Generic placeholder image

Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1389-2010
ISSN (Online): 1873-4316

Mini-Review Article

Recreational Cannabis Use: Regulatory Aspects, Public Opinion and Concerns for Public Health

Author(s): Matteo Scopetti, Martina Padovano, Michela Peruch, Monica Concato, Tommaso Livieri, Davide Radaelli and Stefano D’Errico*

Volume 24, Issue 6, 2023

Published on: 14 September, 2022

Page: [728 - 740] Pages: 13

DOI: 10.2174/1389201023666220820160602

Price: $65

Open Access Journals Promotions 2
Abstract

Cannabis represents the most used substance in the young population after alcohol and tobacco. The consumption of the substance undoubtedly represents an emerging public health issue, and the regulatory aspects are quite heterogeneous. Alternatives to drug prohibition, such as legalization or decriminalization, are a topic of growing debate among researchers, policy makers and the public. Limiting harmful use and combating illicit trafficking are the main objectives of legalization for recreational purposes, although liberalization raises critical issues that have not yet been resolved despite the experience gained in many countries. In the context of legalization, it is essential to allow the lawful production of cannabis, guarantee a supply of controlled quality cannabis, and ensure that the population understands the risks associated with the consumption of the substance. At the same time, it is essential to protect the safety and health of the population by limiting access to cannabis and preventing accidental exposure to fragile categories and children. Incomplete knowledge of law enforcement can create further complications. Incomplete knowledge of the implementation of the laws can create further complications; therefore adequate information must be favored. Scientific evidence helps to understand the potential harms and benefits of cannabis, but the impact of legalization - even in terms of reducing consumption - is not clearly documented. So, far more efforts need to be made in the future to broaden awareness of the general population on the recreational use of cannabis.

Keywords: Cannabis, recreational use, legalization, safety, public health, lawful production.

Graphical Abstract
[1]
Young, S.D.; Padwa, H.; Bonar, E.E. Social big data as a tool for understanding and predicting the impact of cannabis legalization. Front. Public Health, 2019, 7, 274.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00274] [PMID: 31637226]
[2]
Bahji, A.; Stephenson, C. International perspectives on the implications of cannabis legalization: A systematic review and thematic analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2019, 16(17), 3095.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173095] [PMID: 31454942]
[3]
Degenhardt, L.; Ferrari, A.J.; Calabria, B.; Hall, W.D.; Norman, R.E.; McGrath, J.; Flaxman, A.D.; Engell, R.E.; Freedman, G.D.; Whiteford, H.A.; Vos, T. The global epidemiology and contribution of cannabis use and dependence to the global burden of disease: Results from the GBD 2010 study. PLoS One, 2013, 8(10)e76635
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0076635] [PMID: 24204649]
[4]
Degenhardt, L.; Charlson, F.; Ferrari, A.; Santomauro, D.; Erskine, H.; Mantilla-Herrara, A.; Whiteford, H.; Leung, J.; Naghavi, M.; Griswold, M.; Rehm, J.; Hall, W.; Sartorius, B.; Scott, J.; Vollset, S.E.; Knudsen, A.K.; Haro, J.M.; Patton, G.; Kopec, J.; Carvalho Malta, D.; Topor, M.R.; McGrath, J.; Haagsma, J.; Allebeck, P.; Phillips, M.; Salomon, J.; Hay, S.; Foreman, K.; Lim, S.; Mokdad, A.; Smith, M.; Gakidou, E.; Murray, C.; Vos, T. The global burden of disease attributable to alcohol and drug use in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016. Lancet Psychiatry, 2018, 5(12), 987-1012.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30337-7] [PMID: 30392731]
[5]
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Analysis of drug markets opiates, cocaine, cannabis, synthetic drugs. World Drug Report 2018; United Nations: Vienna, Austria, 2018.
[6]
Smart, R.; Pacula, R.L. Early evidence of the impact of cannabis legalization on cannabis use, cannabis use disorder, and the use of other substances: Findings from state policy evaluations. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse, 2019, 45(6), 644-663.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2019.1669626] [PMID: 31603710]
[7]
Hall, W. The future of the international drug control system and national drug prohibitions. Addiction, 2018, 113(7), 1210-1223.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.13941] [PMID: 28884869]
[8]
Kerr, T. Public health responses to the opioid crisis in North America. J. Epidemiol. Community Health, 2019, 73(5), 377-378.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2018-210599] [PMID: 30723087]
[9]
Tyndall, M. An emergency response to the opioid overdose crisis in Canada: A regulated opioid distribution program. CMAJ, 2018, 190(2), E35-E36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.171060] [PMID: 29335260]
[10]
Caulkins, J.P.; Kilborn, M.L. Cannabis legalization, regulation, & control: A review of key challenges for local, state, and provincial officials. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse, 2019, 45(6), 689-697.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2019.1611840] [PMID: 31135218]
[11]
Kilmer, B.; Pacula, R.L. Understanding and learning from the diversification of cannabis supply laws. Addiction, 2017, 112(7), 1128-1135.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.13623] [PMID: 27891693]
[12]
Hall, W.; Lynskey, M. Why it is probably too soon to assess the public health effects of legalisation of recreational cannabis use in the USA. Lancet Psychiatry, 2016, 3(9), 900-906.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30071-2] [PMID: 27374072]
[13]
Solowij, N.; Galettis, P.; Broyd, S.J.; Krey, P.; Martin, J.H. Second hand exposure of staff administering vaporised cannabinoid products to patients in a hospital setting. Drugs R D., 2018, 18(1), 41-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40268-017-0225-5] [PMID: 29330776]
[14]
Karila, L.; Roux, P.; Rolland, B.; Benyamina, A.; Reynaud, M.; Aubin, H.J.; Lançon, C. Acute and long term effects of cannabis use: A review. Curr. Pharm. Des., 2014, 20(25), 4112-4118.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/13816128113199990620] [PMID: 24001294]
[15]
Jones, C.; Donnelly, N.; Swift, W.; Weatherburn, D. Preventing cannabis users from driving under the influence of cannabis. Accid. Anal. Prev., 2006, 38(5), 854-861.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2006.02.010] [PMID: 16574046]
[16]
Kurzthaler, I.; Hummer, M.; Miller, C.; Sperner, U.B.; Günther, V.; Wechdorn, H.; Battista, H.J.; Fleischhacker, W.W. Effect of cannabis use on cognitive functions and driving ability. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 1999, 60(6), 395-399.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.v60n0609] [PMID: 10401919]
[17]
Caulkins, J.P.; Kilmer, B.; MacCoun, R.J.; Pacula, R.L.; Reuter, P. Design considerations for legalizing cannabis: Lessons inspired by analysis of California’s proposition 19. Addiction, 2012, 107(5), 865-871.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03561.x] [PMID: 21985069]
[18]
Adinoff, B.; Cooper, Z.D. Cannabis legalization: Progress in harm reduction approaches for substance use and misuse. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse, 2019, 45(6), 707-712.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2019.1680683] [PMID: 31755837]
[19]
Kilmer, B. How will cannabis legalization affect health, safety, and social equity outcomes? It largely depends on the 14 Ps. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse, 2019, 45(6), 664-672.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2019.1611841] [PMID: 31264899]
[20]
Kilmer, B.; Neel, E.K. Being thoughtful about cannabis legalization and social equity. World Psychiatry, 2020, 19(2), 194-195.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wps.20741] [PMID: 32394572]
[21]
Kilmer, B.; Caulkins, J.P.; Pacula, R.L.; MacCoun, R.J.; Reuter, P. Altered state? assessing how marijuana legalization in California could influence marijuana consumption and public budgets; RAND Corporation: Santa Monica, 2010.
[22]
Reuter, P.; Kleiman, M.A. Risks and prices: An economic analysis of drug enforcement and interdiction on drug use. Crime Justice, 1986, 7, 289-340.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/449116]
[23]
Caulkins, J. Effects of prohibition, enforcement and interdiction on drug use. In: Ending the drug wars: Report of the LSE Expert Group on the economics of drug policy; , 2014; pp. 16-24.
[24]
Anderson, B.M.; Rizzo, M.; Block, R.I.; Pearlson, G.D.; O’Leary, D.S. Sex differences in the effects of marijuana on simulated driving performance. J. Psychoactive Drugs, 2010, 42(1), 19-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2010.10399782] [PMID: 20464803]
[25]
Hartman, R.L.; Brown, T.L.; Milavetz, G.; Spurgin, A.; Pierce, R.S.; Gorelick, D.A.; Gaffney, G.; Huestis, M.A. Cannabis effects on driving lateral control with and without alcohol. Drug Alcohol Depend., 2015, 154, 25-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.06.015] [PMID: 26144593]
[26]
Windle, S.B.; Wade, K.; Filion, K.B.; Kimmelman, J.; Thombs, B.D.; Eisenberg, M.J. Potential harms from legalization of recreational cannabis use in Canada. Can. J. Public Health, 2019, 110(2), 222-226.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.17269/s41997-018-00173-1] [PMID: 30759307]
[27]
McDonald, J.; Schleifer, L.; Richards, J.B.; de Wit, H. Effects of THC on behavioral measures of impulsivity in humans. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2003, 28(7), 1356-1365.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300176] [PMID: 12784123]
[28]
Ansell, E.B.; Laws, H.B.; Roche, M.J.; Sinha, R. Effects of marijuana use on impulsivity and hostility in daily life. Drug Alcohol Depend., 2015, 148, 136-142.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.029] [PMID: 25595054]
[29]
Page, R.L.; Allen, L.A.; Kloner, R.A.; Carriker, C.R.; Martel, C.; Morris, A.A.; Piano, M.R.; Rana, J.S.; Saucedo, J.F. Council on Basic Cardiovascular Sciences; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; Council on Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health; and Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research. Medical Marijuana, recreational cannabis, and cardiovascular health: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 2020, 142(10), e131-e152.
[30]
Vos, T.; Abajobir, A.A.; Abate, K.H.; Abbafati, C.; Abbas, K.M.; Allah, F.; Abdulkader, R.S.; Abdulle, A.M.; Abebo, T.A.; Abera, S.F.; Aboyans, V.; Raddad, L.J.; Ackerman, I.N.; Adamu, A.A.; Adetokunboh, O.; Afarideh, M.; Afshin, A.; Agarwal, S.K.; Aggarwal, R.; Agrawal, A.; Agrawal, S.; Ahmadieh, H.; Ahmed, M.B.; Aichour, M.T.E.; Aichour, A.N.; Aichour, I.; Aiyar, S.; Akinyemi, R.O.; Akseer, N.; Al Lami, F.H.; Alahdab, F.; Al-Aly, Z.; Alam, K.; Alam, N.; Alam, T.; Alasfoor, D.; Alene, K.A.; Ali, R.; Alizadeh-Navaei, R.; Alkerwi, A.; Alla, F.; Allebeck, P.; Allen, C.; Maskari, F.; Raddadi, R.; Alsharif, U.; Alsowaidi, S.; Altirkawi, K.A.; Amare, A.T.; Amini, E.; Ammar, W.; Amoako, Y.A.; Andersen, H.H.; Antonio, C.A.T.; Anwari, P.; Ärnlöv, J.; Artaman, A.; Aryal, K.K.; Asayesh, H.; Asgedom, S.W.; Assadi, R.; Atey, T.M.; Atnafu, N.T.; Atre, S.R.; Avila, B.L.; Avokphako, E.F.G.A.; Awasthi, A.; Bacha, U.; Badawi, A.; Balakrishnan, K.; Banerjee, A.; Bannick, M.S.; Barac, A.; Barber, R.M.; Barker, S.L.; Bärnighausen, T.; Barquera, S.; Barregard, L.; Barrero, L.H.; Basu, S.; Battista, B.; Battle, K.E.; Baune, B.T.; Bazargan, H.S.; Beardsley, J.; Bedi, N.; Beghi, E.; Béjot, Y.; Bekele, B.B.; Bell, M.L.; Bennett, D.A.; Bensenor, I.M.; Benson, J.; Berhane, A.; Berhe, D.F.; Bernabé, E.; Betsu, B.D.; Beuran, M.; Beyene, A.S.; Bhala, N.; Bhansali, A.; Bhatt, S.; Bhutta, Z.A.; Biadgilign, S.; Bicer, B.K.; Bienhoff, K.; Bikbov, B.; Birungi, C.; Biryukov, S.; Bisanzio, D.; Bizuayehu, H.M.; Boneya, D.J.; Boufous, S.; Bourne, R.R.A.; Brazinova, A.; Brugha, T.S.; Buchbinder, R.; Bulto, L.N.B.; Bumgarner, B.R.; Butt, Z.A.; Cahuana-Hurtado, L.; Cameron, E.; Car, M.; Carabin, H.; Carapetis, J.R.; Cárdenas, R.; Carpenter, D.O.; Carrero, J.J.; Carter, A.; Carvalho, F.; Casey, D.C.; Caso, V.; Castañeda, C.A.; Castle, C.D.; Catalá, L.F.; Chang, H.Y.; Chang, J.C.; Charlson, F.J.; Chen, H.; Chibalabala, M.; Chibueze, C.E.; Chisumpa, V.H.; Chitheer, A.A.; Christopher, D.J.; Ciobanu, L.G.; Cirillo, M.; Colombara, D.; Cooper, C.; Cortesi, P.A.; Criqui, M.H.; Crump, J.A.; Dadi, A.F.; Dalal, K.; Dandona, L.; Dandona, R.; Neves, J.; Davitoiu, D.V.; de Courten, B.; De Leo, D.D.; Defo, B.K.; Degenhardt, L.; Deiparine, S.; Dellavalle, R.P.; Deribe, K.; Des Jarlais, D.C.; Dey, S.; Dharmaratne, S.D.; Dhillon, P.K.; Dicker, D.; Ding, E.L.; Djalalinia, S.; Do, H.P.; Dorsey, E.R.; dos Santos, K.P.B.; Douwes, S.D.; Doyle, K.E.; Driscoll, T.R.; Dubey, M.; Duncan, B.B.; El-Khatib, Z.Z.; Ellerstrand, J.; Enayati, A.; Endries, A.Y.; Ermakov, S.P.; Erskine, H.E.; Eshrati, B.; Eskandarieh, S.; Esteghamati, A.; Estep, K.; Fanuel, F.B.B.; Farinha, C.S.E.S.; Faro, A.; Farzadfar, F.; Fazeli, M.S.; Feigin, V.L.; Fereshtehnejad, S-M.; Fernandes, J.C.; Ferrari, A.J.; Feyissa, T.R.; Filip, I.; Fischer, F.; Fitzmaurice, C.; Flaxman, A.D.; Flor, L.S.; Foigt, N.; Foreman, K.J.; Franklin, R.C.; Fullman, N.; Fürst, T.; Furtado, J.M.; Futran, N.D.; Gakidou, E.; Ganji, M.; Garcia, B.A.L.; Gebre, T.; Gebrehiwot, T.T.; Geleto, A.; Gemechu, B.L.; Gesesew, H.A.; Gething, P.W.; Ghajar, A.; Gibney, K.B.; Gill, P.S.; Gillum, R.F.; Ginawi, I.A.M.; Giref, A.Z.; Gishu, M.D.; Giussani, G.; Godwin, W.W.; Gold, A.L.; Goldberg, E.M.; Gona, P.N.; Goodridge, A.; Gopalani, S.V.; Goto, A.; Goulart, A.C.; Griswold, M.; Gugnani, H.C.; Gupta, R.; Gupta, R.; Gupta, T.; Gupta, V.; Hafezi, N.N.; Hailu, G.B.; Hailu, A.D.; Hamadeh, R.R.; Hamidi, S.; Handal, A.J.; Hankey, G.J.; Hanson, S.W.; Hao, Y.; Harb, H.L.; Hareri, H.A.; Haro, J.M.; Harvey, J.; Hassanvand, M.S.; Havmoeller, R.; Hawley, C.; Hay, S.I.; Hay, R.J.; Henry, N.J.; Heredia-Pi, I.B.; Hernandez, J.M.; Heydarpour, P.; Hoek, H.W.; Hoffman, H.J.; Horita, N.; Hosgood, H.D.; Hostiuc, S.; Hotez, P.J.; Hoy, D.G.; Htet, A.S.; Hu, G.; Huang, H.; Huynh, C.; Iburg, K.M.; Igumbor, E.U.; Ikeda, C.; Irvine, C.M.S.; Jacobsen, K.H.; Jahanmehr, N.; Jakovljevic, M.B.; Jassal, S.K.; Javanbakht, M.; Jayaraman, S.P.; Jeemon, P.; Jensen, P.N.; Jha, V.; Jiang, G.; John, D.; Johnson, S.C.; Johnson, C.O.; Jonas, J.B.; Jürisson, M.; Kabir, Z.; Kadel, R.; Kahsay, A.; Kamal, R.; Kan, H.; Karam, N.E.; Karch, A.; Karema, C.K.; Kasaeian, A.; Kassa, G.M.; Kassaw, N.A.; Kassebaum, N.J.; Kastor, A.; Katikireddi, S.V.; Kaul, A.; Kawakami, N.; Keiyoro, P.N.; Kengne, A.P.; Keren, A.; Khader, Y.S.; Khalil, I.A.; Khan, E.A.; Khang, Y-H.; Khosravi, A.; Khubchandani, J.; Kiadaliri, A.A.; Kieling, C.; Kim, Y.J.; Kim, D.; Kim, P.; Kimokoti, R.W.; Kinfu, Y.; Kisa, A.; Kissimova-Skarbek, K.A.; Kivimaki, M.; Knudsen, A.K.; Kokubo, Y.; Kolte, D.; Kopec, J.A.; Kosen, S.; Koul, P.A.; Koyanagi, A.; Kravchenko, M.; Krishnaswami, S.; Krohn, K.J.; Kumar, G.A.; Kumar, P.; Kumar, S.; Kyu, H.H.; Lal, D.K.; Lalloo, R.; Lambert, N.; Lan, Q.; Larsson, A.; Lavados, P.M.; Leasher, J.L.; Lee, P.H.; Lee, J-T.; Leigh, J.; Leshargie, C.T.; Leung, J.; Leung, R.; Levi, M.; Li, Y.; Li, Y.; Li Kappe, D.; Liang, X.; Liben, M.L.; Lim, S.S.; Linn, S.; Liu, P.Y.; Liu, A.; Liu, S.; Liu, Y.; Lodha, R.; Logroscino, G.; London, S.J.; Looker, K.J.; Lopez, A.D.; Lorkowski, S.; Lotufo, P.A.; Low, N.; Lozano, R.; Lucas, T.C.D.; Macarayan, E.R.K.; Magdy Abd El Razek, H.; Magdy, R.M.; Mahdavi, M.; Majdan, M.; Majdzadeh, R.; Majeed, A.; Malekzadeh, R.; Malhotra, R.; Malta, D.C.; Mamun, A.A.; Manguerra, H.; Manhertz, T.; Mantilla, A.; Mantovani, L.G.; Mapoma, C.C.; Marczak, L.B.; Martinez, R.J.; Martins, F.R.; Martopullo, I.; März, W.; Mathur, M.R.; Mazidi, M.; McAlinden, C.; McGaughey, M.; McGrath, J.J.; McKee, M.; McNellan, C.; Mehata, S.; Mehndiratta, M.M.; Mekonnen, T.C.; Memiah, P.; Memish, Z.A.; Mendoza, W.; Mengistie, M.A.; Mengistu, D.T.; Mensah, G.A.; Meretoja, T.J.; Meretoja, A.; Mezgebe, H.B.; Micha, R.; Millear, A.; Miller, T.R.; Mills, E.J.; Mirarefin, M.; Mirrakhimov, E.M.; Misganaw, A.; Mishra, S.R.; Mitchell, P.B.; Mohammad, K.A.; Mohammadi, A.; Mohammed, K.E.; Mohammed, S.; Mohanty, S.K.; Mokdad, A.H.; Mollenkopf, S.K.; Monasta, L.; Montico, M.; Moradi, L.M.; Moraga, P.; Mori, R.; Morozoff, C.; Morrison, S.D.; Moses, M.; Mountjoy, V.C.; Mruts, K.B.; Mueller, U.O.; Muller, K.; Murdoch, M.E.; Murthy, G.V.S.; Musa, K.I.; Nachega, J.B.; Nagel, G.; Naghavi, M.; Naheed, A.; Naidoo, K.S.; Naldi, L.; Nangia, V.; Natarajan, G.; Negasa, D.E.; Negoi, R.I.; Negoi, I.; Newton, C.R.; Ngunjiri, J.W.; Nguyen, T.H.; Nguyen, Q.L.; Nguyen, C.T.; Nguyen, G.; Nguyen, M.; Nichols, E.; Ningrum, D.N.A.; Nolte, S.; Nong, V.M.; Norrving, B.; Noubiap, J.J.N.; O’Donnell, M.J.; Ogbo, F.A.; Oh, I-H.; Okoro, A.; Oladimeji, O.; Olagunju, T.O.; Olagunju, A.T.; Olsen, H.E.; Olusanya, B.O.; Olusanya, J.O.; Ong, K.; Opio, J.N.; Oren, E.; Ortiz, A.; Osgood-Zimmerman, A.; Osman, M.; Owolabi, M.O.; Pa, M.; Pacella, R.E.; Pana, A.; Panda, B.K.; Papachristou, C.; Park, E-K.; Parry, C.D.; Parsaeian, M.; Patten, S.B.; Patton, G.C.; Paulson, K.; Pearce, N.; Pereira, D.M.; Perico, N.; Pesudovs, K.; Peterson, C.B.; Petzold, M.; Phillips, M.R.; Pigott, D.M.; Pillay, J.D.; Pinho, C.; Plass, D.; Pletcher, M.A.; Popova, S.; Poulton, R.G.; Pourmalek, F.; Prabhakaran, D.; Prasad, N.M.; Prasad, N.; Purcell, C.; Qorbani, M.; Quansah, R.; Quintanilla, B.P.A.; Rabiee, R.H.S.; Radfar, A.; Rafay, A.; Rahimi, K.; Rahimi-Movaghar, A.; Rahimi-Movaghar, V.; Rahman, M.H.U.; Rahman, M.; Rai, R.K.; Rajsic, S.; Ram, U.; Ranabhat, C.L.; Rankin, Z.; Rao, P.C.; Rao, P.V.; Rawaf, S.; Ray, S.E.; Reiner, R.C.; Reinig, N.; Reitsma, M.B.; Remuzzi, G.; Renzaho, A.M.N.; Resnikoff, S.; Rezaei, S.; Ribeiro, A.L.; Ronfani, L.; Roshandel, G.; Roth, G.A.; Roy, A.; Rubagotti, E.; Ruhago, G.M.; Saadat, S.; Sadat, N.; Safdarian, M.; Safi, S.; Safiri, S.; Sagar, R.; Sahathevan, R.; Salama, J.; Saleem, H.O.B.; Salomon, J.A.; Salvi, S.S.; Samy, A.M.; Sanabria, J.R.; Santomauro, D.; Santos, I.S.; Santos, J.V.; Santric Milicevic, M.M.; Sartorius, B.; Satpathy, M.; Sawhney, M.; Saxena, S.; Schmidt, M.I.; Schneider, I.J.C.; Schöttker, B.; Schwebel, D.C.; Schwendicke, F.; Seedat, S.; Sepanlou, S.G.; Servan-Mori, E.E.; Setegn, T.; Shackelford, K.A.; Shaheen, A.; Shaikh, M.A.; Shamsipour, M.; Shariful Islam, S.M.; Sharma, J.; Sharma, R.; She, J.; Shi, P.; Shields, C.; Shifa, G.T.; Shigematsu, M.; Shinohara, Y.; Shiri, R.; Shirkoohi, R.; Shirude, S.; Shishani, K.; Shrime, M.G.; Sibai, A.M.; Sigfusdottir, I.D.; Silva, D.A.S.; Silva, J.P.; Silveira, D.G.A.; Singh, J.A.; Singh, N.P.; Sinha, D.N.; Skiadaresi, E.; Skirbekk, V.; Slepak, E.L.; Sligar, A.; Smith, D.L.; Smith, M.; Sobaih, B.H.A.; Sobngwi, E.; Sorensen, R.J.D.; Sousa, T.C.M.; Sposato, L.A.; Sreeramareddy, C.T.; Srinivasan, V.; Stanaway, J.D.; Stathopoulou, V.; Steel, N.; Stein, M.B.; Stein, D.J.; Steiner, T.J.; Steiner, C.; Steinke, S.; Stokes, M.A.; Stovner, L.J.; Strub, B.; Subart, M.; Sufiyan, M.B.; Sunguya, B.F.; Sur, P.J.; Swaminathan, S.; Sykes, B.L.; Sylte, D.O.; Tabarés-Seisdedos, R.; Taffere, G.R.; Takala, J.S.; Tandon, N.; Tavakkoli, M.; Taveira, N.; Taylor, H.R.; Tehrani, B.A.; Tekelab, T.; Terkawi, A.S.; Tesfaye, D.J.; Tesssema, B.; Thamsuwan, O.; Thomas, K.E.; Thrift, A.G.; Tiruye, T.Y.; Tobe-Gai, R.; Tollanes, M.C.; Tonelli, M.; Topor-Madry, R.; Tortajada, M.; Touvier, M.; Tran, B.X.; Tripathi, S.; Troeger, C.; Truelsen, T.; Tsoi, D.; Tuem, K.B.; Tuzcu, E.M.; Tyrovolas, S.; Ukwaja, K.N.; Undurraga, E.A.; Uneke, C.J.; Updike, R.; Uthman, O.A.; Uzochukwu, B.S.C.; van Boven, J.F.M.; Varughese, S.; Vasankari, T.; Venkatesh, S.; Venketasubramanian, N.; Vidavalur, R.; Violante, F.S.; Vladimirov, S.K.; Vlassov, V.V.; Vollset, S.E.; Wadilo, F.; Wakayo, T.; Wang, Y.P.; Weaver, M.; Weichenthal, S.; Weiderpass, E.; Weintraub, R.G.; Werdecker, A.; Westerman, R.; Whiteford, H.A.; Wijeratne, T.; Wiysonge, C.S.; Wolfe, C.D.A.; Woodbrook, R.; Woolf, A.D.; Workicho, A.; Xavier, D.; Xu, G.; Yadgir, S.; Yaghoubi, M.; Yakob, B.; Yan, L.L.; Yano, Y.; Ye, P.; Yimam, H.H.; Yip, P.; Yonemoto, N.; Yoon, S.J.; Yotebieng, M.; Younis, M.Z.; Zaidi, Z.; Zaki, M.E.S.; Zegeye, E.A.; Zenebe, Z.M.; Zhang, X.; Zhou, M.; Zipkin, B.; Zodpey, S.; Zuhlke, L.J.; Murray, C.J.L. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet, 2017, 390(10100), 1211-1259.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32154-2] [PMID: 28919117]
[31]
Freeman, T.P.; Winstock, A.R. Examining the profile of high potency cannabis and its association with severity of cannabis dependence. Psychol. Med., 2015, 45(15), 3181-3189.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715001178] [PMID: 26213314]
[32]
Destrée, L.; Amiet, D.; Carter, A.; Lee, R.; Lorenzetti, V.; Segrave, R.; Youssef, G.; Solowij, N.; Yücel, M. Exploring the association of legalisation status of cannabis with problematic cannabis use and impulsivity in the USA. Drugs Context, 2018, 7, 1-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7573/dic.212541] [PMID: 30263037]
[33]
The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations For Research; The National Academies Press: Washington, DC, 2017.
[34]
Zamengo, L.; Frison, G.; Zwitser, G.; Salomone, A.; Freeman, T.P. Cannabis knowledge and implications for health: Considerations regarding the legalization of non medical cannabis. Med. Sci. Law, 2020, 60(4), 309-314.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0025802420934255] [PMID: 32600171]
[35]
Di Forti, M.; Sallis, H.; Allegri, F.; Trotta, A.; Ferraro, L.; Stilo, S.A.; Marconi, A.; La Cascia, C.; Reis Marques, T.; Pariante, C.; Dazzan, P.; Mondelli, V.; Paparelli, A.; Kolliakou, A.; Prata, D.; Gaughran, F.; David, A.S.; Morgan, C.; Stahl, D.; Khondoker, M.; MacCabe, J.H.; Murray, R.M. Daily use, especially of high potency cannabis, drives the earlier onset of psychosis in cannabis users. Schizophr. Bull., 2014, 40(6), 1509-1517.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbt181] [PMID: 24345517]
[36]
Di Forti, M.; Marconi, A.; Carra, E.; Fraietta, S.; Trotta, A.; Bonomo, M.; Bianconi, F.; Gardner-Sood, P.; O’Connor, J.; Russo, M.; Stilo, S.A.; Marques, T.R.; Mondelli, V.; Dazzan, P.; Pariante, C.; David, A.S.; Gaughran, F.; Atakan, Z.; Iyegbe, C.; Powell, J.; Morgan, C.; Lynskey, M.; Murray, R.M. Proportion of patients in south London with first-episode psychosis attributable to use of high potency cannabis: A case control study. Lancet Psychiatry, 2015, 2(3), 233-238.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00117-5] [PMID: 26359901]
[37]
Radaelli, D.; Manfredi, A.; Zanon, M.; Fattorini, P.; Scopetti, M.; Neri, M.; Frisoni, P.; D’Errico, S. Synthetic cannabinoids and cathinones cardiotoxicity: Facts and perspectives. Curr. Neuropharmacol., 2021, 19(11), 2038-2048.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159X19666210412101929] [PMID: 33845747]
[38]
Di Forti, M.; Quattrone, D.; Freeman, T.P.; Tripoli, G.; Gayer-Anderson, C.; Quigley, H.; Rodriguez, V.; Jongsma, H.; Ferraro, L.; La Cascia, C.; La Barbera, D.; Tarricone, I.; Berardi, D. Szӧke, A.; Arango, C.; Tortelli, A.; Velthorst, E.; Bernardo, M.; Del, C.M.; Rossi Menezes, P.; Selten, J.P.; Jones, P.B.; Kirkbride, J.B.; Rutten, B. The contribution of cannabis use to variation in the incidence of psychotic disorder across Europe (EU-GEI): A multicenter case-control study. Lancet Psychiatry, 2019, 6(5), 427-436.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30048-3] [PMID: 30902669]
[39]
Sánchez, A.E.; Awan, A.; Karl, M.; Santini, A. Cardiovascular effects of cannabis (marijuana): A timely update. Phytother. Res., 2019, 33(5), 1592-1594.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6315] [PMID: 30761633]
[40]
Singh, A.; Saluja, S.; Kumar, A.; Agrawal, S.; Thind, M.; Nanda, S.; Shirani, J. Cardiovascular complications of marijuana and related substances: A review. Cardiol. Ther., 2018, 7(1), 45-59.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40119-017-0102-x] [PMID: 29218644]
[41]
Singh, A.; Argwal, S.; Fegley, M.; Manda, Y.; Nanda, S.; Shirani, J. Marijuana (cannabis) use is an independent predictor of stress cardiomyopathy in younger men. Circulation, 2016, 134A14100.
[42]
Latif, Z.; Garg, N. The impact of marijuana on the cardiovascular system: A review of the most common cardiovascular events associated with marijuana use. J. Clin. Med., 2020, 9(6), 1925.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9061925] [PMID: 32575540]
[43]
Stanley, C.; Sullivan, S.E. Vascular targets for cannabinoids: Animal and human studies. Br. J. Pharmacol., 2014, 171(6), 1361-1378.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.12560] [PMID: 24329566]
[44]
Richards, J.R.; Bing, M.L.; Moulin, A.K.; Elder, J.W.; Rominski, R.T.; Summers, P.J.; Laurin, E.G. Cannabis use and acute coronary syndrome. Clin. Toxicol., 2019, 57(10), 831-841.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2019.1601735] [PMID: 30964363]
[45]
Pacher, P.; Steffens, S.; Haskó, G.; Schindler, T.H.; Kunos, G. Cardiovascular effects of marijuana and synthetic cannabinoids: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Nat. Rev. Cardiol., 2018, 15(3), 151-166.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2017.130] [PMID: 28905873]
[46]
Reis, J.P.; Auer, R.; Bancks, M.P.; Goff, D.C., Jr; Lewis, C.E.; Pletcher, M.J.; Rana, J.S.; Shikany, J.M.; Sidney, S. Cumulative lifetime marijuana use and incident cardiovascular disease in middle age: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Am. J. Public Health, 2017, 107(4), 601-606.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.303654] [PMID: 28207342]
[47]
Meier, M.H. Associations between butane hash oil use and cannabis-related problems. Drug Alcohol Depend., 2017, 179, 25-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.015] [PMID: 28750253]
[48]
Subramaniam, V.N.; Menezes, A.R.; DeSchutter, A.; Lavie, C.J. The cardiovascular effects of marijuana: Are the potential adverse effects worth the high? Mo. Med., 2019, 116(2), 146-153.
[PMID: 31040502]
[49]
DeFilippis, E.M.; Bajaj, N.S.; Singh, A.; Malloy, R.; Givertz, M.M.; Blankstein, R.; Bhatt, D.L.; Vaduganathan, M. Marijuana use in patients with cardiovascular disease: JACC review topic of the week. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2020, 75(3), 320-332.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.11.025] [PMID: 31976871]
[50]
Hemachandra, D.; McKetin, R.; Cherbuin, N.; Anstey, K.J. Heavy cannabis users at elevated risk of stroke: Evidence from a general population survey. Aust. N. Z. J. Public Health, 2016, 40(3), 226-230.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.12477] [PMID: 26558539]
[51]
Ghasemiesfe, M.; Barrow, B.; Leonard, S.; Keyhani, S.; Korenstein, D. Association between marijuana use and risk of cancer: A systematic review and meta analysis. JAMA Netw. Open, 2019, 2(11)e1916318
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.16318] [PMID: 31774524]
[52]
Asbridge, M.; Hayden, J.A.; Cartwright, J.L. . Acute cannabis consumption and motor vehicle collision risk: Systematic review of observational studies and meta-analysis. BMJ, 2012, 344(feb09 2), e356.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e536] [PMID: 22323502]
[53]
Nazif-Munoz, J.I.; Oulhote, Y.; Ouimet, M.C. The association between legalization of cannabis use and traffic deaths in Uruguay. Addiction, 2020, 115(9), 1697-1706.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.14994] [PMID: 32003494]
[54]
Arkell, T.R.; Vinckenbosch, F.; Kevin, R.C.; Theunissen, E.L.; McGregor, I.S.; Ramaekers, J.G. Effect of cannabidiol and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol on driving performance. JAMA, 2020, 324(21), 2177-2186.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.21218] [PMID: 33258890]
[55]
Bondallaz, P.; Favrat, B.; Chtioui, H.; Fornari, E.; Maeder, P.; Giroud, C. Cannabis and its effects on driving skills. Forensic Sci. Int., 2016, 268, 92-102.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.09.007] [PMID: 27701009]
[56]
Neavyn, M.J.; Blohm, E.; Babu, K.M.; Bird, S.B. Medical marijuana and driving: A review. J. Med. Toxicol., 2014, 10(3), 269-279.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13181-014-0393-4] [PMID: 24648180]
[57]
Arkell, T.R.; Kevin, R.C.; Stuart, J.; Lintzeris, N.; Haber, P.S.; Ramaekers, J.G.; McGregor, I.S. Detection of Δ9 THC in oral fluid following vaporized cannabis with varied cannabidiol (CBD) content: An evaluation of two point-of-collection testing devices. Drug Test. Anal., 2019, 11(10), 1486-1497.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dta.2687] [PMID: 31442003]
[58]
Bosker, W.M.; Kuypers, K.P.C.; Theunissen, E.L.; Surinx, A.; Blankespoor, R.J.; Skopp, G.; Jeffery, W.K.; Walls, H.C.; Leeuwen, C.J.; Ramaekers, J.G. Medicinal Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (dronabinol) impairs on-the-road driving performance of occasional and heavy cannabis users but is not detected in standard field sobriety tests. Addiction, 2012, 107(10), 1837-1844.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03928.x] [PMID: 22553980]
[59]
Downey, L.A.; King, R.; Papafotiou, K.; Swann, P.; Ogden, E.; Boorman, M.; Stough, C. The effects of cannabis and alcohol on simulated driving: Influences of dose and experience. Accid. Anal. Prev., 2013, 50, 879-886.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2012.07.016] [PMID: 22871272]
[60]
Hartley, S.; Simon, N.; Larabi, A.; Vaugier, I.; Barbot, F.; Quera-Salva, M.A.; Alvarez, J.C. Effect of smoked cannabis on vigilance and accident risk using simulated driving in occasional and chronic users and the pharmacokinetic pharmacodynamic relationship. Clin. Chem., 2019, 65(5), 684-693.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2018.299727] [PMID: 30872375]
[61]
Marcotte, T.D.; Umlauf, A.; Grelotti, D.J.; Sones, E.G.; Sobolesky, P.M.; Smith, B.E.; Hoffman, M.A.; Hubbard, J.A.; Severson, J.; Huestis, M.A.; Grant, I.; Fitzgerald, R.L. Driving performance and cannabis users’ perception of safety. JAMA Psychiatry, 2022, 79(3), 201-209.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.4037] [PMID: 35080588]
[62]
Hartman, R.L.; Brown, T.L.; Milavetz, G.; Spurgin, A.; Pierce, R.S.; Gorelick, D.A.; Gaffney, G.; Huestis, M.A. Cannabis effects on driving longitudinal control with and without alcohol. J. Appl. Toxicol., 2016, 36(11), 1418-1429.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jat.3295] [PMID: 26889769]
[63]
Lenné, M.G.; Dietze, P.M.; Triggs, T.J.; Walmsley, S.; Murphy, B.; Redman, J.R. The effects of cannabis and alcohol on simulated arterial driving: Influences of driving experience and task demand. Accid. Anal. Prev., 2010, 42(3), 859-866.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2009.04.021] [PMID: 20380913]
[64]
Hall, W. Stjepanović D.; Caulkins, J.; Lynskey, M.; Leung, J.; Campbell, G.; Degenhardt, L. Public health implications of legalising the production and sale of cannabis for medicinal and recreational use. Lancet, 2019, 394(10208), 1580-1590.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31789-1] [PMID: 31657733]
[65]
McCartney, D.; Benson, M.J.; Suraev, A.S.; Irwin, C.; Arkell, T.R.; Grunstein, R.R.; Hoyos, C.M.; McGregor, I.S. The effect of cannabidiol on simulated driving performance: A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, crossover, dose ranging clinical trial protocol. Hum. Psychopharmacol. Clin. Exp., 2020.e2749
[66]
Rogeberg, O.; Elvik, R. Response to Li et al. (2017): Cannabis use and crash risk in drivers. Addiction, 2017, 112(7), 1316.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.13801] [PMID: 28393411]
[67]
Rogeberg, O.; Elvik, R. The effects of cannabis intoxication on motor vehicle collision revisited and revised. Addiction, 2016, 111(8), 1348-1359.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.13347] [PMID: 26878835]
[68]
Grigsby, T.M.; Hoffmann, L.M.; Moss, M.J. Marijuana use and potential implications of marijuana legalization. Pediatr. Rev., 2020, 41(2), 61-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.2018-0347] [PMID: 32005683]
[69]
Hall, W.D.; Patton, G.; Stockings, E.; Weier, M.; Lynskey, M.; Morley, K.I.; Degenhardt, L. Why young people’s substance use matters for global health. Lancet Psychiatry, 2016, 3(3), 265-279.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(16)00013-4] [PMID: 26905482]
[70]
Volkow, N.D.; Baler, R.D.; Compton, W.M.; Weiss, S.R.B. Adverse health effects of marijuana use. N. Engl. J. Med., 2014, 370(23), 2219-2227.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1402309] [PMID: 24897085]
[71]
Weiss, S.R.B.; Howlett, K.D.; Baler, R.D. Building smart cannabis policy from the science up. Int. J. Drug Policy, 2017, 42, 39-49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.01.007] [PMID: 28189459]
[72]
Englund, A.; Freeman, T.P.; Murray, R.M.; McGuire, P. Can we make cannabis safer? Lancet Psychiatry, 2017, 4(8), 643-648.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30075-5] [PMID: 28259650]
[73]
Gobbi, G.; Atkin, T.; Zytynski, T.; Wang, S.; Askari, S.; Boruff, J.; Ware, M.; Marmorstein, N.; Cipriani, A.; Dendukuri, N.; Mayo, N. Association of cannabis use in adolescence and risk of depression, anxiety, and suicidality in young adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 2019, 76(4), 426-434.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.4500] [PMID: 30758486]
[74]
Parekh, T.; Pemmasani, S.; Desai, R. Marijuana use among young adults (18-44 years of age) and risk of stroke: A behavioral risk factor surveillance system survey analysis. Stroke, 2020, 51(1), 308-310.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.027828] [PMID: 31707926]
[75]
Hammond, C.J.; Chaney, A.; Hendrickson, B.; Sharma, P. Cannabis use among U.S. adolescents in the era of marijuana legalization: A review of changing use patterns, comorbidity, and health correlates. Int. Rev. Psychiatry, 2020, 32(3), 221-234.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2020.1713056] [PMID: 32026735]
[76]
Gorey, C.; Kuhns, L.; Smaragdi, E.; Kroon, E.; Cousijn, J. Age related differences in the impact of cannabis use on the brain and cognition: A systematic review. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 2019, 269(1), 37-58.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00406-019-00981-7] [PMID: 30680487]
[77]
Bloomfield, M.A.P.; Hindocha, C.; Green, S.F.; Wall, M.B.; Lees, R.; Petrilli, K.; Costello, H.; Ogunbiyi, M.O.; Bossong, M.G.; Freeman, T.P. The neuropsychopharmacology of cannabis: A review of human imaging studies. Pharmacol. Ther., 2019, 195, 132-161.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.10.006] [PMID: 30347211]
[78]
Dougherty, D.M.; Mathias, C.W.; Dawes, M.A.; Furr, R.M.; Charles, N.E.; Liguori, A.; Shannon, E.E.; Acheson, A. Impulsivity, attention, memory, and decision making among adolescent marijuana users. Psychopharmacology, 2013, 226(2), 307-319.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-012-2908-5] [PMID: 23138434]
[79]
Volkow, N.D.; Swanson, J.M.; Evins, A.E.; DeLisi, L.E.; Meier, M.H.; Gonzalez, R.; Bloomfield, M.A.P.; Curran, H.V.; Baler, R. Effects of cannabis use on human behavior, including cognition, motivation, and psychosis: A review. JAMA Psychiatry, 2016, 73(3), 292-297.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.3278] [PMID: 26842658]
[80]
Ladegard, K.; Thurstone, C.; Rylander, M. Marijuana legalization and youth. Pediatrics, 2020, 145(2), S165-S174.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-2056D] [PMID: 32358207]
[81]
O’Donnell, B.F.; Skosnik, P.D.; Hetrick, W.P.; Fridberg, D.J. Decision making and impulsivity in young adult cannabis users. Front. Psychol., 2021, 12679904
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.679904] [PMID: 34276500]
[82]
Solowij, N.; Lorenzetti, V.; Yücel, M. Effects of cannabis use on human behavior. JAMA Psychiatry, 2016, 73(9), 995-996.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.1329] [PMID: 27463333]
[83]
Halladay, J.E.; MacKillop, J.; Munn, C.; Jack, S.M.; Georgiades, K. Cannabis use as a risk factor for depression, anxiety, and suicidality. J. Addict. Nurs., 2020, 31(2), 92-101.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JAN.0000000000000334] [PMID: 32487935]
[84]
Skelton, K.R.; Hecht, A.A.; Benjamin, S.E. Recreational cannabis legalization in the US and maternal use during the preconception, prenatal and postpartum periods. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2020, 17(3), 909.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030909] [PMID: 32024173]
[85]
Young-Wolff, K.C.; Tucker, L.Y.; Alexeeff, S.; Armstrong, M.A.; Conway, A.; Weisner, C.; Goler, N. Trends in self reported and biochemically tested marijuana use among pregnant females in California from 2009-2016. JAMA, 2017, 318(24), 2490-2491.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.17225] [PMID: 29279917]
[86]
Volkow, N.D.; Han, B.; Compton, W.M.; McCance, E.F. Self reported medical and nonmedical cannabis use among pregnant women in the United States. JAMA, 2019, 322(2), 167-169.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.7982] [PMID: 31211824]
[87]
Brown, Q.L.; Sarvet, A.L.; Shmulewitz, D.; Martins, S.S.; Wall, M.M.; Hasin, D.S. Trends in marijuana use among pregnant and nonpregnant reproductive-aged women, 2002–2014. JAMA, 2017, 317(2), 207-209.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.17383] [PMID: 27992619]
[88]
Results from the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: summary of national findings. 2013. Available from: http://www.samhsa.gov//data/sites/default/files/NSDUHresultsPDFWHTML2013/Web/NSDUHresults2013.pdf
[89]
Corsi, D.J.; Donelle, J.; Sucha, E.; Hawken, S.; Hsu, H.; El-Chaâr, D.; Bisnaire, L.; Fell, D.; Wen, S.W.; Walker, M. Maternal cannabis use in pregnancy and child neurodevelopmental outcomes. Nat. Med., 2020, 26(10), 1536-1540.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-1002-5] [PMID: 32778828]
[90]
Richardson, K.A.; Hester, A.K.; McLemore, G.L. Prenatal cannabis exposure - The “first hit” to the endocannabinoid system. Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 2016, 58, 5-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2016.08.003] [PMID: 27567698]
[91]
Correa, F.; Wolfson, M.L.; Valchi, P.; Aisemberg, J.; Franchi, A.M. Endocannabinoid system and pregnancy. Reproduction, 2016, 152(6), R191-R200.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/REP-16-0167] [PMID: 27798285]
[92]
Grant, K.S.; Conover, E.; Chambers, C.D. Update on the developmental consequences of cannabis use during pregnancy and lactation. Birth Defects Res., 2020, 112(15), 1126-1138.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bdr2.1766] [PMID: 32770666]
[93]
Braillon, A.; Bewley, S. Committee opinion no. 722: Marijuana use during pregnancy and lactation. Obstet. Gynecol., 2018, 131(1), 164.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000002429] [PMID: 29266063]
[94]
Lee, C.C.; Chiang, C.N. Maternal fetal transfer of abused substances: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data. NIDA Res. Monogr., 1985, 60, 110-147.
[PMID: 2997613]
[95]
Thompson, R.; DeJong, K.; Lo, J. Marijuana use in pregnancy: A review. Obstet. Gynecol. Surv., 2019, 74(7), 415-428.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/OGX.0000000000000685] [PMID: 31343707]
[96]
Fischer, B.; Russell, C.; Rehm, J.; Leece, P. Assessing the public health impact of cannabis legalization in Canada: Core outcome indicators towards an ‘index’ for monitoring and evaluation. J. Public Health, 2019, 41(2), 412-421.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdy090] [PMID: 29860521]
[97]
Scheyer, A.F.; Melis, M.; Trezza, V.; Manzoni, O.J.J. Consequences of perinatal cannabis exposure. Trends Neurosci., 2019, 42(12), 871-884.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2019.08.010] [PMID: 31604585]
[98]
Goldschmidt, L.; Day, N.L.; Richardson, G.A. Effects of prenatal marijuana exposure on child behavior problems at age 10. Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 2000, 22(3), 325-336.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0892-0362(00)00066-0] [PMID: 10840176]
[99]
Fried, P.A.; Watkinson, B.; Gray, R. Differential effects on cognitive functioning in 13- to 16-year-olds prenatally exposed to cigarettes and marihuana. Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 2003, 25(4), 427-436.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0892-0362(03)00029-1] [PMID: 12798960]
[100]
Willford, J.A.; Chandler, L.S.; Goldschmidt, L.; Day, N.L. Effects of prenatal tobacco, alcohol and marijuana exposure on processing speed, visual–motor coordination, and interhemispheric transfer. Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 2010, 32(6), 580-588.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2010.06.004] [PMID: 20600845]
[101]
Cornelius, M.D.; Goldschmidt, L.; Day, N.L.; Larkby, C. Alcohol, tobacco and marijuana use among pregnant teenagers: 6-year follow-up of offspring growth effects. Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 2002, 24(6), 703-710.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0892-0362(02)00271-4] [PMID: 12460652]
[102]
Fried, P.A.; James, D.S.; Watkinson, B. Growth and pubertal milestones during adolescence in offspring prenatally exposed to cigarettes and marihuana. Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 2001, 23(5), 431-436.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0892-0362(01)00161-1] [PMID: 11711245]
[103]
Crume, T.L.; Juhl, A.L.; Brooks, R.A.; Hall, K.E.; Wymore, E.; Borgelt, L.M. Cannabis use during the perinatal period in a state with legalized recreational and medical marijuana: The association between maternal characteristics, breastfeeding patterns, and neonatal outcomes. J. Pediatr., 2018, 197, 90-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.02.005] [PMID: 29605394]
[104]
Rodriguez, C.E.; Sheeder, J.; Allshouse, A.A.; Scott, S.; Wymore, E.; Hopfer, C.; Hermesch, A.; Metz, T.D. Marijuana use in young mothers and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A retrospective cohort study. BJOG, 2019, 126(12), 1491-1497.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.15885] [PMID: 31334907]
[105]
Corsi, D.J.; Walsh, L.; Weiss, D.; Hsu, H.; El-Chaar, D.; Hawken, S.; Fell, D.B.; Walker, M. Association between self-reported prenatal cannabis use and maternal, perinatal, and neonatal outcomes. JAMA, 2019, 322(2), 145-152.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.8734] [PMID: 31211826]
[106]
Luke, S.; Hutcheon, J.; Kendall, T. Cannabis use in pregnancy in British Columbia and selected birth outcomes. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Can., 2019, 41(9), 1311-1317.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jogc.2018.11.014] [PMID: 30744979]
[107]
Kharbanda, E.O.; Vazquez, B.G.; Kunin, B.A.; Nordin, J.D.; Olsen, A.; Romitti, P.A. Birth and early developmental screening outcomes associated with cannabis exposure during pregnancy. J. Perinatol., 2020, 40(3), 473-480.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41372-019-0576-6] [PMID: 31911642]
[108]
van Gelder, M.M.H.J.; Donders, A.R.T.; Devine, O.; Roeleveld, N.; Reefhuis, J. Using bayesian models to assess the effects of under-reporting of cannabis use on the association with birth defects, national birth defects prevention study, 1997-2005. Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol., 2014, 28(5), 424-433.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ppe.12140] [PMID: 25155701]
[109]
Lam, P.K.; Torfs, C.P. Interaction between maternal smoking and malnutrition in infant risk of gastroschisis. Birth Defects Res. A Clin. Mol. Teratol., 2006, 76(3), 182-186.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bdra.20238] [PMID: 16498669]
[110]
Porath, A.; Fried, P. Effects of prenatal cigarette and marijuana exposure on drug use among offspring. Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 2005, 27(2), 267-277.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2004.12.003] [PMID: 15734278]
[111]
Gray, K.A.; Day, N.L.; Leech, S.; Richardson, G.A. Prenatal marijuana exposure: Effect on child depressive symptoms at ten years of age. Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 2005, 27(3), 439-448.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2005.03.010] [PMID: 15869861]
[112]
Day, N.L.; Leech, S.L.; Goldschmidt, L. The effects of prenatal marijuana exposure on delinquent behaviors are mediated by measures of neurocognitive functioning. Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 2011, 33(1), 129-136.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2010.07.006] [PMID: 21256427]
[113]
Klonoff, C.H.; Lam, K.P. Maternal and paternal recreational drug use and sudden infant death syndrome. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med., 2001, 155(7), 765-770.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.155.7.765] [PMID: 11434841]
[114]
Varner, M.W.; Silver, R.M.; Rowland Hogue, C.J.; Willinger, M.; Parker, C.B.; Thorsten, V.R.; Goldenberg, R.L.; Saade, G.R.; Dudley, D.J.; Coustan, D.; Stoll, B.; Bukowski, R.; Koch, M.A.; Conway, D.; Pinar, H.; Reddy, U.M. Association between stillbirth and illicit drug use and smoking during pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol., 2014, 123(1), 113-125.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000000052] [PMID: 24463671]
[115]
Day, N.; Sambamoorthi, U.; Taylor, P.; Richardson, G.; Robles, N.; Jhon, Y.; Scher, M.; Stoffer, D.; Cornelius, M.; Jasperse, D. Prenatal marijuana use and neonatal outcome. Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 1991, 13(3), 329-334.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0892-0362(91)90079-C] [PMID: 1886543]
[116]
Forrester, M.B.; Merz, R.D. Risk of selected birth defects with prenatal illicit drug use, Hawaii, 1986-2002. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A, 2006, 70(1), 7-18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15287390600748799] [PMID: 17162495]
[117]
Williams, L.J.; Correa, A.; Rasmussen, S. Maternal lifestyle factors and risk for ventricular septal defects. Birth Defects Res. A Clin. Mol. Teratol., 2004, 70(2), 59-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bdra.10145] [PMID: 14991912]
[118]
Fergusson, D.M.; Horwood, L.J.; Northstone, K. Maternal use of cannabis and pregnancy outcome. BJOG, 2002, 109(1), 21-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2002.01020.x] [PMID: 11843371]
[119]
Dekker, G.A.; Lee, S.Y.; North, R.A.; McCowan, L.M.; Simpson, N.A.B.; Roberts, C.T. Risk factors for preterm birth in an international prospective cohort of nulliparous women. PLoS One, 2012, 7(7)e39154
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0039154] [PMID: 22815699]
[120]
Bada, H.S.; Das, A.; Bauer, C.R.; Shankaran, S.; Lester, B.M.; Gard, C.C.; Wright, L.L.; LaGasse, L.; Higgins, R. Low birth weight and preterm births: Etiologic fraction attributable to prenatal drug exposure. J. Perinatol., 2005, 25(10), 631-637.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jp.7211378] [PMID: 16107872]
[121]
Saurel, M.J.; Prunet, C.; Blondel, B. Cannabis use during pregnancy in France in 2010. BJOG, 2014, 121(8), 971-977.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.12626] [PMID: 24621183]
[122]
El Marroun, H.; Tiemeier, H.; Steegers, E.A.P.; Jaddoe, V.W.V.; Hofman, A.; Verhulst, F.C.; van den Brink, W.; Huizink, A.C. Intrauterine cannabis exposure affects fetal growth trajectories: The generation R study. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 2009, 48(12), 1173-1181.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181bfa8ee] [PMID: 19858757]
[123]
Gray, T.R.; Eiden, R.D.; Leonard, K.E.; Connors, G.J.; Shisler, S.; Huestis, M.A. Identifying prenatal cannabis exposure and effects of concurrent tobacco exposure on neonatal growth. Clin. Chem., 2010, 56(9), 1442-1450.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2010.147876] [PMID: 20628142]
[124]
Janisse, J.J.; Bailey, B.A.; Ager, J.; Sokol, R.J. Alcohol, tobacco, cocaine, and marijuana use: Relative contributions to preterm delivery and fetal growth restriction. Subst. Abus., 2014, 35(1), 60-67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2013.804483] [PMID: 24588295]
[125]
Metz, T.D.; Allshouse, A.A.; Hogue, C.J.; Goldenberg, R.L.; Dudley, D.J.; Varner, M.W.; Conway, D.L.; Saade, G.R.; Silver, R.M. Maternal marijuana use, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and neonatal morbidity. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 2017, 217(4), 478.e1-478.e8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2017.05.050] [PMID: 28578174]
[126]
Baer, R.J.; Chambers, C.D.; Ryckman, K.K.; Oltman, S.P.; Rand, L.; Jelliffe, L.L. Risk of preterm and early term birth by maternal drug use. J. Perinatol., 2019, 39(2), 286-294.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41372-018-0299-0] [PMID: 30573752]
[127]
Howard, D.S.; Dhanraj, D.N.; Devaiah, C.G.; Lambers, D.S. Cannabis use based on urine drug screens in pregnancy and its association with infant birth weight. J. Addict. Med., 2019, 13(6), 436-441.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000516] [PMID: 30908346]
[128]
De Genna, N.M.; Willford, J.A.; Richardson, G.A. Long-term effects of prenatal cannabis exposure: Pathways to adolescent and adult outcomes. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 2022, 214173358
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173358] [PMID: 35216971]
[129]
Petrangelo, A.; Czuzoj, S.N.; Balayla, J.; Abenhaim, H.A. Cannabis abuse or dependence during pregnancy: A population-based cohort study on 12 million births. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Can., 2019, 41(5), 623-630.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jogc.2018.09.009] [PMID: 30448107]
[130]
Wang, G.S.; Roosevelt, G.; Le Lait, M.C.; Martinez, E.M.; Bucher, B.B.; Bronstein, A.C.; Heard, K. Association of unintentional pediatric exposures with decriminalization of marijuana in the United States. Ann. Emerg. Med., 2014, 63(6), 684-689.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.01.017] [PMID: 24507243]
[131]
Onders, B.; Casavant, M.J.; Spiller, H.A.; Chounthirath, T.; Smith, G.A. Marijuana exposures among children younger than six years in the United States. Clin. Pediatr. (Phila.), 2016, 55(5), 428-436.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009922815589912] [PMID: 26054783]
[132]
Monte, A.A.; Zane, R.D.; Heard, K.J. The implications of marijuana legalization in Colorado. JAMA, 2015, 313(3), 241-242.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.17057] [PMID: 25486283]
[133]
Moir, D.; Rickert, W.S.; Levasseur, G.; Larose, Y.; Maertens, R.; White, P.; Desjardins, S. A comparison of mainstream and sidestream marijuana and tobacco cigarette smoke produced under two machine smoking conditions. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 2008, 21(2), 494-502.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/tx700275p] [PMID: 18062674]
[134]
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking and Health. The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress; A report of the surgeon general. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US): Atlanta (GA), . , 2014.
[135]
Brands, B.; Di Ciano, P.; Mann, R.E. Cannabis, impaired driving, and road safety: An overview of key questions and issues. Front. Psychiatry, 2021, 12641549
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.641549] [PMID: 34489746]
[136]
Alzghari, S.K.; Fung, V.; Rickner, S.S.; Chacko, L.; Fleming, S.W. To dab or not to dab: Rising concerns regarding the toxicity of cannabis concentrates. Cureus, 2017, 9(9)e1676
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.1676] [PMID: 29152433]
[137]
MacCoun, R.J.; Mello, M.M. Half-baked the retail promotion of marijuana edibles. N. Engl. J. Med., 2015, 372(11), 989-991.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1416014] [PMID: 25760351]
[138]
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice; Committee on the Health Effects of Marijuana: An Evidence Review and Research Agenda. The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research. Washington (DC). The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids; National Academies Press(US): Washington (DC) 2017.
[139]
Meier, M.H.; Docherty, M.; Leischow, S.J.; Grimm, K.J.; Pardini, D. Cannabis concentrate use in adolescents. Pediatrics, 2019, 144(3)e20190338
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-0338] [PMID: 31451609]
[140]
Rocky mountain high intensity drug trafficking area program. The Legalization of Marijuana in Colorado: The Impact. Mo. Med., 2019, 116(6), 450.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8672945/
[PMID: 31911715]
[141]
Chiu, V.; Leung, J.; Hall, W. Stjepanović D.; Degenhardt, L. Public health impacts to date of the legalisation of medical and recreational cannabis use in the USA. Neuropharmacology, 2021, 193108610
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108610] [PMID: 34010617]
[142]
Nguyen, H.V.; Bornstein, S.; Gamble, J.M.; Mathews, M.; Bishop, L.; Mital, S. Too young for Cannabis? Choice of minimum legal age for legalized non-medical Cannabis in Canada. BMC Public Health, 2020, 20(1), 557.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08639-z] [PMID: 32404144]
[143]
Ferri, M.; Allara, E.; Bo, A.; Gasparrini, A.; Faggiano, F. Media campaigns for the prevention of illicit drug use in young people. Cochrane Libr., 2013, 6(6)CD009287
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009287.pub2] [PMID: 23740538]
[144]
Hornik, R.; Jacobsohn, L.; Orwin, R.; Piesse, A.; Kalton, G. Effects of the national youth anti drug media campaign on youths. Am. J. Public Health, 2008, 98(12), 2229-2236.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2007.125849] [PMID: 18923126]
[145]
Foxcroft, D.R. Can prevention classification be improved by considering the function of prevention? Prev. Sci., 2014, 15(6), 818-822.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11121-013-0435-1] [PMID: 24052320]
[146]
Faggiano, F.; Vigna, F.D.; Versino, E.; Zambon, A.; Borraccino, A.; Lemma, P. School based prevention for illicit drugs’ use. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2005, 18(2), Art. No: CD003020.
[PMID: 15846647]
[147]
Cerdá, M.; Wall, M.; Feng, T.; Keyes, K.M.; Sarvet, A.; Schulenberg, J.; O’Malley, P.M.; Pacula, R.L.; Galea, S.; Hasin, D.S. Association of state recreational marijuana laws with adolescent marijuana use. JAMA Pediatr., 2017, 171(2), 142-149.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.3624] [PMID: 28027345]
[148]
Roberts, B. Legalized cannabis in colorado emergency departments: A cautionary review of negative health and safety effects. West. J. Emerg. Med., 2019, 20(4), 557-572.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2019.4.39935] [PMID: 31316694]
[149]
Kerr, D.C.R.; Bae, H.; Phibbs, S.; Kern, A.C. Changes in undergraduates’ marijuana, heavy alcohol and cigarette use following legalization of recreational marijuana use in Oregon. Addiction, 2017, 112(11), 1992-2001.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.13906] [PMID: 28613454]
[150]
Miller, A.M.; Rosenman, R.; Cowan, B.W. Recreational marijuana legalization and college student use: Early evidence. SSM Popul. Health, 2017, 3, 649-657.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.08.001] [PMID: 29349253]
[151]
Rusby, J.C.; Westling, E.; Crowley, R.; Light, J.M. Legalization of recreational marijuana and community sales policy in Oregon: Impact on adolescent willingness and intent to use, parent use, and adolescent use. Psychol. Addict. Behav., 2018, 32(1), 84-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/adb0000327] [PMID: 29144146]
[152]
Kavousi, P.; Giamo, T.; Arnold, G.; Alliende, M.; Huynh, E.; Lea, J.; Lucine, R.; Tillett Miller, A.; Webre, A.; Yee, A.; Champagne-Zamora, A.; Taylor, K. What do we know about opportunities and challenges for localities from cannabis legalization? Rev. Policy Res., 2022, 39(2), 143-169.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ropr.12460]
[153]
Matheson, J.; Foll, B. Cannabis legalization and acute harm from high potency cannabis products: A narrative review and recommendations for public health. Front. Psychiatry, 2020, •••11591979
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.591979] [PMID: 33173527]
[154]
Bernstein, S.E.; Amirkhani, E.; Werb, D.; MacPherson, D. The regulation project: Tools for engaging the public in the legal regulation of drugs. Int. J. Drug Policy, 2020, 86102949
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102949] [PMID: 33049592]
[155]
Guttmannova, K.; Lee, C.M.; Kilmer, J.R.; Fleming, C.B.; Rhew, I.C.; Kosterman, R.; Larimer, M.E. Impacts of changing marijuana policies on alcohol use in the United States. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res., 2016, 40(1), 33-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acer.12942] [PMID: 26727520]
[156]
Subbaraman, M.S. Substitution and complementarity of alcohol and cannabis: A review of the literature. Subst. Use Misuse, 2016, 51(11), 1399-1414.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2016.1170145] [PMID: 27249324]
[157]
Adinoff, B.; Reiman, A. Implementing social justice in the transition from illicit to legal cannabis. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse, 2019, 45(6), 673-688.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2019.1674862] [PMID: 31634005]
[158]
Smart, R.; Caulkins, J.P.; Kilmer, B.; Davenport, S.; Midgette, G. Variation in cannabis potency and prices in a newly legal market: Evidence from 30 million cannabis sales in Washington state. Addiction, 2017, 112(12), 2167-2177.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.13886] [PMID: 28556310]
[159]
Shi, Y.; Cao, Y.; Shang, C.; Pacula, R.L. The impacts of potency, warning messages, and price on preferences for cannabis flower products. Int. J. Drug Policy, 2019, 74, 1-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.07.037] [PMID: 31382201]
[160]
Russell, C.; Rueda, S.; Room, R.; Tyndall, M.; Fischer, B. Routes of administration for cannabis use – basic prevalence and related health outcomes: A scoping review and synthesis. Int. J. Drug Policy, 2018, 52, 87-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.11.008] [PMID: 29277082]
[161]
Kilmer, B. Recreational cannabis - minimizing the health risks from legalization. N. Engl. J. Med., 2017, 376(8), 705-707.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1614783] [PMID: 28225673]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy