Treatment with Exosomes Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A New
Window of Healing Science in Regenerative Medicine

Arezoo      Hormozi; Sajedeh      Hasanzadeh; Faezeh      Ebrahimi; Narges      Daei; Zahra      Hajimortezayi; Amir      Mehdizadeh; Majid      Zamani
doi:10.2174/1574888X18666230824165014
Abstract

Many studies have been conducted on the potential applications of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) over recent years due to their growing importance in regenerative medicine. Exosomes are considered cargos capable of transporting proteins, peptides, lipids, mRNAs, and growth factors. MSCsderived exosomes are also involved in the prevention or treatment of a variety of diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases, skin disorders, lung diseases, osteoarthritis, damaged tissue repair, and other diseases. This review attempted to summarize the importance of employing MSCs in regenerative medicine by gathering and evaluating information from current literature. The role of MSCs and the potential applications of MSCs-derived exosomes have also been discussed.
Keywords: Mesenchymal stem cells, exosomes, Micro-RNA, clinical application, therapy, extracellular vesicles, microvesicles.
« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Rani S, Ryan AE, Griffin MD, Ritter T. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: Toward cell-free therapeutic applications. Mol Ther  2015; 23(5): 812-23.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/mt.2015.44] [PMID:  25868399]

[2]
Harrell CR, Jovicic N, Djonov V, Volarevic V. Therapeutic use of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes: From basic science to clinics. Pharmaceutics  2020; 12(5): 474.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12050474] [PMID:  32456070]

[3]
Keshtkar S, Azarpira N, Ghahremani MH. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: Novel frontiers in regenerative medicine. Stem Cell Res Ther  2018; 9(1): 63.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13287-018-0791-7] [PMID:  29523213]

[4]
Zhang Y, Bi J, Huang J, Tang Y, Du S, Li P. Exosome: A review of its classification, isolation techniques, storage, diagnostic and targeted therapy applications. Int J Nanomedicine  2020; 15: 6917-34.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S264498] [PMID:  33061359]

[5]
Hong P, Yang H, Wu Y, Li K, Tang Z. The functions and clinical application potential of exosomes derived from adipose mesenchymal stem cells: A comprehensive review. Stem Cell Res Ther  2019; 10(1): 242.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13287-019-1358-y] [PMID:  31391108]

[6]
Hassanzadeh A, Rahman HS, Markov A, et al. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cell-derived exosomes in regenerative medicine and cancer; overview of development, challenges, and opportunities. Stem Cell Res Ther  2021; 12(1): 297.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13287-021-02378-7] [PMID:  34020704]

[7]
He C, Zheng S, Luo Y, Wang B. Exosome theranostics: Biology and translational medicine. Theranostics  2018; 8(1): 237-55.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/thno.21945] [PMID:  29290805]

[8]
An Y, Lin S, Tan X, et al. Exosomes from adipose‐derived stem cells and application to skin wound healing. Cell Prolif  2021; 54(3): e12993.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cpr.12993] [PMID:  33458899]

[9]
Kalluri R. The biology and function of exosomes in cancer. J Clin Invest  2016; 126(4): 1208-15.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI81135] [PMID:  27035812]

[10]
Hamzah RN, Alghazali KM, Biris AS, Griffin RJ. Exosome traceability and cell source dependence on composition and cell-cell cross talk. Int J Mol Sci  2021; 22(10): 5346.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22105346] [PMID:  34069542]

[11]
Mendt M, Rezvani K, Shpall E. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes for clinical use. Bone Marrow Transplant  2019; 54(S2): 789-92.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41409-019-0616-z] [PMID:  31431712]

[12]
Yaghoubi Y, Movassaghpour A, Zamani M, Talebi M, Mehdizadeh A, Yousefi M. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells derived-exosomes in diseases treatment. Life Sci  2019; 233: 116733.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116733] [PMID:  31394127]

[13]
Mianehsaz E, Mirzaei HR, Mahjoubin-Tehran M, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes: A new therapeutic approach to osteoarthritis? Stem Cell Res Ther  2019; 10(1): 340.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13287-019-1445-0] [PMID:  31753036]

[14]
Doyle L, Wang M. Overview of extracellular vesicles, their origin, composition, purpose, and methods for exosome isolation and analysis. Cells  2019; 8(7): 727.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8070727] [PMID:  31311206]

[15]
Lin J, Li J, Huang B, et al. Exosomes: Novel biomarkers for clinical diagnosis. ScientificWorldJournal  2015; 2015: 1-8.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/657086] [PMID:  25695100]

[16]
Joo HS, Suh JH, Lee HJ, Bang ES, Lee JM. Current knowledge and future perspectives on mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes as a new therapeutic agent. Int J Mol Sci  2020; 21(3): 727.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21030727] [PMID:  31979113]

[17]
Gorabi AM, Kiaie N, Barreto GE, Read MI, Tafti HA, Sahebkar A. The therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Mol Neurobiol  2019; 56(12): 8157-67.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12035-019-01663-0] [PMID:  31197655]

[18]
Jia Y, Chen Y, Wang Q, et al. Exosome: Emerging biomarker in breast cancer. Oncotarget  2017; 8(25): 41717-33.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.16684] [PMID:  28402944]

[19]
Zamani M, Yaghoubi Y, Naimi A, et al. Humanized culture medium for clinical-grade generation of erythroid cells from umbilical cord blood CD34+ cells. Adv Pharm Bull  2021; 11(2): 335-42.
 [PMID:  33880356]

[20]
Beeraka NM, Doreswamy SH, Sadhu SP, et al. The role of exosomes in stemness and neurodegenerative diseases-chemoresistant-cancer therapeutics and phytochemicals. Int J Mol Sci  2020; 21(18): 6818.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186818] [PMID:  32957534]

[21]
Nikfarjam S, Rezaie J, Zolbanin NM, Jafari R. Mesenchymal stem cell derived-exosomes: A modern approach in translational medicine. J Transl Med  2020; 18(1): 449.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12967-020-02622-3] [PMID:  33246476]

[22]
Forsberg MH, Kink JA, Hematti P, Capitini CM. Mesenchymal stromal cells and exosomes: Progress and challenges. Front Cell Dev Biol  2020; 8: 665.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2020.00665] [PMID:  32766255]

[23]
Casado-Díaz A, Quesada-Gómez JM, Dorado G. Extracellular vesicles derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSC) in regenerative medicine: Applications in skin wound healing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol  2020; 8: 146.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.00146] [PMID:  32195233]

[24]
Yaghoubi Y, Zamani M, Naimi A, et al. Human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells culture in humanized culture medium for cell therapy. Gene Rep  2020; 20: 100718.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100718]

[25]
Yaghoubi Y, Hassanzadeh A, Naimi A, et al. The effect of platelet lysate on expansion and differentiation megakaryocyte progenitor cells from cord blood CD34+ enriched cells. Iran J Ped Hematol Oncol  2021; 11(3): 172-82.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/ijpho.v11i3.6563]

[26]
Tsiapalis D, O’Driscoll L. Mesenchymal stem cell derived extracellular vesicles for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. Cells  2020; 9(4): 991.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9040991] [PMID:  32316248]

[27]
Harrell CR, Jovicic N, Djonov V, Arsenijevic N, Volarevic V. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes and other extracellular vesicles as new remedies in the therapy of inflammatory diseases. Cells  2019; 8(12): 1605.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8121605] [PMID:  31835680]

[28]
Golchin A. Cell-based therapy for severe COVID-19 patients: Clinical trials and cost-utility. Stem Cell Rev Rep  2021; 17(1): 56-62.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12015-020-10046-1] [PMID:  33009982]

[29]
Cheng L, Zhang K, Wu S, Cui M, Xu T. Focus on mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes: Opportunities and challenges in cell-free therapy. Stem Cells Int  2017; 2017: 1-10.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6305295] [PMID:  29410682]

[30]
Sidhom K, Obi PO, Saleem A. A review of exosomal isolation methods: Is size exclusion chromatography the best option? Int J Mol Sci  2020; 21(18): 6466.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186466] [PMID:  32899828]

[31]
Kurian TK, Banik S, Gopal D, Chakrabarti S, Mazumder N. Elucidating methods for isolation and quantification of exosomes: A review. Mol Biotechnol  2021; 63(4): 249-66.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12033-021-00300-3] [PMID:  33492613]

[32]
Bahr MM, Amer MS, Abo-El-Sooud K, Abdallah AN, El-Tookhy OS. Preservation techniques of stem cells extracellular vesicles: A gate for manufacturing of clinical grade therapeutic extracellular vesicles and long-term clinical trials. Int J Vet Sci Med  2020; 8(1): 1-8.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23144599.2019.1704992] [PMID:  32083116]

[33]
Wu Y, Deng W, Klinke DJ II. Exosomes: Improved methods to characterize their morphology, RNA content, and surface protein biomarkers. Analyst  2015; 140(19): 6631-42.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C5AN00688K] [PMID:  26332016]

[34]
Kusuma GD, Barabadi M, Tan JL, Morton DAV, Frith JE, Lim R. To protect and to preserve: Novel preservation strategies for extracellular vesicles. Front Pharmacol  2018; 9: 1199.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.01199] [PMID:  30420804]

[35]
Charoenviriyakul C, Takahashi Y, Nishikawa M, Takakura Y. Preservation of exosomes at room temperature using lyophilization. Int J Pharm  2018; 553(1-2): 1-7.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.10.032] [PMID:  30316791]

[36]
Yuan F, Li YM, Wang Z. Preserving extracellular vesicles for biomedical applications: Consideration of storage stability before and after isolation. Drug Deliv  2021; 28(1): 1501-9.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10717544.2021.1951896] [PMID:  34259095]

[37]
Zhang B, Tian X, Hao J, Xu G, Zhang W. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in tissue regeneration. Cell Transplant  2020; 29: 963689720908500.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963689720908500] [PMID:  32207341]

[38]
Aghabozorgi AS, Ahangari N, Eftekhaari TE, et al. Circulating exosomal miRNAs in cardiovascular disease pathogenesis: New emerging hopes. J Cell Physiol  2019; 234(12): 21796-809.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.28942] [PMID:  31273798]

[39]
Zheng D, Huo M, Li B, et al. The role of exosomes and exosomal MicroRNA in cardiovascular disease. Front Cell Dev Biol  2021; 8: 616161.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2020.616161] [PMID:  33511124]

[40]
Huang L, Ma W, Ma Y, Feng D, Chen H, Cai B. Exosomes in mesenchymal stem cells, a new therapeutic strategy for cardiovascular diseases? Int J Biol Sci  2015; 11(2): 238-45.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.10725] [PMID:  25632267]

[41]
Zhang S, Teo KYW, Chuah SJ, Lai RC, Lim SK, Toh WS. MSC exosomes alleviate temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis by attenuating inflammation and restoring matrix homeostasis. Biomaterials  2019; 200: 35-47.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.02.006] [PMID:  30771585]

[42]
Wang Y, Yu D, Liu Z, et al. Exosomes from embryonic mesenchymal stem cells alleviate osteoarthritis through balancing synthesis and degradation of cartilage extracellular matrix. Stem Cell Res Ther  2017; 8(1): 189.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13287-017-0632-0] [PMID:  28807034]

[43]
Wu P, Zhang B, Ocansey DKW, Xu W, Qian H. Extracellular vesicles: A bright star of nanomedicine. Biomaterials  2021; 269: 120467.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120467] [PMID:  33189359]

[44]
Maumus M, Jorgensen C, Noël D. Mesenchymal stem cells in regenerative medicine applied to rheumatic diseases: Role of secretome and exosomes. Biochimie  2013; 95(12): 2229-34.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2013.04.017] [PMID:  23685070]

[45]
Ni Z, Zhou S, Li S, et al. Exosomes: Roles and therapeutic potential in osteoarthritis. Bone Res  2020; 8(1): 25.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41413-020-0100-9] [PMID:  32596023]

[46]
Mihanfar A, Shakouri SK, Khadem-Ansari MH, et al. Exosomal miRNAs in osteoarthritis. Mol Biol Rep  2020; 47(6): 4737-48.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11033-020-05443-1] [PMID:  32277444]

[47]
Bao C, He C. The role and therapeutic potential of MSC-derived exosomes in osteoarthritis. Arch Biochem Biophys  2021; 710: 109002.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2021.109002] [PMID:  34352243]

[48]
Li Y, Huang P, Nasser MI, Wu W, Yao J, Sun Y. Role of exosomes in bone and joint disease metabolism, diagnosis, and therapy. Eur J Pharm Sci  2022; 176: 106262.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106262] [PMID:  35850174]

[49]
Pan Y, Li Y, Dong W, Jiang B, Yu Y, Chen Y. Role of nano-hydrogels coated exosomes in bone tissue repair. Front Bioeng Biotechnol  2023; 11: 1167012.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2023.1167012] [PMID:  37229488]

[50]
Zou J, Yang W, Cui W, et al. Therapeutic potential and mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes as bioactive materials in tendon-bone healing. J Nanobiotechnol  2023; 21(1): 14.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12951-023-01778-6] [PMID:  36642728]

[51]
Uccelli A, Moretta L, Pistoia V. Mesenchymal stem cells in health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol  2008; 8(9): 726-36.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2395] [PMID:  19172693]

[52]
Vakhshiteh F, Atyabi F, Ostad SN. Mesenchymal stem cell exosomes: A two-edged sword in cancer therapy. Int J Nanomedicine  2019; 14: 2847-59.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S200036] [PMID:  31114198]

[53]
Yang J, Zhang X, Chen X, Wang L, Yang G. Exosome mediated delivery of miR-124 promotes neurogenesis after ischemia. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids  2017; 7: 278-87.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.omtn.2017.04.010] [PMID:  28624203]

[54]
Ma ZJ, Yang JJ, Lu YB, Liu ZY, Wang XX. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes: Toward cell-free therapeutic strategies in regenerative medicine. World J Stem Cells  2020; 12(8): 814-40.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.4252/wjsc.v12.i8.814] [PMID:  32952861]

[55]
Tajiri K, Shimizu Y. Liver physiology and liver diseases in the elderly. World J Gastroenterol  2013; 19(46): 8459-67.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v19.i46.8459] [PMID:  24379563]

[56]
Zhang S, Hou Y, Yang J, et al. Application of mesenchymal stem cell exosomes and their drug‐loading systems in acute liver failure. J Cell Mol Med  2020; 24(13): 7082-93.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.15290] [PMID:  32492261]

[57]
Ding J, Wang J, Chen J. Exosomes as therapeutic vehicles in liver diseases. Ann Transl Med  2021; 9(8): 735.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm-20-5422] [PMID:  33987433]

[58]
Kučuk N, Primožič M, Knez Ž, Leitgeb M. Exosomes engineering and their roles as therapy delivery tools, therapeutic targets, and biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci  2021; 22(17): 9543.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179543] [PMID:  34502452]

[59]
Massa M, Croce S, Campanelli R, et al. Clinical applications of mesenchymal stem/stromal cell derived extracellular vesicles: Therapeutic potential of an acellular product. Diagnostics  2020; 10(12): 999.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10120999] [PMID:  33255416]

[60]
Phinney DG, Pittenger MF. Concise review: MSC-derived exosomes for cell-free therapy. Stem Cells  2017; 35(4): 851-8.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stem.2575] [PMID:  28294454]

[61]
Chen LY, Kao TW, Chen CC, et al. Frontier review of the molecular mechanisms and current approaches of stem cell-derived exosomes. Cells  2023; 12(7): 1018.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells12071018] [PMID:  37048091]

[62]
Bojanic C, To K, Hatoum A, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy in hypertrophic and keloid scars. Cell Tissue Res  2021; 383(3): 915-30.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00441-020-03361-z] [PMID:  33386995]

[63]
Cai Y, Li J, Jia C, He Y, Deng C. Therapeutic applications of adipose cell-free derivatives: A review. Stem Cell Res Ther  2020; 11(1): 312.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13287-020-01831-3] [PMID:  32698868]

[64]
Fang F, Huang RL, Zheng Y, Liu M, Huo R. Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells inhibit the proliferative and profibrotic phenotype of hypertrophic scar fibroblasts and keloid fibroblasts through paracrine signaling. J Dermatol Sci  2016; 83(2): 95-105.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.03.003] [PMID:  27211019]

[65]
Xiong M, Zhang Q, Hu W, et al. The novel mechanisms and applications of exosomes in dermatology and cutaneous medical aesthetics. Pharmacol Res  2021; 166: 105490.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105490] [PMID:  33582246]

[66]
Zhang J, Guan J, Niu X, et al. Exosomes released from human induced pluripotent stem cells-derived MSCs facilitate cutaneous wound healing by promoting collagen synthesis and angiogenesis. J Transl Med  2015; 13(1): 49.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12967-015-0417-0] [PMID:  25638205]

[67]
Li C, Wei S, Xu Q, Sun Y, Ning X, Wang Z. Application of ADSCs and their exosomes in scar prevention. Stem Cell Rev Rep  2022; 18(3): 952-67.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12015-021-10252-5] [PMID:  34510359]

[68]
Shi H, Wang M, Sun Y, Yang D, Xu W, Qian H. Exosomes: Emerging cell-free based therapeutics in dermatologic diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol  2021; 9: 736022.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.736022] [PMID:  34722517]

[69]
Ku YC, Omer Sulaiman H, Anderson SR, Abtahi AR. The potential role of exosomes in aesthetic plastic surgery: A review of current literature. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open  2023; 11(6): e5051.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/GOX.0000000000005051] [PMID:  37313480]

[70]
Zhu Z, Hou Q, Li M, Fu X. Molecular mechanism of myofibroblast formation and strategies for clinical drugs treatments in hypertrophic scars. J Cell Physiol  2020; 235(5): 4109-19.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.29302] [PMID:  31612497]

[71]
Ferreira AF, Gomes DA. Stem cell extracellular vesicles in skin repair. Bioengineering  2018; 6(1): 4.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering6010004] [PMID:  30598033]

[72]
Shen X, Song S, Chen N, Liao J, Zeng L. Stem cell‐derived exosomes: A supernova in cosmetic dermatology. J Cosmet Dermatol  2021; 20(12): 3812-7.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jocd.14438] [PMID:  34536054]

[73]
Gao W, Yuan L, Zhang Y, et al. miR-1246-overexpressing exosomes suppress UVB-induced photoaging via regulation of TGF-β/Smad and attenuation of MAPK/AP-1 pathway. Photochem Photobiol Sci  2022; 22(1): 135-46.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s43630-022-00304-1] [PMID:  36114328]

[74]
Wu JY, Wu SN, Zhang LP, et al. Stem cell-derived exosomes: A new method for reversing skin aging. Tissue Eng Regen Med  2022; 19(5): 961-8.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13770-022-00461-5] [PMID:  35809187]

[75]
Jiang L, Zhang S, Hu H, et al. Exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells alleviate acute liver failure by reducing the activity of the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun  2019; 508(3): 735-41.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.11.189] [PMID:  30528233]

[76]
Ibsen SD, Wright J, Lewis JM, et al. Rapid isolation and detection of exosomes and associated biomarkers from plasma. ACS Nano  2017; 11(7): 6641-51.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b00549] [PMID:  28671449]

[77]
van der Pol E, Coumans F, Varga Z, Krumrey M, Nieuwland R. Innovation in detection of microparticles and exosomes. J Thromb Haemost  2013; 11 (Suppl. 1): 36-45.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.12254] [PMID:  23809109]

[78]
Raj DAA, Fiume I, Capasso G, Pocsfalvi G. A multiplex quantitative proteomics strategy for protein biomarker studies in urinary exosomes. Kidney Int  2012; 81(12): 1263-72.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2012.25] [PMID:  22418980]

[79]
Zhang X, Liu J, Yu B, Ma F, Ren X, Li X. Effects of mesenchymal stem cells and their exosomes on the healing of large and refractory macular holes. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol  2018; 256(11): 2041-52.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00417-018-4097-3] [PMID:  30167916]

[80]
Greening DW, Xu R, Ji H, Tauro BJ, Simpson RJ. A protocol for exosome isolation and characterization: Evaluation of ultracentrifugation, density-gradient separation, and immunoaffinity capture methods. Methods Mol Biol  2015; 1295: 179-209.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2550-6_15] [PMID:  25820723]

[81]
Kırbaş OK, Bozkurt BT, Asutay AB, et al. Optimized isolation of extracellular vesicles from various organic sources using aqueous two-phase system. Sci Rep  2019; 9(1): 19159.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-55477-0] [PMID: 31844310]

[82]
Ding M, Shen Y, Wang P, et al. Exosomes isolated from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells alleviate neuroinflammation and reduce amyloid-beta deposition by modulating microglial activation in alzheimer’s disease. Neurochem Res  2018; 43(11): 2165-77.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11064-018-2641-5] [PMID:  30259257]

[83]
Yu B, Shao H, Su C, et al. Exosomes derived from MSCs ameliorate retinal laser injury partially by inhibition of MCP-1. Sci Rep  2016; 6(1): 34562.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep34562] [PMID:  27686625]

[84]
Shin H, Han C, Labuz JM, et al. High-yield isolation of extracellular vesicles using aqueous two-phase system. Sci Rep  2015; 5(1): 13103.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep13103] [PMID:  26271727]

[85]
Han BH, Kim S, Seo G, Heo Y, Chung S, Kang JY. Isolation of extracellular vesicles from small volumes of plasma using a microfluidic aqueous two-phase system. Lab Chip  2020; 20(19): 3552-9.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D0LC00345J] [PMID:  32808641]

[86]
Wang B, Jia H, Zhang B, et al. Pre-incubation with hucMSC-exosomes prevents cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by activating autophagy. Stem Cell Res Ther  2017; 8(1): 75.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13287-016-0463-4] [PMID:  28388958]

[87]
Oksvold MP, Neurauter A, Pedersen KW. Magnetic bead-based isolation of exosomes. Methods Mol Biol  2015; 1218: 465-81.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1538-5_27] [PMID:  25319668]

[88]
Shiue SJ, Rau RH, Shiue HS, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell exosomes as a cell-free therapy for nerve injury-induced pain in rats. Pain  2019; 160(1): 210-23.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001395] [PMID:  30188455]

[89]
Barwari T, Joshi A, Mayr M. MicroRNAs in cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol  2016; 68(23): 2577-84.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2016.09.945] [PMID:  27931616]

[90]
Cheng C, Chen X, Wang Y, et al. MSCs derived exosomes attenuate ischemia-reperfusion brain injury and inhibit microglia apoptosis might via exosomal miR-26a-5p mediated suppression of CDK6. Mol Med  2021; 27(1): 67.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s10020-021-00324-0] [PMID:  34215174]

[91]
Ye Z, Hu J, Xu H, et al. Serum exosomal microRNA-27-3p aggravates cerebral injury and inflammation in patients with acute cerebral infarction by targeting PPARγ. Inflammation  2021; 44(3): 1035-48.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10753-020-01399-3] [PMID:  33394189]

[92]
Endisha H, Datta P, Sharma A, et al. MicroRNA‐34a‐5p promotes joint destruction during osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol  2021; 73(3): 426-39.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.41552] [PMID:  33034147]

[93]
Rego-Pérez I, Durán-Sotuela A, Ramos-Louro P, Blanco FJ. Genetic biomarkers in osteoarthritis: A quick overview. Fac Rev  2021; 10: 78.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.12703/r/10-78] [PMID:  35028644]
Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
38
2
Journal Information
For Authors
For Editors
For Reviewers
Explore Articles
Open Access
Open Access Articles
For Visitors
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574888X18666230824165014	Print ISSN 1574-888X
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher	Online ISSN 2212-3946
Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy

Treatment with Exosomes Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A New Window of Healing Science in Regenerative Medicine

Abstract

Graphical Abstract

Related Journals

Related Books

Related Articles
