Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Analytical Chemistry

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1573-4110
ISSN (Online): 1875-6727

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Various Analytical Methods for Estimation of Potassium Sorbate in Food Products: A Review

Author(s): Sushant Salwan, Indu Passi and Bhupinder Kumar*

Volume 18, Issue 9, 2022

Published on: 12 September, 2022

Page: [977 - 988] Pages: 12

DOI: 10.2174/1573411018666220820122912

Price: $65

conference banner
Abstract

Food preservatives are used to keep bacteria, moulds, fungus, and yeast from spoiling food. Food additives are subject to strict rules (particularly in the European Union - EU), which consider the food to which they can be applied, maximum permissible quantities, chemical characterization, and purity. Sorbic acid, mainly potassium sorbate, is primarily utilised in a variety of commercially available foods. Various analytical strategies for an asynchronous and simultaneous estimation of potassium sorbate have been reported along with other preservatives in marketed formulations or food products. The Square-wave voltammetry using a cathodically prepared boron-doped diamond electrode, quick UHPLCfluorescent method, UV spectrophotometry, UHPLC-UV analysis, RP-HPLC, and mass spectrometry are some of the analytical techniques used. We have compiled various analytical methods to detect potassium sorbate with various other preservatives simultaneously or alone in marketed formulation. The authors feel that the studies summarised in this report will allow readers to choose the most acceptable and appropriate method for analysing this preservative.

Keywords: Preservatives, potassium sorbate, analytical methods, HPLC, UV-Vis, RP-HPLC.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Silva, M.M.; Lidon, F. Food preservatives-An overview on applications and side effects. Emir. J. Food Agric., 2016, 28(6), 366-373.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.2016-04-351]
[2]
Russell, N.J.; Gould, G.W. Food preservatives, 1st ed; Springer Science & Business Media: New York, 2003.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30042-9]
[3]
Parke, D.V.; Lewis, D.F.W. Safety aspects of food preservatives. Food Addit. Contam., 1992, 9(5), 561-577.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652039209374110] [PMID: 1298662]
[4]
Abdulmumeen, H.A.; Risikat, A.N.; Sururah, A.R. Food: Its preservatives, additives and applications. Int. J. Chem. Biochem. Sci., 2012, 2012(1), 36-47.
[5]
Rupasinghe, H.V.; Yu, L.J. Emerging preservation methods for fruit juices and beverages. In: Food Additives; El-Samragy, Yehia, Ed.; InTech Open: London, 2012; pp. 65-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/32148]
[6]
Awuchi, C.G.; Twinomuhwezi, H.; Igwe, V.S.; Amagwula, I.O. Food Additives and food preservatives for domestic and industrial food applications. J. Animal Health, 2020, 2(1), 1-16.
[7]
Sharma, S. Food preservatives and their harmful effects. Int. J. Sci. Res. Publications, 2015, 5(4), 1-2.
[8]
Gokoglu, N. Novel natural food preservatives and applications in seafood preservation: A review. J. Sci. Food Agric., 2019, 99(5), 2068-2077.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9416] [PMID: 30318589]
[9]
Smith-Palmer, A.; Stewart, J.; Fyfe, L. The potential application of plant essential oils as natural food preservatives in soft cheese. Food Microbiol., 2001, 18(4), 463-470.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/fmic.2001.0415]
[10]
Meyer, A.S.; Suhr, K.I.; Nielsen, P.; Holm, F. Natural food preservatives.Minimal processing technologies in the food industry; Ohlsson, T.; Bengtsson, N., Eds.; Woodhead publishing: New York, 2002, pp. 124-174.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9781855736795.124]
[11]
Barberis, S.E.; Quiroga, H.G.; Barcia, C.; Talia, J.M.; Debattista, N.B. Natural food preservatives against microorganisms.In: Food Safety and Preservation; Holban, A.M.; Grumezescu, A.M., Eds.; Acdemic Press: Cambridge, US, 2018, pp. 621-658.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814956-0.00020-2]
[12]
Khan, H.; Flint, S.; Yu, P-L. Enterocins in food preservation. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 2010, 141(1-2), 1-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.03.005] [PMID: 20399522]
[13]
Toepfl, S.; Heinz, V.; Knorr, D. High intensity pulsed electric fields applied for food preservation. Chem. Eng. Process., 2007, 46(6), 537-546.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2006.07.011]
[14]
Balasubramaniam, V.M.; Farkas, D. Preserving foods through high- pressure processing. Food Technol., 2008, 62(11), 32-38.
[15]
Saltmarsh, M. Recent trends in the use of food additives in the United Kingdom. J. Sci. Food Agric., 2015, 95(4), 649-652.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.6715] [PMID: 24789520]
[16]
Inetianbor, J.E.; Yakubu, J.M.; Ezeonu, S.C. Effects of food additives and preservatives on man- a review. AJST, 2015, 6(2), 1118-1135.
[17]
Anand, S.P.; Sati, N. Artificial preservatives and their harmful effects: Looking toward nature for safer alternatives. Int. J. Pharma Sci., 2013, 4(7), 2496-2501.
[18]
Amirpour, M.; Arman, A.; Yolmeh, A.; Akbari Azam, M.; Moradi-Khatoonabadi, Z. Sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate preservatives in food stuffs in Iran. Food Addit. Contam. Part B Surveill., 2015, 8(2), 142-148.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19393210.2015.1021862] [PMID: 25832450]
[19]
Younes, M.; Aquilina, G.; Castle, L.; Engel, K.H.; Fowler, P.; Frutos Fernandez, M.J.; Fürst, P.; Gürtler, R.; Husøy, T.; Mennes, W.; Moldeus, P.; Oskarsson, A.; Shah, R.; Waalkens-Berendsen, I.; Wölfle, D.; Aggett, P.; Cupisti, A.; Fortes, C.; Kuhnle, G.; Lillegaard, I.T.; Scotter, M.; Giarola, A.; Rincon, A.; Tard, A.; Gundert-Remy, U. Re-evaluation of phosphoric acid-phosphates - di-, tri- and polyphosphates (E 338-341, E 343, E 450-452) as food additives and the safety of proposed extension of use. EFSA J., 2019, 17(6), e05674.
[PMID: 32626329]
[20]
Bensid, A.; El Abed, N.; Houicher, A.; Regenstein, J.M. Özogul. Nutrition antioxidant and antimicrobial preservatives: Properties, mechanism of action and applications in food-a review. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 2022, 62(11), 2985-3001.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1862046] [PMID: 33337242]
[21]
Mohammadzadeh-Aghdash, H.; Sohrabi, Y.; Mohammadi, A.; Shanehbandi, D.; Dehghan, P.; Ezzati Nazhad Dolatabadi, J. Safety assessment of sodium acetate, sodium diacetate and potassium sorbate food additives. Food Chem., 2018, 257, 211-215.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.03.020] [PMID: 29622200]
[22]
Ahmad, H.; Masoud, V.; Ali, S. A comparative study of the effects of the two preservatives, sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate on aspergillus niger and penicillium notatum. Jundishapur J. Microbiol., 2011, 4(4), 301-307.
[23]
Stanojevic, D.; Comic, L.; Stefanovic, O. Solujic-Sukdolak. Antimicrobial effects of sodium benzoate, sodium nitrite and potassium sorbate and their synergistic action in vitro. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 2009, 15(4), 307-311.
[24]
Mamur, S.; Yüzbaşioğlu, D.; Ünal, F.; Yilmaz, S. Does potassium sorbate induce genotoxic or mutagenic effects in lymphocytes? Toxicol. In Vitro, 2010, 24(3), 790-794.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2009.12.021] [PMID: 20036729]
[25]
Caleja, C.; Barros, L.; Antonio, A.L.; Carocho, M.; Oliveira, M.B.P.P.; Ferreira, I.C.F.R. Fortification of yogurts with different antioxidant preservatives: A comparative study between natural and synthetic additives. Food Chem., 2016, 210, 262-268.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.04.114] [PMID: 27211646]
[26]
Zengin, N.; Yüzbaşıoğlu, D.; Ünal, F.; Yılmaz, S.; Aksoy, H. The evaluation of the genotoxicity of two food preservatives: Sodium benzoate and potassium benzoate. Food Chem. Toxicol., 2011, 49(4), 763-769.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.11.040] [PMID: 21130826]
[27]
Stopforth, J.; Kurdon, T. Sorbic acid and sorbates.In: Antimicrobials in Food; Davidson, P.M; Taylor, T.M.; David, J.R.D., Eds.; CRC Press Boca Raton, 2005, Vol. 4, p. 14549.
[28]
Davidson, P.M.; Taylor, T.M.; David, J.R.D. Antimicrobials in Food, 4th ed; CRC Press: Boca Raton, 2005.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420028737]
[29]
Mischek, D.; Krapfenbauer-Cermak, C. Exposure assessment of food preservatives (sulphites, benzoic and sorbic acid) in Austria. Food Addit. Contam. Part A Chem. Anal. Control Expo. Risk Assess., 2012, 29(3), 371-382.
[PMID: 22264192]
[30]
Türkoğlu, S. Genotoxicity of five food preservatives tested on root tips of Allium cepa L. Mutat. Res., 2007, 626(1-2), 4-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.07.006] [PMID: 17005441]
[31]
Peng, Q.; Chang, H.; Wang, R.; You, Z.; Jiang, S.; Ma, C.; Huo, D.; Zhu, X.; Zhang, J. Potassium sorbate suppresses intestinal microbial activity and triggers immune regulation in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Food Funct., 2019, 10(11), 7164-7173.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C9FO01237K] [PMID: 31596293]
[32]
Dehghan, P.; Mohammadi, A.; Mohammadzadeh-Aghdash, H.; Dolatabadi, J.E.N. Pharmacokinetic and toxicological aspects of potassium sorbate food additive and its constituents. Trends Food Sci. Technol., 2018, 80, 123-130.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2018.07.012]
[33]
Salehi, S.; Khodadadi, I.; Akbari-Adergani, B.; Shekarchi, M.; Karami, Z. Surveillance of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate preservatives in dairy products produced in Hamedan province, north west of Iran. Int. Food Res. J., 2017, 24(3), 1056-1060.
[34]
Bortolotti, F.; Balducci, A.G.; Sonvico, F.; Russo, P.; Colombo, G. In vitro permeation of desmopressin across rabbit nasal mucosa from liquid nasal sprays: The enhancing effect of potassium sorbate. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci., 2009, 37(1), 36-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2008.12.015] [PMID: 19162181]
[35]
Hartman, P.E. Review: Putative mutagens and carcinogens in foods. II: Sorbate and sorbate-nitrite interactions. Environ. Mutagen., 1983, 5(2), 217-222.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/em.2860050209] [PMID: 6861725]
[36]
Jung, R.; Cojocel, C.; Müller, W.; Böttger, D.; Lück, E. Evaluation of the genotoxic potential of sorbic acid and potassium sorbate. Food Chem. Toxicol., 1992, 30(1), 1-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-6915(92)90130-D] [PMID: 1544601]
[37]
Fisher, A.A. Cutaneous reactions to sorbic acid and potassium sorbate. Cutis, 1980, 25(4), 350-, 352, 423.
[PMID: 7363660]
[38]
Mpountoukas, P.; Vantarakis, A.; Sivridis, E.; Lialiaris, T. Cytogenetic study in cultured human lymphocytes treated with three commonly used preservatives. Food Chem. Toxicol., 2008, 46(7), 2390-2393.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2008.03.021] [PMID: 18467014]
[39]
Namiki, M.; Udaka, S.; Osawa, T.; Tsuji, K.; Kada, T. Formation of mutagens by sorbic acid-nitrite reaction: Effects of reaction conditions on biological activities. Mutat. Res., 1980, 73(1), 21-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0027-5107(80)90132-3] [PMID: 7019677]
[40]
Pylypiw, H.M., Jr; Grether, M.T. Rapid high-performance liquid chromatography method for the analysis of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate in foods. J. Chromatogr. A, 2000, 883(1-2), 299-304.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00404-0] [PMID: 10910223]
[41]
Raharjo, S. Toxicological aspects of sorbates: A review. Agritech, 1994, 14(3), 35-41.
[42]
Würgler, F.E.; Schlatter, J.; Maier, P. The genotoxicity status of sorbic acid, potassium sorbate and sodium sorbate. Mutat. Res., 1992, 283(2), 107-111.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-7992(92)90141-4] [PMID: 1381486]
[43]
Bag, P.; Kumar, B. A review on different analytical techniques for determination of DNP drugs and their metabolites in pharmaceutical formulations. Curr. Pharm. Anal., 2021, 17(9), 1132-1155.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573412916999200825112708]
[44]
Pannu, S.; Akhtar, M.J.; Kumar, B. Analytical methodologies for determination of hydroxychloroquine and its metabolites in pharmaceutical, biological and environmental samples. Curr. Pharm. Anal., 2022, 18(3), 273-290.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573412917666210625123509]
[45]
Sarkar, M.; Bag, P.; Kumar, B.; Chawla, P.A. Development and validation by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography method for the estimation of piperine and coenzyme Q10 in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. Indian J. Pharm. Sci., 2021, 83(6), 1208-1214.
[46]
Khosroukhavar, R.; Sadeghzadeh, N.; Amini, M.; Ghazi-Khansari, M.; Hajiaghaee, R.; Ejtemaei, M.S. Simultaneous determination of preservatives (sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate) in soft drinks and herbal extracts using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). J. Med. Plants Res., 2010, 35(9), 80-87.
[47]
Can, N.O.; Arli, G.; Lafci, Y. A novel RP-HPLC method for simultaneous determination of potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate in soft drinks using C18-bonded monolithic silica column. J. Sep. Sci., 2011, 34(16-17), 2214-2222.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201100172] [PMID: 21595030]
[48]
Dinç Zor, Ş.; Aşçı, B.; Aksu Dönmez, Ö.; Yıldırım Küçükkaraca, D. Simultaneous determination of potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, quinoline yellow and sunset yellow in lemonades and lemon sauces by HPLC using experimental design. J. Chromatogr. Sci., 2016, 54(6), 952-957.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/bmw027] [PMID: 26951541]
[49]
Esfandiari, Z.; Badiey, M.; Mahmoodian, P.; Sarhangpour, R.; Yazdani, E.; Mirlohi, M. Simultaneous determination of sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate and natamycin content in Iranian yoghurt drink (Doogh) and the associated risk of their intake through Doogh consumption. Iran. J. Public Health, 2013, 42(8), 915-920.
[PMID: 26056647]
[50]
Shaikh, S.K.; Kalshetti, M.S.; Patil, R.Y. HPLC method development for simultaneous estimation of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate in food products. Asian J. Appl. Sci., 2018, 2(2), 915-925.
[51]
Petanovska-Ilievska, B.; Velkoska-Markovska, L.; Jankulovska, M.S. Development of reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for simultaneous determination of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate in beverages. Acta Chromatogr., 2017, 29(3), 345-358.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/1326.2017.29.3.05]
[52]
Mazdeh, F.Z.; Moradi, Z.; Moghaddam, G.; Moradi-Khatoonabadi, Z.; Aftabdari, F.E.; Badaei, P.; Hajimahmoodi, M. Determination of synthetic food colors, caffeine, sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate in sports drinks. Trop. J. Pharm. Res., 2016, 15(1), 183-188.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v15i1.25]
[53]
Ahmed, M.; Shahzadi, S.K.; Waseem, R.; Shahzad, S.; Ahmad, W. Sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate in Pakistani retail foodstuffs. Int. J. Curr. Res., 2013, 3(6), 1-6.
[54]
Hoang, Y.T.H.; Vu, A.T.L. Sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate in processed meat products collected in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Int. J. Adv. Sci. Eng. Inf. Technol., 2016, 6(4), 477-482.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.6.4.876]
[55]
Barnes, A.R. Determination of caffeine and potassium sorbate in a neonatal oral solution by HPLC. Int. J. Pharm., 1992, 80, 267-270.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5173(92)90285-A]
[56]
Zecević, M.; Stanković, Z.; Zivanović, Lj.; Jocić, B. Validation of a high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of tramadol and its impurities in oral drops as a pharmaceutical formulation. J. Chromatogr. A, 2006, 1119(1-2), 251-256.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2005.11.105] [PMID: 16386751]
[57]
Ogunleye, D.T.; Oyeyiola, A.O.; Onwordi, C.T.; Falana, T.G.; Abolade, O.M. Spectrophotometric and high performance liquid chromatograhic determination of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate in some soft drinks. Unilag J. Med. Sci. Technol., 2017, 5(1), 168-178.
[58]
Gul, O.; Dervisoglu, M. Investigation of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate content and evaluation of microbiological parameters of fresh Kashar cheeses. Korean J. Food Sci., 2013, 33(4), 549-554.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2013.33.4.549]
[59]
Kreuz, D.M.; Howard, A.L.; Ip, D. Determination of indinavir, potassium sorbate, methylparaben, and propylparaben in aqueous pediatric suspensions. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 1999, 19(5), 725-735.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0731-7085(98)00297-0] [PMID: 10698536]
[60]
Katakam, L.N.R.; Dongala, T.; Ettaboina, S.K. Novel stability indicating UHPLC method development and validation for simultaneous quantification of hydrocortisone acetate, pramoxine hydrochloride, potassium sorbate and sorbic acid in topical cream formulation. Talanta, 2020, 1, 100004-100010.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talo.2020.100004]
[61]
Mahboubifar, M.; Sobhani, Z.; Dehghanzadeh, G.; Javidnia, K. A comparison between UV spectrophotometer and high-performance liquid chromatography method for the analysis of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate in food products. Food Anal. Methods, 2011, 4, 150-154.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12161-010-9158-0]
[62]
Yuliana, T.; Gustin, S.S.N.; Alamsyah, A.; Budiman, S.; Hardian, A.; Yun, Y.F.; Agma, M. HPLC method for simultaneous determination of dextromethorphan hydrobromide, chlorpheniramine maleate and potassium sorbate in cough syrup. Proceedings of IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng., November 14-15, 2021, p. 012035.
[63]
Gören, A.C.; Bilsel, G.; Şimşek, A.; Bilsel, M.; Akçadağ, F.; Topal, K.; Ozgen, H. HPLC and LC-MS/MS methods for determination of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate in food and beverages: Performances of local accredited laboratories via proficiency tests in Turkey. Food Chem., 2015, 175, 273-279.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.11.094] [PMID: 25577080]
[64]
Costa, A.C.O. Perfeito, Lda.S.; Tavares, M.F.M.; Micke, G.A. Determination of sorbate and benzoate in beverage samples by capillary electrophoresis-Optimization of the method with inspection of ionic mobilities. J. Chromatogr. A, 2008, 1204(1), 123-127.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.07.075] [PMID: 18691716]
[65]
Ding, M.; Liu, W.; Peng, J.; Liu, X.; Tang, Y. Simultaneous determination of seven preservatives in food by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Food Chem., 2018, 269, 187-192.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.07.002] [PMID: 30100423]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
29
3
Wayfinder Image
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy