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Current Medicinal Chemistry

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ISSN (Print): 0929-8673
ISSN (Online): 1875-533X

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Review Article

Three Decades of Targeting Falcipains to Develop Antiplasmodial Agents: What have we Learned and What can be Done Next?

Author(s): Jorge Enrique Hernández González*, Emir Salas-Sarduy, Lilian Hernández Alvarez, Pedro Alberto Valiente, Raghuvir Krishnaswamy Arni and Pedro Geraldo Pascutti

Volume 31, Issue 16, 2024

Published on: 22 September, 2023

Page: [2234 - 2263] Pages: 30

DOI: 10.2174/0929867331666230913165219

Price: $65

Abstract

Malaria is a devastating infectious disease that affects large swathes of human populations across the planet’s tropical regions. It is caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium, with Plasmodium falciparum being responsible for the most lethal form of the disease. During the intraerythrocytic stage in the human hosts, malaria parasites multiply and degrade hemoglobin (Hb) using a battery of proteases, which include two cysteine proteases, falcipains 2 and 3 (FP-2 and FP-3). Due to their role as major hemoglobinases, FP-2 and FP-3 have been targeted in studies aiming to discover new antimalarials and numerous inhibitors with activity against these enzymes, and parasites in culture have been identified. Nonetheless, cross-inhibition of human cysteine cathepsins remains a serious hurdle to overcome for these compounds to be used clinically. In this article, we have reviewed key functional and structural properties of FP-2/3 and described different compound series reported as inhibitors of these proteases during decades of active research in the field. Special attention is also paid to the wide range of computer-aided drug design (CADD) techniques successfully applied to discover new active compounds. Finally, we provide guidelines that, in our understanding, will help advance the rational discovery of new FP-2/3 inhibitors.

Keywords: Falcipain 2, falcipain 3, Plasmodium falciparum, malaria, drug discovery, inhibitors.

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