Global Tradit. Chin. Med., 2020, 13(12), 2189-2192.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-1749.2020.12.048]
[97]
Chen, L. Study on the extraction of polysaccharide molecules from Eucommia ulmoides leaves and its effect on human immune function in sports. Jiyinzuxue Yu Yingyong Shengwuxue, 2019, 38(11), 5238-5243.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.13417/j.gab.038.005238]
[98]
Ye, Y.X.; Lin, L.; Zhao, J.X.; Chen, S.Q.; Sun, W.W. Effects of polysaccharides of Eucommia caryophyllus leaves on immune function in immunosuppressed mice. Zhong Yao Cai, 2015, 38(07), 1496-1498.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.13863/j.issn1001-4454.2015.07.039]
[99]
Feng, H.; Fan, J.; Song, Z.; Du, X.; Chen, Y.; Wang, J.; Song, G. Characterization and immunoenhancement activities of Eucommia ulmoides polysaccharides. Carbohydr. Polym., 2016, 136, 803-811.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.09.079] [PMID: 26572415]
[100]
Wang, K.; Lu, X.; Liu, Y.F.; Chen, S.H.; Liu, Y. Adjuvant effects of Eucommia ulmoides oliv. polysaccharide on immune response of Sanhuang chicken. Henan Nongye Kexue, 2014, 43(01), 123-126.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2014.01.025]
[101]
Liu, Q.T.; Yao, L.; Tu, E.W.; Tan, L.; Li, X.H.; Wang, Z. Neuroprotective effect of aucubin and its impact on TNF-α in rats with cerebral hemorrhage. Practical J. Card. Cereb. Pneumal Vasc. Dis., 2015, 23(03), 34-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1008-5971.2015.03.010]
[102]
Wang, J.; Li, Y.; Huang, W.H.; Zeng, X.C.; Li, X.H.; Li, J.; Zhou, J.; Xiao, J.; Xiao, B.; Ouyang, D.S.; Hu, K. The protective effect of aucubin from Eucommia ulmoides against status epilepticus by inducing autophagy and inhibiting necroptosis. Am. J. Chin. Med., 2017, 45(3), 557-573.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X17500331] [PMID: 28387136]
[103]
Wu, J.; Chen, H.; Li, H.; Tang, Y.; Yang, L.; Cao, S.; Qin, D. Antidepressant potential of chlorogenic acid-enriched extract from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver bark with neuron protection and promotion of serotonin release through enhancing synapsin I expression. Molecules, 2016, 21(3), 260.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules21030260] [PMID: 26927040]
[104]
Jin, C.F.; Li, B.; Lin, S.M.; Yadav, R.K.; Kim, H.R.; Chae, H.J. Mechanism of the inhibitory effects of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. cortex extracts (EUCE) in the CCl 4 -induced acute liver lipid accumulation in rats. Int. J. Endocrinol., 2013, 2013, 1-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/751854] [PMID: 24027582]
[105]
Jiang, Z.Z.; Yuan, D.X.; Hu, Q.; Liu, W.W. Study on the protective effect of total flavonoids of Eucommia ulmoides on acute liver injury in mice. Guangzhou Huagong, 2016, 44(02), 69-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9677.2016.02.027]
[106]
Zhang, S.L. Protective effect and mechanism of aucubin from Eucommia ulmoides on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats; M.D Thesis;; Zunyi Medical University: Guizhou, 2021.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.27680/d.cnki.gzyyc.2021.000099]
[107]
Li, Q.; Feng, Y.; He, W.; Wang, L.; Wang, R.; Dong, L.; Wang, C. Post-screening characterisation and in vivo evaluation of an antiinflammatory polysaccharide fraction from Eucommia ulmoides. Carbohydr. Polym., 2017, 169, 304-314.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.04.034] [PMID: 28504149]
[108]
Wang, J.Y.; Chen, X.J.; Zhang, L.; Pan, Y.Y.; Gu, Z.X.; He, S.M.; Song, Z.P.; Yuan, Y. Comparative studies of different extracts from Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. against rheumatoid arthritis in CIA rats. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med., 2018, 2018, 1-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7379893] [PMID: 30105062]
[109]
Yuan, D.X.; Shu, L.X.; Huang, R. Antitumor effects of total flavonoids of Eucommia ulmoides in tumor-bearing mice. Chin. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 2014, 19(12), 1332-1336.
[110]
Ciccone, C.D. Basic pharmacokinetics and the potential effect of physical therapy interventions on pharmacokinetic variables. Phys. Ther., 1995, 75(5), 343-351.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ptj/75.5.343] [PMID: 7732078]
[111]
Wang, J.L.; Liu, E.W.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, T.; Han, L.; Gao, X.M. Validation of a HPLC-tandem MS/MS method for pharmacokinetics study of (+)-pinoresinol-di-β-d-glucopyranoside from Eucommia ulmoides Oliv extract in rats’ plasma. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2012, 139(2), 337-342.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.10.037] [PMID: 22134102]
[112]
Hu, F.; An, J.; Li, W.; Zhang, Z.; Chen, W.; Wang, C.; Wang, Z. UPLC-MS/MS determination and gender-related pharmacokinetic study of five active ingredients in rat plasma after oral administration of Eucommia cortex extract. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2015, 169, 145-155.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.04.007] [PMID: 25910535]
[113]
Zhang, F.; Yan, Y.; Zhang, J.; Li, L.; Wang, Y.W.; Xia, C.Y.; Lian, W.W.; Peng, Y.; Zheng, J.; He, J.; Xu, J.K.; Zhang, W.K. Phytochemistry, synthesis, analytical methods, pharmacological activity, and pharmacokinetics of loganin: A comprehensive review. Phytother. Res., 2022, 36(6), 2272-2299.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7347] [PMID: 35583806]
[114]
Zhang, Q.; Li, M.T.; Li, M.; Bao, H.S.; Huang, Y.; Zheng, L.; Li, Y.T. Pharmacokinetic comparison of active components in an Eucommia ulmoides extract by multiple administrations between normal and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Chin. J. Comp. Med., 2022, 32(1), 41-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1671-7856.2022.01.005]
[115]
Wang, M.Q.; Cai, H.; Liu, X.; Song, J.T.; Cao, G.; Zhu, H.; Duan, Y.; Pei, K. Pharmacokinetic investigation of principal active constituents in renal fibrotic rats after oral administration of crude and salt processed eucommiae cortex extracts. Yao Xue Xue Bao, 2023, 58(6), 1611-1618.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1231]
[116]
Zhang, Y.Y.; Han, Y.Y.; Hao, J.; Wang, T.; Liu, E.W. Influence of processing time on Eucommia cortex and its pharmacokinetics study. J. Tianjing Univ. Tradit. Chin. Med., 2016, 35(5), 322-326.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.11656/j.issn.1673-9043.2016.05.10]
[117]
Fu, L.; Wang, N.; Chang, L. Zhou, Ming. Protective effect of Eucommia ulmoides lignans on optic nerve and influence on the expressions of SOD, MDA and Caspase-3 in chronic glaucoma rats. China Pharm., 2021, 24(2), 227-231.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1008-049X.2021.02.004]
[118]
Li, M.M.; Huang, X.; Yue, H.; Chen, C.B.; Liu, S.Y. Research progress of properties of panax traditional Chinese medicine. Ginseng Res., 2020, 32(6), 53-58.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.19403/j.cnki.1671-1521.2020.06.015]
[119]
Li, W.L.; Zhang, X.L.; Sui, F.; Dai, L.; Huo, H.R.; Jiang, T.L. Study progress on natures and tastes of chinese herbs. Zhongguo Shiyan Fangjixue Zazhi, 2015, 21(12), 227-230.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.13422/j.cnki.syfjx.2015120227]
[120]
Chen, Y.P.; Xie, T.; Zhang, H.; Zhou, Y.M. Physiological functions of β-stiosterol and advances of its application in animal production. Chin. J. Anim. Nutr., 2022, 34(5), 2721-2731.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2022.05.001]
[121]
Luo, X.M.; Su, M.F.; Chang, X.Y.; Wang, X.M.; Li, Z.Z.; Wang, W.H.; Sun, G.B.; Shi, Y. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of main chemical constituents in Eucommia ulmoides by LC-MS. Zhongguo Xiandai Zhongyao, 2019, 21(8), 1029-1040.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.13313/j.issn.1673-4890.20190129004]
[122]
He, F.; Wang, Y.L.; Zheng, L.; Liu, L.J.; Wang, A.M.; Li, Y.J.; Huang, Y. Identification of compounds in herb Eucommia ulmoides by UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS. Zhongguo Shiyan Fangjixue Zazhi, 2014, 20(03), 59-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.11653/syfj2014030059]
[123]
Wei, Y.X.; Liu, P.F.; Du, Q.X.; Du, H.Y. Comparison in contents of polyphenol and flavonoid in leaves of Eucommia ulmoides germplasm. For. Res., 2016, 29(4), 529-535.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2016.04.009]
[124]
Yan, Y.; Cai, H.; Zhao, H.; Chen, C.; Zou, L.; Liu, X.; Chai, C.; Wang, S.; Hua, Y. Quality evaluation of Eucommiae Cortex processed by different methods and “sweating” conditions based on simultaneous determination of multiple bioactive constituents combined with gray relational analysis. J. Sep. Sci., 2018, 41(5), 1050-1062.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201700420] [PMID: 29205854]
[125]
Ru, J.; Li, P.; Wang, J.; Zhou, W.; Li, B.; Huang, C.; Li, P.; Guo, Z.; Tao, W.; Yang, Y.; Xu, X.; Li, Y.; Wang, Y.; Yang, L. TCMSP: A database of systems pharmacology for drug discovery from herbal medicines. J. Cheminform., 2014, 6(1), 13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1758-2946-6-13] [PMID: 24735618]
[126]
Xu, H.Y.; Zhang, Y.Q.; Liu, Z.M.; Chen, T.; Lv, C.Y.; Tang, S.H.; Zhang, X.B.; Zhang, W.; Li, Z.Y.; Zhou, R.R.; Yang, H.J.; Wang, X.J.; Huang, L.Q. ETCM: an encyclopaedia of traditional Chinese medicine. Nucleic Acids Res., 2019, 47(D1), D976-D982.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gky987] [PMID: 30365030]
[127]
UniProt Consortium. UniProt: A worldwide hub of protein knowledge. Nucleic Acids Res., 2019, 47(D1), D506-D515.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gky1049] [PMID: 30395287]
[128]
Szklarczyk, D.; Gable, A.L.; Lyon, D.; Junge, A.; Wyder, S.; Huerta-Cepas, J.; Simonovic, M.; Doncheva, N.T.; Morris, J.H.; Bork, P.; Jensen, L.J.; Mering, C. STRING v11: Protein–protein association networks with increased coverage, supporting functional discovery in genome-wide experimental datasets. Nucleic Acids Res., 2019, 47(D1), D607-D613.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gky1131] [PMID: 30476243]
[129]
Dennis, G., Jr; Sherman, B.T.; Hosack, D.A.; Yang, J.; Gao, W.; Lane, H.C.; Lempicki, R.A. David: Database for annotation, visualization, and integrated discovery. Genome Biol., 2003, 4(5), 3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/gb-2003-4-5-p3] [PMID: 12734009]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
22
2
Wayfinder Image
Open Access Journals Promotions
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy