Generic placeholder image

Current Chemical Biology

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 2212-7968
ISSN (Online): 1872-3136

Mini-Review Article

Efficacy and Biomedical Roles of Unsaturated Fatty Acids as Bioactive Food Components

Author(s): Morteza Vaezi*

Volume 17, Issue 2, 2023

Published on: 08 March, 2023

Page: [79 - 90] Pages: 12

DOI: 10.2174/2212796817666230222103441

Price: $65

Open Access Journals Promotions 2
Abstract

Unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) as bioactive compounds possess a wide range of biomedical functions and a lack or shortage of them may cause serious harm to human body health. Biochemically, UFAs have attracted growing interest, and this attention arises not only from biomedical reasons but also economic ones. Among these fatty acids, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are considered the most efficient and safe compounds which can be used for expanding and identification of novel functionalities. They are considered essential membrane components and are associated with a variety of biological processes. For example, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play a central role in the proper functioning of the nervous system like anti-atherogenic properties and improve the functioning of the cardiovascular system. Briefly, understanding the relationship between these properties and potential biomedical applications of UFAs may help to elucidate and facilitate the development of novel pathogenesis strategies regarding their disorders in human health and diseases. This review provides the most suitable functional roles and potential mechanisms of UFAs associated with human health and nutrition.

Keywords: Unsaturated fatty acids, structure, desaturation, metabolism, biological functions, health.

« Previous
Graphical Abstract
[1]
Rodriguez-Concepcion M, Avalos J, Bonet ML, et al. A global perspective on carotenoids: Metabolism, biotechnology, and benefits for nutrition and health. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 70: 62-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plipres.2018.04.004] [PMID: 29679619]
[2]
Makni M, Haddar A, Fraj AB, Zeghal N. Physico-chemical properties, composition, and oxidative stability of olive and soybean oils under different conditions. Int J Food Prop 2015; 18(1): 194-204.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2011.581777]
[3]
Yoon B, Jackman J, Valle-González E, Cho NJ. Antibacterial free fatty acids and monoglycerides: biological activities, experimental testing, and therapeutic applications. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19(4): 1114.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19041114] [PMID: 29642500]
[4]
Bauman DE, Corl BA, Peterson DG. The biology of conjugated linoleic acids in ruminants. Advances in conjugated linoleic acid research. Oxfordshire: Taylor and Francis 2020 Mar 5: 146-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429270703-10]
[5]
Fontana A, Spolaore B, Polverino de Laureto P. The biological activities of protein/oleic acid complexes reside in the fatty acid. Biochim Biophys Acta Proteins Proteomics 2013; 1834(6): 1125-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.02.041] [PMID: 23499846]
[6]
Calder PC. Functional roles of fatty acids and their effects on human health. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2015; 39(1) (Suppl.): 18S-32S.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0148607115595980] [PMID: 26177664]
[7]
Vaezi M. Evaluation of quercetin omega-6 and -9 esters on activity and structure of mushroom tyrosinase: Spectroscopic and molecular docking studies. J Food Biochem 2021; 45(11)e13953
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.13953] [PMID: 34585423]
[8]
Cristiano MC, Mancuso A, Fresta M, et al. Topical unsaturated fatty acid vesicles improve antioxidant activity of ammonium glycyrrhizinate. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13(4): 548.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13040548] [PMID: 33919824]
[9]
Vaezi M. Structure and inhibition mechanism of some synthetic compounds and phenolic derivatives as tyrosinase inhibitors: review and new insight. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022 Apr 23 1-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2022.2069157] [PMID: 35510568]
[10]
Ando H, Ryu A, Hashimoto A, Oka M, Ichihashi M. Linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid lightens ultraviolet-induced hyperpigmentation of the skin. Arch Dermatol Res 1998; 290(7): 375-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004030050320] [PMID: 9749992]
[11]
Fidalgo Rodríguez JL, Dynarowicz-Latka P, Miñones Conde J. How unsaturated fatty acids and plant stanols affect sterols plasma level and cellular membranes? Review on model studies involving the Langmuir monolayer technique. Chem Phys Lipids 2020; 232104968
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.104968] [PMID: 32896519]
[12]
Schuchardt JP, Hahn A. Bioavailability of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 89(1): 1-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2013.03.010] [PMID: 23676322]
[13]
Bentsen H. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids, brain function and mental health. Microb Ecol Health Dis 2017; 28(sup1): 1281916.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16512235.2017.1281916]
[14]
Ganesan B, Brothersen C, McMahon DJ. Fortification of foods with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 54(1): 98-114.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2011.578221] [PMID: 24188235]
[15]
Gladyshev MI, Sushchik NN, Anishchenko OV, et al. Efficiency of transfer of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids versus organic carbon from producers to consumers in a eutrophic reservoir. Oecologia 2011; 165(2): 521-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-010-1843-6] [PMID: 21107868]
[16]
Gonzalez-Barroso MD, Rial E. The role of fatty acids in the activity of the uncoupling proteins. Curr Chem Biol 2009; 3(2): 180-8.
[17]
Nabavi SF, Bilotto S, Russo GL, et al. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cancer: lessons learned from clinical trials. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2015; 34(3): 359-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10555-015-9572-2] [PMID: 26227583]
[18]
Cardia L, Calapai F, Mondello C, et al. Clinical use of omega-3 fatty acids in migraine. Medicine 2020; 99(42)e22253
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000022253] [PMID: 33080672]
[19]
Starikov AY, Sidorov RA, Mironov KS, Goriainov SV, Los DA. Delta or Omega? Δ12 (ω6) fatty acid desaturases count 3C after the pre-existing double bond. Biochimie 2020; 179: 46-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2020.09.009] [PMID: 32946991]
[20]
Balić A, Vlašić D, Žužul K, Marinović B, Bukvić Mokos Z. Omega-3 versus omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the prevention and treatment of inflammatory skin diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21(3): 741.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21030741] [PMID: 31979308]
[21]
Martins AJ, Vicente AA, Pastrana LM, Cerqueira MA. Oleogels for development of health-promoting food products. Food Sci Hum Wellness 2020; 9(1): 31-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2019.12.001]
[22]
Hashimoto M, Hossain S. Fatty acids: from membrane ingredients to signaling molecules Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids. London, UK: IntechOpen 2018.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.80430]
[23]
Abshirini M, Ilesanmi-Oyelere BL, Kruger MC. Potential modulatory mechanisms of action by long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on bone cell and chondrocyte metabolism. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 83101113
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101113] [PMID: 34217732]
[24]
Cholewski M, Tomczykowa M, Tomczyk M. A comprehensive review of chemistry, sources and bioavailability of omega-3 fatty acids. Nutrients 2018; 10(11): 1662.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10111662] [PMID: 30400360]
[25]
Mori TA. Marine OMEGA-3 fatty acids in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Fitoterapia 2017; 123: 51-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2017.09.015] [PMID: 28964873]
[26]
Fialkow J. Omega-3 fatty acid formulations in cardiovascular disease: dietary supplements are not substitutes for prescription products. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2016; 16(4): 229-39.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40256-016-0170-7] [PMID: 27138439]
[27]
Monroig Ó, Tocher D, Navarro J. Biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids in marine invertebrates: recent advances in molecular mechanisms. Mar Drugs 2013; 11(10): 3998-4018.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md11103998] [PMID: 24152561]
[28]
Usydus Z, Szlinder-Richert J. Functional properties of fish and fish products: A review. Int J Food Prop 2012; 15(4): 823-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2010.503356]
[29]
Singh M. Essential fatty acids, DHA and human brain. Indian J Pediatr 2005; 72(3): 239-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02859265] [PMID: 15812120]
[30]
Das UN. Essential fatty acids—biochemistry, physiology and clinical significance.In Molecular Basis of Health and Disease. Dordrecht: Springer 2011; pp. 101-51.
[31]
Lu Y, Chen Y, Wu Y, et al. Marine unsaturated fatty acids: structures, bioactivities, biosynthesis and benefits. RSC Advances 2019; 9(61): 35312-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C9RA08119D] [PMID: 35528072]
[32]
Kris-Etherton PM, Hill AM. N-3 fatty acids: food or supplements? J Am Diet Assoc 2008; 108(7): 1125-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2008.04.025] [PMID: 18589017]
[33]
Sprague M, Fawcett S, Betancor MB, Struthers W, Tocher DR. Variation in the nutritional composition of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fillets with emphasis on EPA and DHA contents. J Food Compos Anal 2020; 94103618
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103618]
[34]
Miyoshi T, Noda Y, Ohno Y, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids improve postprandial lipemia and associated endothelial dysfunction in healthy individuals – a randomized cross-over trial. Biomed Pharmacother 2014; 68(8): 1071-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2014.10.008] [PMID: 25458786]
[35]
SanGiovanni JP, Chew EY. The role of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in health and disease of the retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2005; 24(1): 87-138.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2004.06.002] [PMID: 15555528]
[36]
Parmenter BH, Bumrungpert A, Thouas GA. Sociodemographic factors and parental views associated with use of an omega-3 supplement for their children. PharmaNutrition 2022; 20100289
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phanu.2022.100289]
[37]
Monroig Ó, Kabeya N. Desaturases and elongases involved in polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in aquatic invertebrates: a comprehensive review. Fish Sci 2018; 84(6): 911-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12562-018-1254-x]
[38]
Mariamenatu AH, Abdu EM. Overconsumption of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) versus deficiency of omega-3 PUFAs in modern-day diets: the disturbing factor for their “balanced antagonistic metabolic functions” in the human body. J Lipids 2021 Mar 17 2021; 1-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8848161]
[39]
Flowers MT, Ntambi JM. Role of stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase in regulating lipid metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol 2008; 19(3): 248-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MOL.0b013e3282f9b54d] [PMID: 18460915]
[40]
Kothapalli K, Wang Z, Park HG, Wang DH, Kitano R, Brenna JT. Fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) actions on branched chain and normal odd chain saturated fatty acids. Curr Dev Nutr 2020; 4 (Suppl. 2): 1261.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa058_019]
[41]
Zárate R, Jaber-Vazdekis N, Tejera N, Pérez JA, Rodríguez C. Significance of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human health. Clin Transl Med 2017; 6(1): 25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40169-017-0153-6] [PMID: 28752333]
[42]
Nagy K, Tiuca ID. Importance of fatty acids in physiopathology of human body.Fatty acids London. UK: IntechOpen 2017.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/67407]
[43]
Czumaj A. Śledziński T Biological role of unsaturated fatty acid desaturases in health and disease Nutrients 2020; 12(2): 356.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12020356] [PMID: 32013225]
[44]
Das C, Olmsted PD. The physics of stratum corneum lipid membranes. Philos Trans- Royal Soc, Math Phys Eng Sci 2016; 374(2072)20150126
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0126] [PMID: 27298438]
[45]
Gorgas K, Teigler A, Komljenovic D, Just WW. The ether lipid-deficient mouse: Tracking down plasmalogen functions. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 2006; 1763(12): 1511-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.08.038] [PMID: 17027098]
[46]
Oesterle A, Laufs U, Liao JK. Pleiotropic effects of statins on the cardiovascular system. Circ Res 2017; 120(1): 229-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.308537] [PMID: 28057795]
[47]
Hadoke PWF, Iqbal J, Walker BR. Therapeutic manipulation of glucocorticoid metabolism in cardiovascular disease. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 156(5): 689-712.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2008.00047.x] [PMID: 19239478]
[48]
Lund Jenny, Rustan Arild C. Fatty Acids: Structures and Properties.. 2020.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470015902.a0029198]
[49]
Sanders TAB. Fat and fatty acid intake and metabolic effects in the human body. Ann Nutr Metab 2009; 55(1-3): 162-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000229001] [PMID: 19752541]
[50]
Ruiz-Núñez B, Dijck-Brouwer DJ, Muskiet FA. The relation of saturated fatty acids with low-grade inflammation and cardiovascular disease. J Nutr Biochem 2016 Oct 1 36: 1-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.12.007]
[51]
Hooper L, Martin N, Jimoh OF, Kirk C, Foster E, Abdelhamid AS. Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 8(8)CD011737
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011737.pub3]
[52]
Jayedi A, Shab-Bidar S. Fish consumption and the risk of chronic disease: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies. Adv Nutr 2020; 11(5): 1123-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmaa029] [PMID: 32207773]
[53]
Wen YT, Dai JH, Gao Q. Effects of Omega-3 fatty acid on major cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with coronary heart disease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2014; 24(5): 470-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2013.12.004] [PMID: 24472636]
[54]
Coletta JM, Bell SJ, Roman AS. Omega-3 fatty acids and pregnancy. Reviews in obstetrics and gynecology 2010; 3(4): 163-71.
[PMID: 21364848] [PMCID: PMC3046737]
[55]
Masana MF, Koyanagi A, Haro JM, Tyrovolas S. n-3 Fatty acids, Mediterranean diet and cognitive function in normal aging: A systematic review. Exp Gerontol 2017; 91: 39-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2017.02.008] [PMID: 28213052]
[56]
Silva JR, Burger B, Kühl CMC, Candreva T, dos Anjos MBP, Rodrigues HG. Wound healing and omega-6 fatty acids: From inflammation to repair. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018: 1-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2503950] [PMID: 29849484]
[57]
Noce A, Marrone G, Di Daniele F, et al. Potential cardiovascular and metabolic beneficial effects of ω-3 pufa in male obesity secondary hypogonadism syndrome. Nutrients 2020; 12(9): 2519.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12092519] [PMID: 32825328]
[58]
Silva V, Barazzoni R, Singer P. Biomarkers of fish oil omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids intake in humans. Nutr Clin Pract 2014; 29(1): 63-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0884533613516144] [PMID: 24336525]
[59]
Ji H, Li J, Liu P. Regulation of growth performance and lipid metabolism by dietary n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids in juvenile grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 159(1): 49-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2011.01.009] [PMID: 21296179]
[60]
Willett WC. Dietary fats and coronary heart disease. J Intern Med 2012; 272(1): 13-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2012.02553.x] [PMID: 22583051]
[61]
Bowen KJ, Harris WS, Kris-Etherton PM. Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: are there benefits? Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med 2016; 18(11): 69.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11936-016-0487-1] [PMID: 27747477]
[62]
Calder PC. Mechanisms of action of (n-3) fatty acids. J Nutr 2012; 142(3): 592S-9S.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.111.155259] [PMID: 22279140]
[63]
Abdelhamid AS, Brown TJ, Brainard JS, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 7(7)
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003177]
[64]
Patterson E, Wall R, Fitzgerald GF, Ross RP, Stanton C. Health implications of high dietary omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Nutr Metab 2012; 2012539426
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/539426]
[65]
Parthasarathy S, Khoo JC, Miller E, Barnett J, Witztum JL, Steinberg D. Low density lipoprotein rich in oleic acid is protected against oxidative modification: implications for dietary prevention of atherosclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1990; 87(10): 3894-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.87.10.3894] [PMID: 2339129]
[66]
Oda E, Hatada K, Kimura J, Aizawa Y, Thanikachalam PV, Watanabe K. Relationships between serum unsaturated fatty acids and coronary risk factors: negative relations between nervonic acid and obesity-related risk factors. Int Heart J 2005; 46(6): 975-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1536/ihj.46.975] [PMID: 16394593]
[67]
Bhandari S, Choe SK. The Role of a Fatty Acid Chain Elongase, Elovl1.in Zebrafish and Its Implications for Kidney Disease in Humans In: The Molecular Nutrition of Fats. Cambridge, USA: Academic Press 2019; pp. 249-60.
[68]
Oda M, Ueno T, Kasai N, et al. Inhibition of telomerase by linear-chain fatty acids: a structural analysis. Biochem J 2002; 367(2): 329-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20021089] [PMID: 12121150]
[69]
Shay JW, Zou Y, Hiyama E, Wright WE. Telomerase and cancer. Hum Mol Genet 2001; 10(7): 677-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/10.7.677] [PMID: 11257099]
[70]
Mizushina Y, Ohkubo T, Date T, et al. Mode analysis of a fatty acid molecule binding to the N-terminal 8-kDa domain of DNA polymerase β. A 1:1 complex and binding surface. J Biol Chem 1999; 274(36): 25599-607.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.274.36.25599] [PMID: 10464295]
[71]
van de Waterbeemd H, Testa B. Drug bioavailability.In: van de Waterbeemd H, Testa B, Eds Methods and Principles in Medicinal Chemistry Washington, USA: ACS Publication. 2008; 40: pp. 1-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527623860.ch1]
[72]
Nakamura MT, Yudell BE, Loor JJ. Regulation of energy metabolism by long-chain fatty acids. Prog Lipid Res 2014; 53: 124-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plipres.2013.12.001] [PMID: 24362249]
[73]
Yoshida H, Saiki M, Yoshida N, Tomiyama Y, Mizushina Y. Fatty acid distribution in triacylglycerols and phospholipids of broad beans (Vicia faba). Food Chem 2009; 112(4): 924-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.07.003]
[74]
Maki KC, Johns C, Harris WS, et al. Bioequivalence demonstration for Ω-3 acid ethyl Ester formulations: rationale for modification of current guidance. Clin Ther 2017; 39(3): 652-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.01.019] [PMID: 28189365]
[75]
Lane K, Derbyshire E, Li W, Brennan C. Bioavailability and potential uses of vegetarian sources of omega-3 fatty acids: a review of the literature. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 54(5): 572-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2011.596292] [PMID: 24261532]
[76]
Punia S, Sandhu KS, Siroha AK, Dhull SB. Omega 3-metabolism, absorption, bioavailability and health benefits–A review. PharmaNutrition 2019; 10100162
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phanu.2019.100162]
[77]
Qin Y, Nyheim H, Haram EM, Moritz JM, Hustvedt SO. A novel Self-Micro-Emulsifying Delivery System (SMEDS) formulation significantly improves the fasting absorption of EPA and DHA from a single dose of an omega-3 ethyl ester concentrate. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16(1): 204.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12944-017-0589-0] [PMID: 29037249]
[78]
Depaoli MR, Hay JC, Graier WF, Malli R. The enigmatic ATP supply of the endoplasmic reticulum. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94(2): 610-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/brv.12469] [PMID: 30338910]
[79]
Sampath H, Ntambi JM. Polyunsaturated fatty acid regulation of gene expression. Nutr Rev 2004; 62(9): 333-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00058.x] [PMID: 15497766]
[80]
Saini RK, Keum YS. Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids: Dietary sources, metabolism, and significance — A review. Life Sci 2018; 203: 255-67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2018.04.049] [PMID: 29715470]
[81]
Sampath H, Ntambi JM. The role of fatty acid desaturases in epidermal metabolism. Dermatoendocrinol 2011; 3(2): 62-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/derm.3.2.14832] [PMID: 21695013]
[82]
Stroud CK, Nara TY, Roqueta-Rivera M, et al. Disruption of FADS2 gene in mice impairs male reproduction and causes dermal and intestinal ulceration. J Lipid Res 2009; 50(9): 1870-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1194/jlr.M900039-JLR200] [PMID: 19351970]
[83]
Stoffel W, Holz B, Jenke B, et al. Δ6-Desaturase (FADS2) deficiency unveils the role of ω3- and ω6-polyunsaturated fatty acids. EMBO J 2008; 27(17): 2281-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/emboj.2008.156] [PMID: 19172737]
[84]
Sinner DI, Kim GJ, Henderson GC, Igal RA. StearoylCoA desaturase-5: a novel regulator of neuronal cell proliferation and differentiation. PLoS One 2012; 7(6): e39787.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0039787] [PMID: 22745828]
[85]
Nayak M, Saha A, Pradhan A, Samanta M, Giri SS. Dietary fish oil replacement by linseed oil: Effect on growth, nutrient utilization, tissue fatty acid composition and desaturase gene expression in silver barb (Puntius gonionotus) fingerlings. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 205: 1-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2016.11.009] [PMID: 27913275]
[86]
Elbein SC, Kern PA, Rasouli N, Yao-Borengasser A, Sharma NK, Das SK. Global gene expression profiles of subcutaneous adipose and muscle from glucose-tolerant, insulin-sensitive, and insulin-resistant individuals matched for BMI. Diabetes 2011; 60(3): 1019-29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db10-1270] [PMID: 21266331]
[87]
Caspi A, Williams B, Kim-Cohen J, et al. Moderation of breastfeeding effects on the IQ by genetic variation in fatty acid metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2007; 104(47): 18860-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0704292104] [PMID: 17984066]
[88]
Park WJ, Kothapalli KSD, Lawrence P, Brenna JT. FADS2 function loss at the cancer hotspot 11q13 locus diverts lipid signaling precursor synthesis to unusual eicosanoid fatty acids. PLoS One 2011; 6(11)e28186
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0028186] [PMID: 22140540]
[89]
Reardon HT, Zhang J, Kothapalli KSD, Kim AJ, Jung Park W, Thomas Brenna J. Insertion–deletions in a FADS2 intron 1 conserved regulatory locus control expression of fatty acid desaturases 1 and 2 and modulate response to simvastatin. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2012; 87(1): 25-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2012.04.011] [PMID: 22748975]
[90]
Simopoulos AP. Genetic variants in the metabolism of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids: their role in the determination of nutritional requirements and chronic disease risk. Exp Biol Med 2010; 235(7): 785-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/ebm.2010.009298] [PMID: 20558833]
[91]
Malerba G, Schaeffer L, Xumerle L, et al. SNPs of the FADS gene cluster are associated with polyunsaturated fatty acids in a cohort of patients with cardiovascular disease. Lipids 2008; 43(4): 289-99.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11745-008-3158-5] [PMID: 18320251]
[92]
Lee H, Park WJ. Unsaturated fatty acids, desaturases, and human health. J Med Food 2014; 17(2): 189-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2013.2917] [PMID: 24460221]
[93]
Larsson SC, Kumlin M, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Wolk A. Dietary long-chain n-3 fatty acids for the prevention of cancer: a review of potential mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79(6): 935-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/79.6.935] [PMID: 15159222]
[94]
Gu Z, Shan K, Chen H, Chen YQ. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and their role in cancer chemoprevention. Curr Pharmacol Rep 2015; 1(5): 283-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40495-015-0043-9] [PMID: 26457243]
[95]
Connolly JM, Gilhooly EM, Rose DP. Effects of reduced dietary linoleic acid intake, alone or combined with an algal source of docosahexaenoic acid, on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell growth and apoptosis in nude mice. Nutr Cancer 1999; 35(1): 44-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S1532791444-49] [PMID: 10624705]
[96]
D’Angelo S, Motti ML, Meccariello R. ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, obesity and cancer. Nutrients 2020; 12(9): 2751.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12092751] [PMID: 32927614]
[97]
Zhang C, Yu H, Shen Y, Ni X, Shen S, Das UN. Polyunsaturated fatty acids trigger apoptosis of colon cancer cells through a mitochondrial pathway. Arch Med Sci 2015; 11(5): 1081-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2015.54865] [PMID: 26528354] [PMCID: PMC4624753]
[98]
Hawcroft G, Loadman PM, Belluzzi A, Hull MA. Effect of eicosapentaenoic acid on E-type prostaglandin synthesis and EP4 receptor signaling in human colorectal cancer cells. Neoplasia 2010; 12(8): 618-IN2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1593/neo.10388] [PMID: 20689756]
[99]
Taha Z, Janse van Rensburg H, Yang X. The Hippo pathway: immunity and cancer. Cancers 2018; 10(4): 94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers10040094] [PMID: 29597279]
[100]
D’Eliseo D, Di Rocco G, Loria R, Soddu S, Santoni A, Velotti F. Epitelial-to-mesenchimal transition and invasion are upmodulated by tumor-expressed granzyme B and inhibited by docosahexaenoic acid in human colorectal cancer cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2016; 35(1): 24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13046-016-0302-6] [PMID: 26830472]
[101]
Sebio A, Kahn M, Lenz HJ. The potential of targeting Wnt/β;-catenin in colon cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18(6): 611-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14728222.2014.906580] [PMID: 24702624]
[102]
Tsoukas MA, Ko BJ, Witte TR, Dincer F, Hardman WE, Mantzoros CS. Dietary walnut suppression of colorectal cancer in mice: Mediation by miRNA patterns and fatty acid incorporation. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26(7): 776-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.02.009] [PMID: 25882694]
[103]
Wysoczański T, Sokoła-Wysoczańska E, Pękala J, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids and their role in central nervous system-a review. Curr Med Chem 2016; 23(8): 816-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867323666160122114439] [PMID: 26795198]
[104]
Schönfeld P, Wojtczak L. Short- and medium-chain fatty acids in energy metabolism: the cellular perspective. J Lipid Res 2016; 57(6): 943-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1194/jlr.R067629] [PMID: 27080715]
[105]
Mitchell RW, Hatch GM. Fatty acid transport into the brain: Of fatty acid fables and lipid tails. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2011; 85(5): 293-302.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2011.04.007] [PMID: 21816594]
[106]
Achaw OW, Danso-Boateng E. Soaps and Detergents InChemical and Process Industries. Cham: Springer 2021; pp. 1-37.
[107]
Batthyany C, Schopfer FJ, Baker PRS, et al. Reversible post-translational modification of proteins by nitrated fatty acids in vivo. J Biol Chem 2006; 281(29): 20450-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M602814200] [PMID: 16682416]
[108]
Udayan A, Sabapathy H, Arumugam M. Stress hormones mediated lipid accumulation and modulation of specific fatty acids in Nannochloropsis oceanica CASA CC201. Bioresour Technol 2020; 310123437
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123437] [PMID: 32361202]
[109]
Chaves H, Singh RB, Khan S, Wilczynska A, Takahashi T. High omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio diets and risk of noncommunicable diseases: is the tissue, the main issue?In: The Role of Functional Food Security in Global Health. Cambridge, USA: Academic Press 2019; pp. 217-59.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813148-0.00014-1]
[110]
Enferadi Kerenkan A, Béland F, Do TO. Chemically catalyzed oxidative cleavage of unsaturated fatty acids and their derivatives into valuable products for industrial applications: a review and perspective. Catal Sci Technol 2016; 6(4): 971-87.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C5CY01118C]
[111]
Pownall HJ, Brauchi D, Kilinç C, et al. Correlation of serum triglyceride and its reduction by ω-3 fatty acids with lipid transfer activity and the neutral lipid compositions of high-density and low-density lipoproteins. Atherosclerosis 1999; 143(2): 285-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9150(98)00301-3] [PMID: 10217357]
[112]
Knox S, O’Boyle NM. Skin lipids in health and disease: A review. Chem Phys Lipids 2021; 236105055
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2021.105055] [PMID: 33561467]
[113]
Fritsche K. Fatty acids as modulators of the immune response. Annu Rev Nutr 2006; 26(1): 45-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.050304.092610] [PMID: 16848700]
[114]
Adeleke BS, Babalola OO. Oilseed crop sunflower (Helianthus annuus) as a source of food: Nutritional and health benefits. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8(9): 4666-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1783] [PMID: 32994929]
[115]
Vaezi M. In silico and in vitro studies of naturally occurring tyrosinase inhibitors: Structure–activity relationship. Chemistry Africa 2022; 5: 1873-87.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42250-022-00466-6]
[116]
Shahidi F. Nutraceuticals and bioactives from seafood byproducts. Advances in Seafood Byproducts: 2002 Conference proceedings. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Fairbanks
[117]
Vaezi M, Behbehani GR, Gheibi N, Farasat A. Thermodynamic, kinetic and docking studies of some unsaturated fatty acids-quercetin derivatives as inhibitors of mushroom tyrosinase. AIMS Biophys 2020 Oct 1; 7(4): 393-410.
[http://dx.doi.org/ 10.3934/biophy.2020027]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy