miRNAs在代谢性疾病中的作用

(a) Filipowicz, W.; Bhattacharyya, S.N.; Sonenberg, N. Mechanisms of post-transcriptional regulation by microRNAs: Are the answers in sight? Nat. Rev. Genet., 2008, 9(2), 102-114.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg2290] [PMID: 18197166];
(b) Bartel, D.P. MicroRNAs: Genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function. Cell, 2004, 116(2), 281-297.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(04)00045-5] [PMID: 14744438]

Guo, H.; Ingolia, N.T.; Weissman, J.S.; Bartel, D.P. Mammalian microRNAs predominantly act to decrease target mRNA levels. Nature, 2010, 466(7308), 835-840.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09267] [PMID: 20703300]

(a) Tétreault, N.; De Guire, V. miRNAs: Their discovery, biogenesis and mechanism of action. Clin. Biochem., 2013, 46(10-11), 842-845.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.02.009] [PMID: 23454500];
(b) Ambros, V. The functions of animal microRNAs. Nature, 2004, 431(7006), 350-355.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02871] [PMID: 15372042]

(a) Selbach, M.; Schwanhäusser, B.; Thierfelder, N.; Fang, Z.; Khanin, R.; Rajewsky, N. Widespread changes in protein synthesis induced by microRNAs. Nature, 2008, 455(7209), 58-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07228] [PMID: 18668040];
(b) Grimson, A.; Farh, K.K.; Johnston, W.K.; Garrett-Engele, P.; Lim, L.P.; Bartel, D.P. MicroRNA targeting specificity in mammals: Determinants beyond seed pairing. Mol. Cell, 2007, 27(1), 91-105.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2007.06.017] [PMID: 17612493]

(a) Hüttenhofer, A.; Vogel, J. Experimental approaches to identify non-coding RNAs. Nucleic Acids Res., 2006, 34(2), 635-646.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkj469] [PMID: 16436800];
(b) Macvanin, M.; Edgar, R.; Cui, F.; Trostel, A.; Zhurkin, V.; Adhya, S. Noncoding RNAs binding to the nucleoid protein HU in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol., 2012, 194(22), 6046-6055.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.00961-12] [PMID: 22942248];
(c) Qian, Z.; Macvanin, M.; Dimitriadis, E.K.; He, X.; Zhurkin, V.; Adhya, S. A new noncoding RNA arranges bacterial chromosome organization. MBio, 2015, 6(4), e00998-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00998-15] [PMID: 26307168];
(d) Storz, G. An expanding universe of noncoding RNAs. Science, 2002, 296(5571), 1260-1263.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1072249] [PMID: 12016301];
(e) Barad, O.; Meiri, E.; Avniel, A.; Aharonov, R.; Barzilai, A.; Bentwich, I.; Einav, U.; Gilad, S.; Hurban, P.; Karov, Y.; Lobenhofer, E.K.; Sharon, E.; Shiboleth, Y.M.; Shtutman, M.; Bentwich, Z.; Einat, P. MicroRNA expression detected by oligonucleotide microarrays: System establishment and expression profiling in human tissues. Genome Res., 2004, 14(12), 2486-2494.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gr.2845604] [PMID: 15574827];
(f) Mattick, J.S. The functional genomics of noncoding RNA. Science, 2005, 309(5740), 1527-1528.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1117806] [PMID: 16141063];
(g) Buermans, H.P.; Ariyurek, Y.; van Ommen, G.; den Dunnen, J.T.; ’t Hoen, P.A. New methods for next generation sequencing based microRNA expression profiling. BMC Genomics, 2010, 11, 716.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-11-716] [PMID: 21171994]

(a) Alles, J.; Fehlmann, T.; Fischer, U.; Backes, C.; Galata, V.; Minet, M.; Hart, M.; Abu-Halima, M.; Grässer, F.A.; Lenhof, H.P.; Keller, A.; Meese, E. An estimate of the total number of true human miRNAs. Nucleic Acids Res., 2019, 47(7), 3353-3364.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz097] [PMID: 30820533];
(b) Kozomara, A.; Birgaoanu, M.; Griffiths-Jones, S. miRBase: From microRNA sequences to function. Nucleic Acids Res., 2019, 47(D1), D155-D162.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gky1141] [PMID: 30423142]

Go, A.S.; Mozaffarian, D.; Roger, V.L.; Benjamin, E.J.; Berry, J.D.; Borden, W.B.; Bravata, D.M.; Dai, S.; Ford, E.S.; Fox, C.S.; Franco, S.; Fullerton, H.J.; Gillespie, C.; Hailpern, S.M.; Heit, J.A.; Howard, V.J.; Huffman, M.D.; Kissela, B.M.; Kittner, S.J.; Lackland, D.T.; Lichtman, J.H.; Lisabeth, L.D.; Magid, D.; Marcus, G.M.; Marelli, A.; Matchar, D.B.; McGuire, D.K.; Mohler, E.R.; Moy, C.S.; Mussolino, M.E.; Nichol, G.; Paynter, N.P.; Schreiner, P.J.; Sorlie, P.D.; Stein, J.; Turan, T.N.; Virani, S.S.; Wong, N.D.; Woo, D.; Turner, M.B. Heart disease and stroke statistics--2013 update: A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 2013, 127(1), e6-e245.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e31828124ad] [PMID: 23239837]

Cornier, M.A.; Dabelea, D.; Hernandez, T.L.; Lindstrom, R.C.; Steig, A.J.; Stob, N.R.; Van Pelt, R.E.; Wang, H.; Eckel, R.H. The metabolic syndrome. Endocr. Rev., 2008, 29(7), 777-822.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/er.2008-0024] [PMID: 18971485]

Saklayen, M.G. The global epidemic of the metabolic syndrome. Curr. Hypertens. Rep., 2018, 20(2), 12-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11906-018-0812-z] [PMID: 29480368]

(a) Ko, N.Y.; Chen, L.R.; Chen, K.H. The role of micro RNA and long-non-coding RNA in osteoporosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2020, 21(14), 4886.;
(b) Tülay Aydın, P.; Göz, M.; Kankılıç, N. Micro-RNA gene expressions during cardiopulmonary bypass. J. Card. Surg., 2021, 36(3), 921-927.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jocs.15329];
(c) Fransquet, P.D.; Ryan, J. Micro RNA as a potential blood-based epigenetic biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease. Clin. Biochem., 2018, 58, 5-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.05.020] [PMID: 29885309];
(d) Margaritis, K.; Margioula-Siarkou, G.; Giza, S. Micro-RNA implications in type-1 diabetes mellitus: A review of literature. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2021, 22(22), 12165.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212165];
(e) Iqbal, M.A.; Arora, S.; Prakasam, G.; Calin, G.A.; Syed, M.A. MicroRNA in lung cancer: Role, mechanisms, pathways and therapeutic relevance. Mol. Aspects Med., 2019, 70, 3-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2018.07.003] [PMID: 30102929];
(f) Panic, A.; Stanimirovic, J. Estradiol-mediated regulation of hepatic iNOS in obese rats: Impact of Src, ERK1/2, AMPKα, and miR-221. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem., 2018, 65(6), 797-806.

(a) Quiat, D.; Olson, E.N. MicroRNAs in cardiovascular disease: From pathogenesis to prevention and treatment. J. Clin. Invest., 2013, 123(1), 11-18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI62876] [PMID: 23281405];
(b) Rottiers, V.; Näär, A.M. MicroRNAs in metabolism and metabolic disorders. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 2012, 13(4), 239-250.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm3313] [PMID: 22436747]

Goedeke, L.; Aranda, J.F.; Fernández-Hernando, C. microRNA regulation of lipoprotein metabolism. Curr. Opin. Lipidol., 2014, 25(4), 282-288.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MOL.0000000000000094] [PMID: 24978143]

(a) Hossain, M.M.; Sohel, M.M.; Schellander, K.; Tesfaye, D. Characterization and importance of microRNAs in mammalian gonadal functions. Cell Tissue Res., 2012, 349(3), 679-690.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00441-012-1469-6] [PMID: 22842772];
(b) Pallante, P.; Battista, S.; Pierantoni, G.M.; Fusco, A. Deregulation of microRNA expression in thyroid neoplasias. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol., 2014, 10(2), 88-101.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2013.223] [PMID: 24247220];
(c) Derghal, A.; Djelloul, M.; Trouslard, J.; Mounien, L. An emerging role of micro-RNA in the effect of the endocrine disruptors. Front. Neurosci., 2016, 10, 318.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2016.00318] [PMID: 27445682]

Kivimäki, M.; Kuosma, E.; Ferrie, J.E.; Luukkonen, R.; Nyberg, S.T.; Alfredsson, L.; Batty, G.D.; Brunner, E.J.; Fransson, E.; Goldberg, M.; Knutsson, A.; Koskenvuo, M.; Nordin, M.; Oksanen, T.; Pentti, J.; Rugulies, R.; Shipley, M.J.; Singh-Manoux, A.; Steptoe, A.; Suominen, S.B.; Theorell, T.; Vahtera, J.; Virtanen, M.; Westerholm, P.; Westerlund, H.; Zins, M.; Hamer, M.; Bell, J.A.; Tabak, A.G.; Jokela, M. Overweight, obesity, and risk of cardiometabolic multimorbidity: Pooled analysis of individual-level data for 120 813 adults from 16 cohort studies from the USA and Europe. Lancet Public Health, 2017, 2(6), e277-e285.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30074-9] [PMID: 28626830]

Rohde, K.; Keller, M.; la Cour Poulsen, L.; Blüher, M.; Kovacs, P.; Böttcher, Y. Genetics and epigenetics in obesity. Metabolism, 2019, 92, 37-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2018.10.007] [PMID: 30399374]

(a) Wallis, N.; Raffan, E. The genetic basis of obesity and related metabolic diseases in humans and companion animals. Genes (Basel), 2020, 11(11), 1378.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11111378] [PMID: 33233816];
(b) Obradovic, M.; Sudar-Milovanovic, E.; Soskic, S.; Essack, M.; Arya, S.; Stewart, A.J.; Gojobori, T.; Isenovic, E.R. Leptin and obesity: Role and clinical implication. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne), 2021, 12, 585887.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.585887] [PMID: 34084149]

Norouzirad, R.; González-Muniesa, P.; Ghasemi, A. Hypoxia in obesity and diabetes: Potential therapeutic effects of hyperoxia and nitrate. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev., 2017, 2017, 5350267-5350267.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5350267] [PMID: 28607631]

Katsiki, N.; Athyros, V.G.; Karagiannis, A.; Mikhailidis, D.P. Characteristics other than the diagnostic criteria associated with metabolic syndrome: An overview. Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol., 2014, 12(4), 627-641.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/15701611113119990131] [PMID: 23627982]

(a) Jacobs, M.; van Greevenbroek, M.M.; van der Kallen, C.J.; Ferreira, I.; Blaak, E.E.; Feskens, E.J.; Jansen, E.H.; Schalkwijk, C.G.; Stehouwer, C.D. Low-grade inflammation can partly explain the association between the metabolic syndrome and either coronary artery disease or severity of peripheral arterial disease: The CODAM study. Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 2009, 39(6), 437-444.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02129.x] [PMID: 19397692];
(b) Tsalamandris, S.; Antonopoulos, A.S.; Oikonomou, E.; Papamikroulis, G-A.; Vogiatzi, G.; Papaioannou, S.; Deftereos, S.; Tousoulis, D. The role of inflammation in diabetes: Current concepts and future perspectives. Eur. Cardiol., 2019, 14(1), 50-59.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15420/ecr.2018.33.1] [PMID: 31131037];
(c) De Rosa, S.; Arcidiacono, B.; Chiefari, E.; Brunetti, A.; Indolfi, C.; Foti, D.P. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease: Genetic and epigenetic links. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne), 2018, 9, 2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00002] [PMID: 29387042]

Bays, H.E.; Toth, P.P.; Kris-Etherton, P.M.; Abate, N.; Aronne, L.J.; Brown, W.V.; Gonzalez-Campoy, J.M.; Jones, S.R.; Kumar, R.; La Forge, R.; Samuel, V.T. Obesity, adiposity, and dyslipidemia: A consensus statement from the National Lipid Association. J. Clin. Lipidol., 2013, 7(4), 304-383.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2013.04.001] [PMID: 23890517]

(a) Aguilera, C.M.; Gil-Campos, M.; Cañete, R.; Gil, A. Alterations in plasma and tissue lipids associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Clin. Sci. (Lond.), 2008, 114(3), 183-193.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/CS20070115] [PMID: 18184112];
(b) Benjamin, E.J.; Blaha, M.J.; Chiuve, S.E.; Cushman, M.; Das, S.R.; Deo, R.; de Ferranti, S.D.; Floyd, J.; Fornage, M.; Gillespie, C.; Isasi, C.R.; Jiménez, M.C.; Jordan, L.C.; Judd, S.E.; Lackland, D.; Lichtman, J.H.; Lisabeth, L.; Liu, S.; Longenecker, C.T.; Mackey, R.H.; Matsushita, K.; Mozaffarian, D.; Mussolino, M.E.; Nasir, K.; Neumar, R.W.; Palaniappan, L.; Pandey, D.K.; Thiagarajan, R.R.; Reeves, M.J.; Ritchey, M.; Rodriguez, C.J.; Roth, G.A.; Rosamond, W.D.; Sasson, C.; Towfighi, A.; Tsao, C.W.; Turner, M.B.; Virani, S.S.; Voeks, J.H.; Willey, J.Z.; Wilkins, J.T.; Wu, J.H.; Alger, H.M.; Wong, S.S.; Muntner, P. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2017 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation, 2017, 135(10), e146-e603.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000485] [PMID: 28122885];
(c) Navar-Boggan, A.M.; Peterson, E.D.; D’Agostino, R.B., Sr; Neely, B.; Sniderman, A.D.; Pencina, M.J. Hyperlipidemia in early adulthood increases long-term risk of coronary heart disease. Circulation, 2015, 131(5), 451-458.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.012477] [PMID: 25623155];
(d) Zaric, B.; Obradovic, M.; Trpkovic, A.; Banach, M.; Mikhailidis, D.P.; Isenovic, E.R. Endothelial dysfunction in dyslipidaemia: Molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Curr. Med. Chem., 2020, 27(7), 1021-1040.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867326666190903112146] [PMID: 31480995]

(a) Solinas, G.; Karin, M. JNK1 and IKKbeta: Molecular links between obesity and metabolic dysfunction. FASEB J., 2010, 24(8), 2596-2611.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fj.09-151340] [PMID: 20371626];
(b) Stienstra, R.; Tack, C.J.; Kanneganti, T.D.; Joosten, L.A.; Netea, M.G. The inflammasome puts obesity in the danger zone. Cell Metab., 2012, 15(1), 10-18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2011.10.011] [PMID: 22225872]

(a) Jia, G.; Aroor, A.R.; Martinez-Lemus, L.A.; Sowers, J.R. Overnutrition, mTOR signaling, and cardiovascular diseases. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 2014, 307(10), R1198-R1206.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00262.2014] [PMID: 25253086];
(b) Zafirovic, S.; Obradovic, M.; Sudar-Milovanovic, E.; Jovanovic, A.; Stanimirovic, J.; Stewart, A.J.; Pitt, S.J.; Isenovic, E.R. 17β-Estradiol protects against the effects of a high fat diet on cardiac glucose, lipid and nitric oxide metabolism in rats. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 2017, 446, 12-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2017.02.001] [PMID: 28163099]

(a) Cao, H. Adipocytokines in obesity and metabolic disease. J. Endocrinol., 2014, 220(2), T47-T59.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/JOE-13-0339] [PMID: 24403378];
(b) Gimbrone, M.A., Jr; García-Cardeña, G. Endothelial cell dysfunction and the pathobiology of atherosclerosis. Circ. Res., 2016, 118(4), 620-636.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.306301] [PMID: 26892962]

Pignatelli, P.; Menichelli, D.; Pastori, D.; Violi, F. Oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease: New insights. Kardiol. Pol., 2018, 76(4), 713-722.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5603/KP.a2018.0071] [PMID: 29537483]

Obradovic, M.; Sudar, E.; Zafirovic, S.; Stanimirovic, J.; Labudovic-Borovic, M.; Isenovic, E.R. Estradiol in vivo induces changes in cardiomyocytes size in obese rats. Angiology, 2015, 66(1), 25-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003319713514477] [PMID: 24327768]

Toth, P.P. Insulin resistance, small LDL particles, and risk for atherosclerotic disease. Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol., 2014, 12(4), 653-657.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/15701611113119990125] [PMID: 23627975]

Mikhailidis, D.P.; Elisaf, M.; Rizzo, M.; Berneis, K.; Griffin, B.; Zambon, A.; Athyros, V.; de Graaf, J.; März, W.; Parhofer, K.G.; Rini, G.B.; Spinas, G.A.; Tomkin, G.H.; Tselepis, A.D.; Wierzbicki, A.S.; Winkler, K.; Florentin, M.; Liberopoulos, E. “European panel on low density lipoprotein (LDL) subclasses”: A statement on the pathophysiology, atherogenicity and clinical significance of LDL subclasses. Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol., 2011, 9(5), 533-571.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157016111796642661] [PMID: 21595628]

Cho, N.H.; Shaw, J.E.; Karuranga, S.; Huang, Y.; da Rocha Fernandes, J.D.; Ohlrogge, A.W.; Malanda, B. IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2017 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract., 2018, 138, 271-281.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2018.02.023] [PMID: 29496507]

(a) Al-Goblan, A.S.; Al-Alfi, M.A.; Khan, M.Z. Mechanism linking diabetes mellitus and obesity. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes., 2014, 7, 587-591.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S67400] [PMID: 25506234];
(b) Nair, M. Diabetes mellitus, part 1: Physiology and complications. Br. J. Nurs., 2007, 16(3), 184-188.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2007.16.3.22974] [PMID: 17363887];
(c) Fatima, N.; Faisal, S.M.; Zubair, S.; Ajmal, M.; Siddiqui, S.S.; Moin, S.; Owais, M. Role of pro-inflammatory cytokines and biochemical markers in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes: Correlation with age and glycemic condition in diabetic human subjects. PLoS One, 2016, 11(8), e0161548.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161548] [PMID: 27575603];
(d) Stanimirovic, J.; Obradovic, M.; Jovanovic, A.; Sudar-Milovanovic, E.; Zafirovic, S.; Pitt, S.J.; Stewart, A.J.; Isenovic, E.R. A high fat diet induces sex-specific differences in hepatic lipid metabolism and nitrite/nitrate in rats. Nitric Oxide, 2016, 54, 51-59.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.niox.2016.02.007] [PMID: 26924725]

Ewing, G.W.; Parvez, S.H. The multi-systemic nature of diabetes mellitus: Genotype or phenotype? N. Am. J. Med. Sci., 2010, 2(10), 444-456.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4297/najms.2010.2444] [PMID: 22558546]

Angulo, P. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. N. Engl. J. Med., 2002, 346(16), 1221-1231.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra011775] [PMID: 11961152]

Fang, Y-L.; Chen, H.; Wang, C-L.; Liang, L. Pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in children and adolescence: From “two hit theory” to “multiple hit model”. World J. Gastroenterol., 2018, 24(27), 2974-2983.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v24.i27.2974] [PMID: 30038464]

(a) Eslam, M.; Newsome, P.N.; Sarin, S.K.; Anstee, Q.M.; Targher, G.; Romero-Gomez, M.; Zelber-Sagi, S.; Wai-Sun Wong, V.; Dufour, J.F.; Schattenberg, J.M.; Kawaguchi, T.; Arrese, M.; Valenti, L.; Shiha, G.; Tiribelli, C.; Yki-Järvinen, H.; Fan, J.G.; Grønbæk, H.; Yilmaz, Y.; Cortez-Pinto, H.; Oliveira, C.P.; Bedossa, P.; Adams, L.A.; Zheng, M.H.; Fouad, Y.; Chan, W.K.; Mendez-Sanchez, N.; Ahn, S.H.; Castera, L.; Bugianesi, E.; Ratziu, V.; George, J. A new definition for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: An international expert consensus statement. J. Hepatol., 2020, 73(1), 202-209.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2020.03.039] [PMID: 32278004];
(b) Valenti, L.; Bugianesi, E.; Pajvani, U.; Targher, G. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Cause or consequence of type 2 diabetes? Liver Int., 2016, 36(11), 1563-1579.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/liv.13185] [PMID: 27276701];
(c) Ercin, C.N.; Dogru, T.; Genc, H.; Celebi, G.; Aslan, F.; Gurel, H.; Kara, M.; Sertoglu, E.; Tapan, S.; Bagci, S.; Rizzo, M.; Sonmez, A. Insulin resistance but not visceral adiposity index is associated with liver fibrosis in nondiabetic subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Metab. Syndr. Relat. Disord., 2015, 13(7), 319-325.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/met.2015.0018] [PMID: 26011302]

(a) Berardis, S.; Sokal, E. Pediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: An increasing public health issue. Eur. J. Pediatr., 2014, 173(2), 131-139.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-013-2157-6] [PMID: 24068459];
(b) Alisi, A.; Cianfarani, S.; Manco, M.; Agostoni, C.; Nobili, V. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome in adolescents: Pathogenetic role of genetic background and intrauterine environment. Ann. Med., 2012, 44(1), 29-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/07853890.2010.547869] [PMID: 21355790]

(a) Mendez-Sanchez, N.; Arrese, M.; Gadano, A.; Oliveira, C.P.; Fassio, E.; Arab, J.P.; Chávez-Tapia, N.C.; Dirchwolf, M.; Torre, A.; Ridruejo, E.; Pinchemel-Cotrim, H.; Castellanos Fernández, M.I.; Uribe, M.; Girala, M.; Diaz-Ferrer, J.; Restrepo, J.C.; Padilla-Machaca, M.; Dagher, L.; Gatica, M.; Olaechea, B.; Pessôa, M.G.; Silva, M. The Latin American Association for the Study of the Liver (ALEH) position statement on the redefinition of fatty liver disease. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 2021, 6(1), 65-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30340-X] [PMID: 33181118];
(b) Shiha, G.; Alswat, K.; Al Khatry, M.; Sharara, A.I.; Örmeci, N.; Waked, I.; Benazzouz, M.; Al-Ali, F.; Hamed, A.E.; Hamoudi, W.; Attia, D.; Derbala, M.; Sharaf-Eldin, M.; Al-Busafi, S.A.; Zaky, S.; Bamakhrama, K.; Ibrahim, N.; Ajlouni, Y.; Sabbah, M.; Salama, M.; Anushiravani, A.; Afredj, N.; Barakat, S.; Hashim, A.; Fouad, Y.; Soliman, R. Nomenclature and definition of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: A consensus from the Middle East and north Africa. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 2021, 6(1), 57-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30213-2] [PMID: 33181119];
(c) Shiha, G.; Korenjak, M.; Eskridge, W.; Casanovas, T.; Velez-Moller, P.; Högström, S.; Richardson, B.; Munoz, C.; Sigurðardóttir, S.; Coulibaly, A.; Milan, M.; Bautista, F.; Leung, N.W.Y.; Mooney, V.; Obekpa, S.; Bech, E.; Polavarapu, N.; Hamed, A.E.; Radiani, T.; Purwanto, E.; Bright, B.; Ali, M.; Dovia, C.K.; McColaugh, L.; Koulla, Y.; Dufour, J.F.; Soliman, R.; Eslam, M. Redefining fatty liver disease: An international patient perspective. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 2021, 6(1), 73-79.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30294-6] [PMID: 33031758];
(d) Younossi, Z.M.; Rinella, M.E. From NAFLD to MAFLD. Implications of a premature change in terminology. Hepatology, 2021, 73(3), 1194-1198.
[PMID: 32544255];
(e) Ratziu, V.; Rinella, M.; Beuers, U.; Loomba, R.; Anstee, Q.M.; Harrison, S.; Francque, S.; Sanyal, A.; Newsome, P.N.; Younossi, Z. The times they are a-changin’ (for NAFLD as well). J. Hepatol., 2020, 73(6), 1307-1309.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2020.08.028] [PMID: 32890593]

Vasudevan, S. Posttranscriptional upregulation by microRNAs. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. RNA, 2012, 3(3), 311-330.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wrna.121] [PMID: 22072587]

(a) Ipsaro, J.J.; Joshua-Tor, L. From guide to target: Molecular insights into eukaryotic RNA-interference machinery. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 2015, 22(1), 20-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nsmb.2931] [PMID: 25565029];
(b) Ha, M.; Kim, V.N. Regulation of microRNA biogenesis. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 2014, 15(8), 509-524.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm3838] [PMID: 25027649];
(c) Huntzinger, E.; Izaurralde, E. Gene silencing by microRNAs: Contributions of translational repression and mRNA decay. Nat. Rev. Genet., 2011, 12(2), 99-110.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg2936] [PMID: 21245828]

Broughton, J.P.; Lovci, M.T.; Huang, J.L.; Yeo, G.W.; Pasquinelli, A.E. Pairing beyond the seed supports MicroRNA targeting specificity. Mol. Cell, 2016, 64(2), 320-333.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2016.09.004] [PMID: 27720646]

(a) Forman, J.J.; Legesse-Miller, A.; Coller, H.A. A search for conserved sequences in coding regions reveals that the let-7 microRNA targets Dicer within its coding sequence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2008, 105(39), 14879-14884.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0803230105] [PMID: 18812516];
(b) Zhou, H.; Rigoutsos, I. MiR-103a-3p targets the 5′ UTR of GPRC5A in pancreatic cells. RNA, 2014, 20(9), 1431-1439.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1261/rna.045757.114] [PMID: 24984703]

Zhang, Y.; Fan, M.; Zhang, X.; Huang, F.; Wu, K.; Zhang, J.; Liu, J.; Huang, Z.; Luo, H.; Tao, L.; Zhang, H. Cellular microRNAs up-regulate transcription via interaction with promoter TATA-box motifs. RNA, 2014, 20(12), 1878-1889.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1261/rna.045633.114] [PMID: 25336585]

(a) Hesse, M.; Arenz, C. MicroRNA maturation and human disease. Methods Mol. Biol., 2014, 1095, 11-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-703-7_2] [PMID: 24166300];
(b) O’Brien, J.; Hayder, H.; Zayed, Y.; Peng, C. Overview of MicroRNA biogenesis, mechanisms of actions, and circulation. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne), 2018, 9, 402.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00402] [PMID: 30123182]

Treiber, T.; Treiber, N.; Meister, G. Regulation of microRNA biogenesis and its crosstalk with other cellular pathways. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 2019, 20(1), 5-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41580-018-0059-1] [PMID: 30228348]

(a) Jo, M.H.; Shin, S.; Jung, S.R.; Kim, E.; Song, J.J.; Hohng, S. Human argonaute 2 has diverse reaction pathways on target RNAs. Mol. Cell, 2015, 59(1), 117-124.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2015.04.027] [PMID: 26140367];
(b) Ameres, S.L.; Horwich, M.D.; Hung, J.H.; Xu, J.; Ghildiyal, M.; Weng, Z.; Zamore, P.D. Target RNA-directed trimming and tailing of small silencing RNAs. Science, 2010, 328(5985), 1534-1539.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1187058] [PMID: 20558712]

Lagos-Quintana, M.; Rauhut, R.; Meyer, J.; Borkhardt, A.; Tuschl, T. New microRNAs from mouse and human. RNA, 2003, 9(2), 175-179.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1261/rna.2146903] [PMID: 12554859]

(a) Rodriguez, A.; Griffiths-Jones, S.; Ashurst, J.L.; Bradley, A. Identification of mammalian microRNA host genes and transcription units. Genome Res., 2004, 14(10A), 1902-1910.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gr.2722704] [PMID: 15364901];
(b) Erdmann, V.A.; Szymanski, M.; Hochberg, A.; Groot, N.; Barciszewski, J. Non-coding, mRNA-like RNAs database Y2K. Nucleic Acids Res., 2000, 28(1), 197-200.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/28.1.197] [PMID: 10592224]

Ying, S.Y.; Chang, C.P.; Lin, S.L. Intron-mediated RNA interference, intronic microRNAs, and applications. Methods Mol. Biol., 2010, 629, 205-237.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-657-3_14] [PMID: 20387152]

Saini, H.K.; Griffiths-Jones, S.; Enright, A.J. Genomic analysis of human microRNA transcripts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2007, 104(45), 17719-17724.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0703890104] [PMID: 17965236]

(a) Lee, Y.; Kim, M.; Han, J.; Yeom, K.H.; Lee, S.; Baek, S.H.; Kim, V.N. MicroRNA genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase II. EMBO J., 2004, 23(20), 4051-4060.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.emboj.7600385] [PMID: 15372072];
(b) Borchert, G.M.; Lanier, W.; Davidson, B.L. RNA polymerase III transcribes human microRNAs. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 2006, 13(12), 1097-1101.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nsmb1167] [PMID: 17099701]

Han, J.; Lee, Y.; Yeom, K.H.; Nam, J.W.; Heo, I.; Rhee, J.K.; Sohn, S.Y.; Cho, Y.; Zhang, B.T.; Kim, V.N. Molecular basis for the recognition of primary microRNAs by the Drosha-DGCR8 complex. Cell, 2006, 125(5), 887-901.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2006.03.043] [PMID: 16751099]

Macfarlane, L-A.; Murphy, P.R.; Micro, R.N.A. MicroRNA: Biogenesis, function and role in cancer. Curr. Genom., 2010, 11(7), 537-561.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138920210793175895] [PMID: 21532838]

(a) Chen, C.Z.; Li, L.; Lodish, H.F.; Bartel, D.P. MicroRNAs modulate hematopoietic lineage differentiation. Science, 2004, 303(5654), 83-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1091903] [PMID: 14657504];
(b) Wienholds, E.; Kloosterman, W.P.; Miska, E.; Alvarez-Saavedra, E.; Berezikov, E.; de Bruijn, E.; Horvitz, H.R.; Kauppinen, S.; Plasterk, R.H. MicroRNA expression in zebrafish embryonic development. Science, 2005, 309(5732), 310-311.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1114519] [PMID: 15919954]

Du, T.; Zamore, P.D. microPrimer: The biogenesis and function of microRNA. Development, 2005, 132(21), 4645-4652.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.02070] [PMID: 16224044]

(a) Gagnon, K.T.; Li, L.; Chu, Y.; Janowski, B.A.; Corey, D.R. RNAi factors are present and active in human cell nuclei. Cell Rep., 2014, 6(1), 211-221.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2013.12.013] [PMID: 24388755];
(b) Miao, L.; Yao, H.; Li, C.; Pu, M.; Yao, X.; Yang, H.; Qi, X.; Ren, J.; Wang, Y. A dual inhibition: MicroRNA-552 suppresses both transcription and translation of cytochrome P450 2E1. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2016, 1859(4), 650-662.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.02.016] [PMID: 26926595]

(a) Barman, B.; Bhattacharyya, S.N. mRNA targeting to endoplasmic reticulum precedes ago protein interaction and MicroRNA (miRNA)-mediated translation repression in mammalian cells. J. Biol. Chem., 2015, 290(41), 24650-24656.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.C115.661868] [PMID: 26304123];
(b) Nishi, K.; Takahashi, T.; Suzawa, M.; Miyakawa, T.; Nagasawa, T.; Ming, Y.; Tanokura, M.; Ui-Tei, K. Control of the localization and function of a miRNA silencing component TNRC6A by Argonaute protein. Nucleic Acids Res., 2015, 43(20), 9856-9873.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkv1026] [PMID: 26446993];
(c) Bose, M.; Barman, B.; Goswami, A.; Bhattacharyya, S.N. Spatiotemporal uncoupling of microrna-mediated translational repression and target RNA degradation controls MicroRNP recycling in mammalian cells. Mol. Cell. Biol., 2017, 37(4), e00464-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MCB.00464-16] [PMID: 27895152];
(d) Barrey, E.; Saint-Auret, G.; Bonnamy, B.; Damas, D.; Boyer, O.; Gidrol, X. Pre-microRNA and mature microRNA in human mitochondria. PLoS One, 2011, 6(5), e20220.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020220] [PMID: 21637849]

Meher, P.K.; Satpathy, S.; Rao, A.R. miRNALoc: Predicting miRNA subcellular localizations based on principal component scores of physico-chemical properties and pseudo compositions of di-nucleotides. Sci. Rep., 2020, 10(1), 14557.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71381-4] [PMID: 32884018]

Valadi, H.; Ekström, K.; Bossios, A.; Sjöstrand, M.; Lee, J.J.; Lötvall, J.O. Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells. Nat. Cell Biol., 2007, 9(6), 654-659.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb1596] [PMID: 17486113]

(a) Mathieu, M.; Martin-Jaular, L.; Lavieu, G.; Théry, C. Specificities of secretion and uptake of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles for cell-to-cell communication. Nat. Cell Biol., 2019, 21(1), 9-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41556-018-0250-9] [PMID: 30602770];
(b) Das, S.; Ansel, K.M.; Bitzer, M.; Breakefield, X.O.; Charest, A.; Galas, D.J.; Gerstein, M.B.; Gupta, M.; Milosavljevic, A.; McManus, M.T.; Patel, T.; Raffai, R.L.; Rozowsky, J.; Roth, M.E.; Saugstad, J.A.; Van Keuren-Jensen, K.; Weaver, A.M.; Laurent, L.C. The Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium: Establishing foundational knowledge and technologies for extracellular RNA research. Cell, 2019, 177(2), 231-242.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.03.023] [PMID: 30951667];
(c) Jeppesen, D.K.; Fenix, A.M.; Franklin, J.L.; Higginbotham, J.N.; Zhang, Q.; Zimmerman, L.J.; Liebler, D.C.; Ping, J.; Liu, Q.; Evans, R.; Fissell, W.H.; Patton, J.G.; Rome, L.H.; Burnette, D.T.; Coffey, R.J. Reassessment of exosome composition. Cell, 2019, 177(2), 428-445.e18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.02.029] [PMID: 30951670];
(d) Murillo, O.D.; Thistlethwaite, W.; Rozowsky, J.; Subramanian, S.L.; Lucero, R.; Shah, N.; Jackson, A.R.; Srinivasan, S.; Chung, A.; Laurent, C.D.; Kitchen, R.R.; Galeev, T.; Warrell, J.; Diao, J.A.; Welsh, J.A.; Hanspers, K.; Riutta, A.; Burgstaller-Muehlbacher, S.; Shah, R.V.; Yeri, A.; Jenkins, L.M.; Ahsen, M.E.; Cordon-Cardo, C.; Dogra, N.; Gifford, S.M.; Smith, J.T.; Stolovitzky, G.; Tewari, A.K.; Wunsch, B.H.; Yadav, K.K.; Danielson, K.M.; Filant, J.; Moeller, C.; Nejad, P.; Paul, A.; Simonson, B.; Wong, D.K.; Zhang, X.; Balaj, L.; Gandhi, R.; Sood, A.K.; Alexander, R.P.; Wang, L.; Wu, C.; Wong, D.T.W.; Galas, D.J.; Van Keuren-Jensen, K.; Patel, T.; Jones, J.C.; Das, S.; Cheung, K.H.; Pico, A.R.; Su, A.I.; Raffai, R.L.; Laurent, L.C.; Roth, M.E.; Gerstein, M.B.; Milosavljevic, A. exRNA atlas analysis reveals distinct extracellular RNA cargo types and their carriers present across human biofluids. Cell, 2019, 177(2), 463-477.e15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.02.018] [PMID: 30951672];
(e) Srinivasan, S.; Yeri, A.; Cheah, P.S.; Chung, A.; Danielson, K.; De Hoff, P.; Filant, J.; Laurent, C.D.; Laurent, L.D.; Magee, R.; Moeller, C.; Murthy, V.L.; Nejad, P.; Paul, A.; Rigoutsos, I.; Rodosthenous, R.; Shah, R.V.; Simonson, B.; To, C.; Wong, D.; Yan, I.K.; Zhang, X.; Balaj, L.; Breakefield, X.O.; Daaboul, G.; Gandhi, R.; Lapidus, J.; Londin, E.; Patel, T.; Raffai, R.L.; Sood, A.K.; Alexander, R.P.; Das, S.; Laurent, L.C. Small rna sequencing across diverse biofluids identifies optimal methods for exRNA isolation. Cell, 2019, 177(2), 446-462.e16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.03.024] [PMID: 30951671]

Kosaka, N.; Iguchi, H.; Yoshioka, Y.; Takeshita, F.; Matsuki, Y.; Ochiya, T. Secretory mechanisms and intercellular transfer of microRNAs in living cells. J. Biol. Chem., 2010, 285(23), 17442-17452.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M110.107821] [PMID: 20353945]

Mori, M.A.; Ludwig, R.G.; Garcia-Martin, R.; Brandão, B.B.; Kahn, C.R. Extracellular miRNAs: From biomarkers to mediators of physiology and disease. Cell Metab., 2019, 30(4), 656-673.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2019.07.011] [PMID: 31447320]

(a) Holland, W.L.; Miller, R.A.; Wang, Z.V.; Sun, K.; Barth, B.M.; Bui, H.H.; Davis, K.E.; Bikman, B.T.; Halberg, N.; Rutkowski, J.M.; Wade, M.R.; Tenorio, V.M.; Kuo, M.S.; Brozinick, J.T.; Zhang, B.B.; Birnbaum, M.J.; Summers, S.A.; Scherer, P.E. Receptor-mediated activation of ceramidase activity initiates the pleiotropic actions of adiponectin. Nat. Med., 2011, 17(1), 55-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm.2277] [PMID: 21186369];
(b) Turpin, S.M.; Nicholls, H.T.; Willmes, D.M.; Mourier, A.; Brodesser, S.; Wunderlich, C.M.; Mauer, J.; Xu, E.; Hammerschmidt, P.; Brönneke, H.S.; Trifunovic, A.; LoSasso, G.; Wunderlich, F.T.; Kornfeld, J.W.; Blüher, M.; Krönke, M.; Brüning, J.C. Obesity-induced CerS6-dependent C16:0 ceramide production promotes weight gain and glucose intolerance. Cell Metab., 2014, 20(4), 678-686.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2014.08.002] [PMID: 25295788]

Vickers, K.C.; Palmisano, B.T.; Shoucri, B.M.; Shamburek, R.D.; Remaley, A.T. MicroRNAs are transported in plasma and delivered to recipient cells by high-density lipoproteins. Nat. Cell Biol., 2011, 13(4), 423-433.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb2210] [PMID: 21423178]

Herrera, B.M.; Lockstone, H.E.; Taylor, J.M.; Ria, M.; Barrett, A.; Collins, S.; Kaisaki, P.; Argoud, K.; Fernandez, C.; Travers, M.E.; Grew, J.P.; Randall, J.C.; Gloyn, A.L.; Gauguier, D.; McCarthy, M.I.; Lindgren, C.M. Global microRNA expression profiles in insulin target tissues in a spontaneous rat model of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia, 2010, 53(6), 1099-1109.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125-010-1667-2] [PMID: 20198361]

(a) Bandiera, S.; Pfeffer, S.; Baumert, T.F.; Zeisel, M.B. miR-122--a key factor and therapeutic target in liver disease. J. Hepatol., 2015, 62(2), 448-457.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2014.10.004] [PMID: 25308172];
(b) Jopling, C. Liver-specific microRNA-122: Biogenesis and function. RNA Biol., 2012, 9(2), 137-142.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/rna.18827] [PMID: 22258222];
(c) Sekine, S.; Ogawa, R.; Ito, R.; Hiraoka, N.; McManus, M. T.; Kanai, Y.; Hebrok, M. Disruption of Dicer1 induces dysregulated fetal gene expression and promotes hepatocarcinogenesis. Gastroenterology, 2009, 136(7), 2304-2315.e1-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2009.02.067]

(a) Horak, M.; Novak, J.; Bienertova-Vasku, J. Muscle-specific microRNAs in skeletal muscle development. Dev. Biol., 2016, 410(1), 1-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.12.013] [PMID: 26708096];
(b) Koutsoulidou, A.; Mastroyiannopoulos, N.P.; Furling, D.; Uney, J.B.; Phylactou, L.A. Expression of miR-1, miR-133a, miR-133b and miR-206 increases during development of human skeletal muscle. BMC Dev. Biol., 2011, 11, 34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-213X-11-34] [PMID: 21645416];
(c) Ge, Y.; Chen, J. MicroRNAs in skeletal myogenesis. Cell Cycle, 2011, 10(3), 441-448.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cc.10.3.14710] [PMID: 21270519]

Poy, M.N.; Eliasson, L.; Krutzfeldt, J.; Kuwajima, S.; Ma, X.; Macdonald, P.E.; Pfeffer, S.; Tuschl, T.; Rajewsky, N.; Rorsman, P.; Stoffel, M. A pancreatic islet-specific microRNA regulates insulin secretion. Nature, 2004, 432(7014), 226-230.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03076] [PMID: 15538371]

(a) Houbaviy, H.B.; Murray, M.F.; Sharp, P.A. Embryonic stem cell-specific MicroRNAs. Dev. Cell, 2003, 5(2), 351-358.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1534-5807(03)00227-2] [PMID: 12919684];
(b) Kim, H.J.; Cho, H.; Alexander, R.; Patterson, H.C.; Gu, M.; Lo, K.A.; Xu, D.; Goh, V.J.; Nguyen, L.N.; Chai, X.; Huang, C.X.; Kovalik, J.P.; Ghosh, S.; Trajkovski, M.; Silver, D.L.; Lodish, H.; Sun, L. MicroRNAs are required for the feature maintenance and differentiation of brown adipocytes. Diabetes, 2014, 63(12), 4045-4056.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db14-0466] [PMID: 25008181];
(c) Klöting, N.; Berthold, S.; Kovacs, P.; Schön, M.R.; Fasshauer, M.; Ruschke, K.; Stumvoll, M.; Blüher, M. MicroRNA expression in human omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue. PLoS One, 2009, 4(3), e4699.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004699] [PMID: 19259271];
(d) Marson, A.; Levine, S.S.; Cole, M.F.; Frampton, G.M.; Brambrink, T.; Johnstone, S.; Guenther, M.G.; Johnston, W.K.; Wernig, M.; Newman, J.; Calabrese, J.M.; Dennis, L.M.; Volkert, T.L.; Gupta, S.; Love, J.; Hannett, N.; Sharp, P.A.; Bartel, D.P.; Jaenisch, R.; Young, R.A. Connecting microRNA genes to the core transcriptional regulatory circuitry of embryonic stem cells. Cell, 2008, 134(3), 521-533.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.07.020] [PMID: 18692474];
(e) Mori, M.A.; Raghavan, P.; Thomou, T.; Boucher, J.; Robida-Stubbs, S.; Macotela, Y.; Russell, S.J.; Kirkland, J.L.; Blackwell, T.K.; Kahn, C.R. Role of microRNA processing in adipose tissue in stress defense and longevity. Cell Metab., 2012, 16(3), 336-347.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2012.07.017] [PMID: 22958919];
(f) Xie, H.; Lim, B.; Lodish, H.F. MicroRNAs induced during adipogenesis that accelerate fat cell development are downregulated in obesity. Diabetes, 2009, 58(5), 1050-1057.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db08-1299] [PMID: 19188425]

Jiménez-Lucena, R.; Rangel-Zúñiga, O.A.; Alcalá-Díaz, J.F.; López-Moreno, J.; Roncero-Ramos, I.; Molina-Abril, H.; Yubero-Serrano, E.M.; Caballero-Villarraso, J.; Delgado-Lista, J.; Castaño, J.P.; Ordovás, J.M.; Pérez-Martinez, P.; Camargo, A.; López-Miranda, J. Circulating miRNAs as predictive biomarkers of type 2 diabetes mellitus development in coronary heart disease patients from the CORDIOPREV study. Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids, 2018, 12, 146-157.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.omtn.2018.05.002] [PMID: 30195754]

(a) Flowers, E.; Won, G.Y.; Fukuoka, Y. MicroRNAs associated with exercise and diet: A systematic review. Physiol. Genomics, 2015, 47(1), 1-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00095.2014] [PMID: 25465031];
(b) Rome, S. Use of miRNAs in biofluids as biomarkers in dietary and lifestyle intervention studies. Genes Nutr., 2015, 10(5), 483.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12263-015-0483-1] [PMID: 26233309];
(c) Safdar, A.; Tarnopolsky, M.A. Exosomes as mediators of the systemic adaptations to endurance exercise. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med., 2018, 8(3), a029827.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a029827] [PMID: 28490541];
(d) Whitham, M.; Parker, B.L.; Friedrichsen, M.; Hingst, J.R.; Hjorth, M.; Hughes, W.E.; Egan, C.L.; Cron, L.; Watt, K.I.; Kuchel, R.P.; Jayasooriah, N.; Estevez, E.; Petzold, T.; Suter, C.M.; Gregorevic, P.; Kiens, B.; Richter, E.A.; James, D.E.; Wojtaszewski, J.F.P.; Febbraio, M.A. Extracellular vesicles provide a means for tissue crosstalk during exercise. Cell Metab., 2018, 27(1), 237-251.e4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2017.12.001] [PMID: 29320704]

Beatty, M.; Guduric-Fuchs, J.; Brown, E.; Bridgett, S.; Chakravarthy, U.; Hogg, R.E.; Simpson, D.A. Small RNAs from plants, bacteria and fungi within the order Hypocreales are ubiquitous in human plasma. BMC Genom., 2014, 15(1), 933.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-15-933] [PMID: 25344700]

Ying, W.; Riopel, M.; Bandyopadhyay, G.; Dong, Y.; Birmingham, A.; Seo, J.B.; Ofrecio, J.M.; Wollam, J.; Hernandez-Carretero, A.; Fu, W.; Li, P.; Olefsky, J.M. Adipose tissue macrophage-derived exosomal miRNAs can modulate in vivo and in vitro insulin sensitivity. Cell, 2017, 171(2), 372-384.e12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.035] [PMID: 28942920]

Tryggestad, J.B.; Teague, A.M.; Sparling, D.P. Macrophage-derived microRNA-155 increases in obesity and influences adipocyte metabolism by targeting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2019, 27(11), 1856-1864.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oby.22616]

Thomou, T.; Mori, M.A.; Dreyfuss, J.M.; Konishi, M.; Sakaguchi, M.; Wolfrum, C.; Rao, T.N.; Winnay, J.N.; Garcia-Martin, R.; Grinspoon, S.K.; Gorden, P.; Kahn, C.R. Adipose-derived circulating miRNAs regulate gene expression in other tissues. Nature, 2017, 542(7642), 450-455.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature21365] [PMID: 28199304]

(a) Ahn, J.; Lee, H.; Jung, C.H.; Jeon, T.I.; Ha, T.Y. MicroRNA-146b promotes adipogenesis by suppressing the SIRT1-FOXO1 cascade. EMBO Mol. Med., 2013, 5(10), 1602-1612.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/emmm.201302647] [PMID: 24009212];
(b) Bork-Jensen, J.; Scheele, C.; Christophersen, D.V.; Nilsson, E.; Friedrichsen, M.; Fernandez-Twinn, D.S.; Grunnet, L.G.; Litman, T.; Holmstrøm, K.; Vind, B.; Højlund, K.; Beck-Nielsen, H.; Wojtaszewski, J.; Ozanne, S.E.; Pedersen, B.K.; Poulsen, P.; Vaag, A. Glucose tolerance is associated with differential expression of microRNAs in skeletal muscle: Results from studies of twins with and without type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia, 2015, 58(2), 363-373.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125-014-3434-2] [PMID: 25403480];
(c) Esau, C.; Kang, X.; Peralta, E.; Hanson, E.; Marcusson, E.G.; Ravichandran, L.V.; Sun, Y.; Koo, S.; Perera, R.J.; Jain, R.; Dean, N.M.; Freier, S.M.; Bennett, C.F.; Lollo, B.; Griffey, R. MicroRNA-143 regulates adipocyte differentiation. J. Biol. Chem., 2004, 279(50), 52361-52365.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.C400438200] [PMID: 15504739];
(d) Frost, R.J.; Olson, E.N. Control of glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity by the Let-7 family of microRNAs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2011, 108(52), 21075-21080.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1118922109] [PMID: 22160727];
(e) Hou, R.; Wang, D.; Lu, J. MicroRNA-10b inhibits proliferation, migration and invasion in cervical cancer cells via direct targeting of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor. Oncol. Lett., 2017, 13(6), 5009-5015.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.6033] [PMID: 28599502];
(f) Karolina, D.S.; Armugam, A.; Tavintharan, S.; Wong, M.T.; Lim, S.C.; Sum, C.F.; Jeyaseelan, K. MicroRNA 144 impairs insulin signaling by inhibiting the expression of insulin receptor substrate 1 in type 2 diabetes mellitus. PLoS One, 2011, 6(8), e22839.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022839] [PMID: 21829658];
(g) Kim, Y.; Kim, O.K. Potential Roles of Adipocyte Extracellular Vesicle-Derived miRNAs in obesity-mediated insulin resistance. Adv. Nutr., 2021, 12(2), 566-574.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmaa105] [PMID: 32879940];
(h) Kornfeld, J.W.; Baitzel, C.; Könner, A.C.; Nicholls, H.T.; Vogt, M.C.; Herrmanns, K.; Scheja, L.; Haumaitre, C.; Wolf, A.M.; Knippschild, U.; Seibler, J.; Cereghini, S.; Heeren, J.; Stoffel, M.; Brüning, J.C. Obesity-induced overexpression of miR-802 impairs glucose metabolism through silencing of Hnf1b. Nature, 2013, 494(7435), 111-115.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11793] [PMID: 23389544];
(i) Pescador, N.; Pérez-Barba, M.; Ibarra, J.M.; Corbatón, A.; Martínez-Larrad, M.T.; Serrano-Ríos, M. Serum circulating microRNA profiling for identification of potential type 2 diabetes and obesity biomarkers. PLoS One, 2013, 8(10), e77251.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077251] [PMID: 24204780];
(j) Wang, Y.; Liu, J.; Liu, C.; Naji, A.; Stoffers, D.A. MicroRNA-7 regulates the mTOR pathway and proliferation in adult pancreatic β-cells. Diabetes, 2013, 62(3), 887-895.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db12-0451] [PMID: 23223022];
(k) Wu, L.; Dai, X.; Zhan, J.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, H.; Zeng, S.; Xi, W. Profiling peripheral microRNAs in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. APMIS, 2015, 123(7), 580-5.;
(l) Ye, S.; Song, W.; Xu, X.; Zhao, X.; Yang, L. IGF2BP2 promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation and survival through interfering with RAF-1 degradation by miR-195. FEBS Lett., 2016, 590(11), 1641-1650.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1873-3468.12205] [PMID: 27153315];
(m) Zheng, Y.; Yin, L.; Chen, H.; Yang, S.; Pan, C.; Lu, S.; Miao, M.; Jiao, B. miR-376a suppresses proliferation and induces apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. FEBS Lett., 2012, 586(16), 2396-2403.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2012.05.054] [PMID: 22684007]

Teleman, A.A.; Maitra, S.; Cohen, S.M. Drosophila lacking microRNA miR-278 are defective in energy homeostasis. Genes Dev., 2006, 20(4), 417-422.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.374406] [PMID: 16481470]

Min, K.H.; Yang, W.M.; Lee, W. Saturated fatty acids-induced miR-424-5p aggravates insulin resistance via targeting insulin receptor in hepatocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2018, 503(3), 1587-1593.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.07.084] [PMID: 30033101]

Yang, W.M.; Jeong, H.J.; Park, S.W.; Lee, W. Obesity-induced miR-15b is linked causally to the development of insulin resistance through the repression of the insulin receptor in hepatocytes. Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 2015, 59(11), 2303-2314.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201500107] [PMID: 26179126]

Yang, W.M.; Jeong, H.J.; Park, S.Y.; Lee, W. Saturated fatty acid-induced miR-195 impairs insulin signaling and glycogen metabolism in HepG2 cells. FEBS Lett., 2014, 588(21), 3939-3946.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2014.09.006] [PMID: 25240198]

Yang, W. M.; Min, K. H.; Lee, W. Induction of miR-96 by dietary saturated fatty acids exacerbates hepatic insulin resistance through the suppression of INSR and IRS-1. 2016, (11)(12), e0169039.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169039]

Trajkovski, M.; Hausser, J.; Soutschek, J.; Bhat, B.; Akin, A.; Zavolan, M.; Heim, M.H.; Stoffel, M. MicroRNAs 103 and 107 regulate insulin sensitivity. Nature, 2011, 474(7353), 649-653.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10112] [PMID: 21654750]

(a) Delibegovic, M.; Zimmer, D.; Kauffman, C.; Rak, K.; Hong, E.G.; Cho, Y.R.; Kim, J.K.; Kahn, B.B.; Neel, B.G.; Bence, K.K. Liver-specific deletion of protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) improves metabolic syndrome and attenuates diet-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress. Diabetes, 2009, 58(3), 590-599.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db08-0913] [PMID: 19074988];
(b) Yang, Y.M.; Seo, S.Y.; Kim, T.H.; Kim, S.G. Decrease of microRNA-122 causes hepatic insulin resistance by inducing protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, which is reversed by licorice flavonoid. Hepatology, 2012, 56(6), 2209-2220.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.25912] [PMID: 22807119]

(a) Ryu, H.S.; Park, S.Y.; Ma, D.; Zhang, J.; Lee, W. The induction of microRNA targeting IRS-1 is involved in the development of insulin resistance under conditions of mitochondrial dysfunction in hepatocytes. PLoS One, 2011, 6(3), e17343.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0017343] [PMID: 21464990];
(b) Jeong, H.J.; Park, S.Y.; Yang, W.M.; Lee, W. The induction of miR-96 by mitochondrial dysfunction causes impaired glycogen synthesis through translational repression of IRS-1 in SK-Hep1 cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2013, 434(3), 503-508.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.03.104] [PMID: 23583389];
(c) Wang, Y.; Hu, C.; Cheng, J.; Chen, B.; Ke, Q.; Lv, Z.; Wu, J.; Zhou, Y. MicroRNA-145 suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting IRS1 and its downstream Akt signaling. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2014, 446(4), 1255-1260.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.03.107] [PMID: 24690171]

(a) Dávalos, A.; Goedeke, L.; Smibert, P.; Ramírez, C.M.; Warrier, N.P.; Andreo, U.; Cirera-Salinas, D.; Rayner, K.; Suresh, U.; Pastor-Pareja, J.C.; Esplugues, E.; Fisher, E.A.; Penalva, L.O.; Moore, K.J.; Suárez, Y.; Lai, E.C.; Fernández-Hernando, C. miR-33a/b contribute to the regulation of fatty acid metabolism and insulin signaling. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2011, 108(22), 9232-9237.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1102281108] [PMID: 21576456];
(b) Tang, C.Y.; Man, X.F.; Guo, Y.; Tang, H.N.; Tang, J.; Zhou, C.L.; Tan, S.W.; Wang, M.; Zhou, H.D. IRS-2 partially compensates for the insulin signal defects in IRS-1^-/- mice mediated by miR-33. Mol. Cells, 2017, 40(2), 123-132.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14348/molcells.2017.2228] [PMID: 28190325]

(a) Motohashi, N.; Alexander, M.S.; Shimizu-Motohashi, Y.; Myers, J.A.; Kawahara, G.; Kunkel, L.M. Regulation of IRS1/Akt insulin signaling by microRNA-128a during myogenesis. J. Cell Sci., 2013, 126(Pt 12), 2678-2691.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.119966] [PMID: 23606743];
(b) Massart, J.; Sjögren, R.J.O.; Lundell, L.S.; Mudry, J.M.; Franck, N.; O'Gorman, D.J.; Egan, B.; Zierath, J.R. Altered miR-29 expression in type 2 diabetes influences glucose and lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne), 2017, 66(7), 1807-1818.

Agarwal, P.; Srivastava, R.; Srivastava, A.K.; Ali, S.; Datta, M. miR-135a targets IRS2 and regulates insulin signaling and glucose uptake in the diabetic gastrocnemius skeletal muscle. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2013, 1832(8), 1294-1303.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.03.021] [PMID: 23579070]

Pandey, A.K.; Verma, G.; Vig, S.; Srivastava, S.; Srivastava, A.K.; Datta, M. miR-29a levels are elevated in the db/db mice liver and its overexpression leads to attenuation of insulin action on PEPCK gene expression in HepG2 cells. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 2011, 332(1-2), 125-133.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2010.10.004] [PMID: 20943204]

Zhou, Y.; Gu, P.; Shi, W.; Li, J.; Hao, Q.; Cao, X.; Lu, Q.; Zeng, Y. MicroRNA-29a induces insulin resistance by targeting PPARδ in skeletal muscle cells. Int. J. Mol. Med., 2016, 37(4), 931-938.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2016.2499] [PMID: 26936652]

Yang, W.M.; Jeong, H.J.; Park, S.Y.; Lee, W. Induction of miR-29a by saturated fatty acids impairs insulin signaling and glucose uptake through translational repression of IRS-1 in myocytes. FEBS Lett., 2014, 588(13), 2170-2176.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2014.05.011] [PMID: 24844433]

Kurtz, C.L.; Peck, B.C.; Fannin, E.E.; Beysen, C.; Miao, J.; Landstreet, S.R.; Ding, S.; Turaga, V.; Lund, P.K.; Turner, S.; Biddinger, S.B.; Vickers, K.C.; Sethupathy, P. MicroRNA-29 fine-tunes the expression of key FOXA2-activated lipid metabolism genes and is dysregulated in animal models of insulin resistance and diabetes. Diabetes, 2014, 63(9), 3141-3148.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db13-1015] [PMID: 24722248]

Fu, X.; Dong, B.; Tian, Y.; Lefebvre, P.; Meng, Z.; Wang, X.; Pattou, F.; Han, W.; Wang, X.; Lou, F.; Jove, R.; Staels, B.; Moore, D.D.; Huang, W. MicroRNA-26a regulates insulin sensitivity and metabolism of glucose and lipids. J. Clin. Invest., 2015, 125(6), 2497-2509.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI75438] [PMID: 25961460]

Crépin, D.; Benomar, Y.; Riffault, L.; Amine, H.; Gertler, A.; Taouis, M. The over-expression of miR-200a in the hypothalamus of ob/ob mice is linked to leptin and insulin signaling impairment. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 2014, 384(1-2), 1-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2013.12.016] [PMID: 24394757]

Ling, H.Y.; Ou, H.S.; Feng, S.D.; Zhang, X.Y.; Tuo, Q.H.; Chen, L.X.; Zhu, B.Y.; Gao, Z.P.; Tang, C.K.; Yin, W.D.; Zhang, L.; Liao, D.F. CHANGES IN microRNA (miR) profile and effects of miR-320 in insulin-resistant 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol., 2009, 36(9), e32-e39.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1681.2009.05207.x] [PMID: 19473196]

Bai, Y.; Bai, X.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, X.; Ruan, C.; Miao, J. MicroRNA-126 inhibits ischemia-induced retinal neovascularization via regulating angiogenic growth factors. Exp. Mol. Pathol., 2011, 91(1), 471-477.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yexmp.2011.04.016] [PMID: 21586283]

Zhu, H.; Shyh-Chang, N.; Segrè, A.V.; Shinoda, G.; Shah, S.P.; Einhorn, W.S.; Takeuchi, A.; Engreitz, J.M.; Hagan, J.P.; Kharas, M.G.; Urbach, A.; Thornton, J.E.; Triboulet, R.; Gregory, R.I.; Altshuler, D.; Daley, G.Q. The Lin28/let-7 axis regulates glucose metabolism. Cell, 2011, 147(1), 81-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2011.08.033] [PMID: 21962509]

Elia, L.; Contu, R.; Quintavalle, M.; Varrone, F.; Chimenti, C.; Russo, M.A.; Cimino, V.; De Marinis, L.; Frustaci, A.; Catalucci, D.; Condorelli, G. Reciprocal regulation of microRNA-1 and insulin-like growth factor-1 signal transduction cascade in cardiac and skeletal muscle in physiological and pathological conditions. Circulation, 2009, 120(23), 2377-2385.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.879429] [PMID: 19933931]

Xihua, L.; Shengjie, T.; Weiwei, G.; Matro, E.; Tingting, T.; Lin, L.; Fang, W.; Jiaqiang, Z.; Fenping, Z.; Hong, L. Circulating miR-143-3p inhibition protects against insulin resistance in Metabolic Syndrome via targeting of the insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor. Transl. Res., 2019, 205, 33-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trsl.2018.09.006] [PMID: 30392876]

(a) Elzenaar, I.; Pinto, Y.M.; van Oort, R.J. MicroRNAs in heart failure: New targets in disease management. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 2013, 94(4), 480-489.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/clpt.2013.138] [PMID: 23852395];
(b) Sala, V.; Bergerone, S.; Gatti, S.; Gallo, S.; Ponzetto, A.; Ponzetto, C.; Crepaldi, T. MicroRNAs in myocardial ischemia: Identifying new targets and tools for treating heart disease. New frontiers for miR-medicine. Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 2014, 71(8), 1439-1452.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00018-013-1504-0] [PMID: 24218009];
(c) Synetos, A.; Toutouzas, K.; Stathogiannis, K.; Latsios, G.; Tsiamis, E.; Tousoulis, D.; Stefanadis, C. MicroRNAs in arterial hypertension. Curr. Top. Med. Chem., 2013, 13(13), 1527-1532.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/15680266113139990101] [PMID: 23745804];
(d) Van Aelst, L.N.; Heymans, S. MicroRNAs as biomarkers for ischemic heart disease. J. Cardiovasc. Transl. Res., 2013, 6(4), 458-470.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12265-013-9466-z] [PMID: 23716129]

Barquera, S.; Pedroza-Tobías, A.; Medina, C.; Hernández-Barrera, L.; Bibbins-Domingo, K.; Lozano, R.; Moran, A.E. Global overview of the epidemiology of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Arch. Med. Res., 2015, 46(5), 328-338.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2015.06.006] [PMID: 26135634]

Watson, A.D.; Leitinger, N.; Navab, M.; Faull, K.F.; Hörkkö, S.; Witztum, J.L.; Palinski, W.; Schwenke, D.; Salomon, R.G.; Sha, W.; Subbanagounder, G.; Fogelman, A.M.; Berliner, J.A. Structural identification by mass spectrometry of oxidized phospholipids in minimally oxidized low density lipoprotein that induce monocyte/endothelial interactions and evidence for their presence in vivo. J. Biol. Chem., 1997, 272(21), 13597-13607.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.272.21.13597] [PMID: 9153208]

(a) Goldstein, J.L.; Ho, Y.K.; Basu, S.K.; Brown, M.S. Binding site on macrophages that mediates uptake and degradation of acetylated low density lipoprotein, producing massive cholesterol deposition. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1979, 76(1), 333-337.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.76.1.333] [PMID: 218198];
(b) Ross, R. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: A perspective for the 1990s. Nature, 1993, 362(6423), 801-809.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/362801a0] [PMID: 8479518];
(c) Libby, P.; Theroux, P. Pathophysiology of coronary artery disease. Circulation, 2005, 111(25), 3481-3488.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.537878] [PMID: 15983262];
(d) Park, Y.M. CD36, a scavenger receptor implicated in atherosclerosis. Exp. Mol. Med., 2014, 46(6), e99.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/emm.2014.38] [PMID: 24903227]

Rayner, K.J.; Suárez, Y.; Dávalos, A.; Parathath, S.; Fitzgerald, M.L.; Tamehiro, N.; Fisher, E.A.; Moore, K.J.; Fernández-Hernando, C. MiR-33 contributes to the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis. Science, 2010, 328(5985), 1570-1573.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1189862] [PMID: 20466885]

Elmén, J.; Lindow, M.; Schütz, S.; Lawrence, M.; Petri, A.; Obad, S.; Lindholm, M.; Hedtjärn, M.; Hansen, H.F.; Berger, U.; Gullans, S.; Kearney, P.; Sarnow, P.; Straarup, E.M.; Kauppinen, S. LNA-mediated microRNA silencing in non-human primates. Nature, 2008, 452(7189), 896-899.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06783] [PMID: 18368051]

Harris, T.A.; Yamakuchi, M.; Ferlito, M.; Mendell, J.T.; Lowenstein, C.J. MicroRNA-126 regulates endothelial expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2008, 105(5), 1516-1521.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0707493105] [PMID: 18227515]

Silva, D.C.P.D.; Carneiro, F.D.; Almeida, K.C.; Fernandes-Santos, C. Role of miRNAs on the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases. Arq. Bras. Cardiol., 2018, 111(5), 738-746.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/abc.20180215] [PMID: 30484515]

Dentelli, P.; Rosso, A.; Orso, F.; Olgasi, C.; Taverna, D.; Brizzi, M.F. microRNA-222 controls neovascularization by regulating signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A expression. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2010, 30(8), 1562-1568.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.110.206201] [PMID: 20489169]

Sun, H.X.; Zeng, D.Y.; Li, R.T.; Pang, R.P.; Yang, H.; Hu, Y.L.; Zhang, Q.; Jiang, Y.; Huang, L.Y.; Tang, Y.B.; Yan, G.J.; Zhou, J.G. Essential role of microRNA-155 in regulating endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation by targeting endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. 1979), 2012, 60(6), 1407-14.

Arunachalam, G.; Upadhyay, R.; Ding, H.; Triggle, C.R. MicroRNA signature and cardiovascular dysfunction. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol., 2015, 65(5), 419-429.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/FJC.0000000000000178] [PMID: 25384197]

Holmberg, J.; Bhattachariya, A.; Alajbegovic, A.; Rippe, C.; Ekman, M.; Dahan, D.; Hien, T.T.; Boettger, T.; Braun, T.; Swärd, K.; Hellstrand, P.; Albinsson, S. Loss of vascular myogenic tone in miR-143/145 knockout mice is associated with hypertension-induced vascular lesions in small mesenteric arteries. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2018, 38(2), 414-424.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.117.310499] [PMID: 29217510]

(a) Maegdefessel, L. The emerging role of microRNAs in cardiovascular disease. J. Intern. Med., 2014, 276(6), 633-644.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joim.12298] [PMID: 25160930];
(b) Pacurari, M.; Tchounwou, P.B. Role of micrornas in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system-mediated cardiovascular inflammation and remodeling. Int. J. Inflamm., 2015, 2015, 101527.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/101527] [PMID: 26064773];
(c) Deiuliis, J.; Mihai, G.; Zhang, J.; Taslim, C.; Varghese, J.J.; Maiseyeu, A.; Huang, K.; Rajagopalan, S. Renin-sensitive microRNAs correlate with atherosclerosis plaque progression. J. Hum. Hypertens., 2014, 28(4), 251-258.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jhh.2013.97] [PMID: 24152824]

Long, G.; Wang, F.; Li, H.; Yin, Z.; Sandip, C.; Lou, Y.; Wang, Y.; Chen, C.; Wang, D.W. Circulating miR-30a, miR-126 and let-7b as biomarker for ischemic stroke in humans. BMC Neurol., 2013, 13, 178.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2377-13-178] [PMID: 24237608]

Weiland, M.; Gao, X.H.; Zhou, L.; Mi, Q.S. Small RNAs have a large impact: Circulating microRNAs as biomarkers for human diseases. RNA Biol., 2012, 9(6), 850-859.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/rna.20378] [PMID: 22699556]

Arroyo, J.D.; Chevillet, J.R.; Kroh, E.M.; Ruf, I.K.; Pritchard, C.C.; Gibson, D.F.; Mitchell, P.S.; Bennett, C.F.; Pogosova-Agadjanyan, E.L.; Stirewalt, D.L.; Tait, J.F.; Tewari, M. Argonaute2 complexes carry a population of circulating microRNAs independent of vesicles in human plasma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2011, 108(12), 5003-5008.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1019055108] [PMID: 21383194]

Chen, X.; Ba, Y.; Ma, L.; Cai, X.; Yin, Y.; Wang, K.; Guo, J.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, J.; Guo, X.; Li, Q.; Li, X.; Wang, W.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, J.; Jiang, X.; Xiang, Y.; Xu, C.; Zheng, P.; Zhang, J.; Li, R.; Zhang, H.; Shang, X.; Gong, T.; Ning, G.; Wang, J.; Zen, K.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, C.Y. Characterization of microRNAs in serum: A novel class of biomarkers for diagnosis of cancer and other diseases. Cell Res., 2008, 18(10), 997-1006.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/cr.2008.282] [PMID: 18766170]

Gallo, A.; Tandon, M.; Alevizos, I.; Illei, G.G. The majority of microRNAs detectable in serum and saliva is concentrated in exosomes. PLoS One, 2012, 7(3), e30679.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030679] [PMID: 22427800]

Cogswell, J.P.; Ward, J.; Taylor, I.A.; Waters, M.; Shi, Y.; Cannon, B.; Kelnar, K.; Kemppainen, J.; Brown, D.; Chen, C.; Prinjha, R.K.; Richardson, J.C.; Saunders, A.M.; Roses, A.D.; Richards, C.A. Identification of miRNA changes in Alzheimer’s disease brain and CSF yields putative biomarkers and insights into disease pathways. J. Alzheimers Dis., 2008, 14(1), 27-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2008-14103] [PMID: 18525125]

Weber, J.A.; Baxter, D.H.; Zhang, S.; Huang, D.Y.; Huang, K.H.; Lee, M.J.; Galas, D.J.; Wang, K. The microRNA spectrum in 12 body fluids. Clin. Chem., 2010, 56(11), 1733-1741.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2010.147405] [PMID: 20847327]

Turchinovich, A.; Weiz, L.; Langheinz, A.; Burwinkel, B. Characterization of extracellular circulating microRNA. Nucleic Acids Res., 2011, 39(16), 7223-7233.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkr254] [PMID: 21609964]

Williams, Z.; Ben-Dov, I.Z.; Elias, R.; Mihailovic, A.; Brown, M.; Rosenwaks, Z.; Tuschl, T. Comprehensive profiling of circulating microRNA via small RNA sequencing of cDNA libraries reveals biomarker potential and limitations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2013, 110(11), 4255-4260.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1214046110] [PMID: 23440203]

(a) Hansen, K.D.; Brenner, S.E.; Dudoit, S. Biases in Illumina transcriptome sequencing caused by random hexamer priming. Nucleic Acids Res., 2010, 38(12), e131.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkq224] [PMID: 20395217];
(b) Dohm, J.C.; Lottaz, C.; Borodina, T.; Himmelbauer, H. Substantial biases in ultra-short read data sets from high-throughput DNA sequencing. Nucleic Acids Res., 2008, 36(16), e105.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkn425] [PMID: 18660515];
(c) Zheng, W.; Chung, L.M.; Zhao, H. Bias detection and correction in RNA-Sequencing data. BMC Bioinform., 2011, 12, 290.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-12-290] [PMID: 21771300]

(a) Mitchell, P.S.; Parkin, R.K.; Kroh, E.M.; Fritz, B.R.; Wyman, S.K.; Pogosova-Agadjanyan, E.L.; Peterson, A.; Noteboom, J.; O’Briant, K.C.; Allen, A.; Lin, D.W.; Urban, N.; Drescher, C.W.; Knudsen, B.S.; Stirewalt, D.L.; Gentleman, R.; Vessella, R.L.; Nelson, P.S.; Martin, D.B.; Tewari, M. Circulating microRNAs as stable blood-based markers for cancer detection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2008, 105(30), 10513-10518.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0804549105] [PMID: 18663219];
(b) Zhuang, F.; Fuchs, R.T.; Robb, G.B. Small RNA expression profiling by high-throughput sequencing: Implications of enzymatic manipulation. J. Nucleic Acids, 2012, 2012, 360358.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/360358] [PMID: 22778911];
(c) Huggett, J.F.; Foy, C.A.; Benes, V.; Emslie, K.; Garson, J.A.; Haynes, R.; Hellemans, J.; Kubista, M.; Mueller, R.D.; Nolan, T.; Pfaffl, M.W.; Shipley, G.L.; Vandesompele, J.; Wittwer, C.T.; Bustin, S.A. The digital MIQE guidelines: Minimum information for publication of quantitative digital PCR experiments. Clin. Chem., 2013, 59(6), 892-902.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2013.206375] [PMID: 23570709]

Ramzan, F.; D’Souza, R.F.; Durainayagam, B.R.; Milan, A.M.; Markworth, J.F.; Miranda-Soberanis, V.; Sequeira, I.R.; Roy, N.C.; Poppitt, S.D.; Mitchell, C.J.; Cameron-Smith, D. Circulatory miRNA biomarkers of metabolic syndrome. Acta Diabetol., 2020, 57(2), 203-214.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00592-019-01406-6] [PMID: 31435783]

(a) Rawal, S.; Munasinghe, Pujika E.; Nagesh, Prashanth T.; Lew, J. Kar S.; Jones, Gregory T.; Williams, Michael J. A.; Davis, P.; Bunton, D.; Galvin, Ivor F.; Manning, P.; Lamberts, Regis R.; Katare, R. Down-regulation of miR-15a/b accelerates fibrotic remodelling in the Type 2 diabetic human and mouse heart. Clin. Sci., 2017, 131(9), 847-863.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/CS20160916];
(b) Chen, Y.; Tian, L.; Wan, S.; Xie, Y.; Chen, X.; Ji, X.; Zhao, Q.; Wang, C.; Zhang, K.; Hock, J.M.; Tian, H.; Yu, X. MicroRNA-17-92 cluster regulates pancreatic beta-cell proliferation and adaptation. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 2016, 437, 213-223.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2016.08.037] [PMID: 27568466]

Wang, Y.T.; Tsai, P.C.; Liao, Y.C.; Hsu, C.Y.; Juo, S.H. Circulating microRNAs have a sex-specific association with metabolic syndrome. J. Biomed. Sci., 2013, 20(1), 72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1423-0127-20-72] [PMID: 24093444]

Jaeger, A.; Zollinger, L.; Saely, C.H.; Muendlein, A.; Evangelakos, I.; Nasias, D.; Charizopoulou, N.; Schofield, J.D.; Othman, A.; Soran, H.; Kardassis, D.; Drexel, H.; Eckardstein, A.V. Circulating microRNAs -192 and -194 are associated with the presence and incidence of diabetes mellitus. Sci. Rep., 2018, 8(1), 14274.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-32274-9] [PMID: 30250222]

(a) Regazzi, R. MicroRNAs as therapeutic targets for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Expert Opin. Ther. Targets, 2018, 22(2), 153-160.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14728222.2018.1420168] [PMID: 29257914];
(b) Mirra, P.; Raciti, G.A.; Nigro, C.; Fiory, F.; D’Esposito, V.; Formisano, P.; Beguinot, F.; Miele, C. Circulating miRNAs as intercellular messengers, potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for Type 2 diabetes. Epigenomics, 2015, 7(4), 653-667.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/epi.15.18] [PMID: 26111035]

Lima, J.F.; Cerqueira, L.; Figueiredo, C.; Oliveira, C.; Azevedo, N.F. Anti-miRNA oligonucleotides: A comprehensive guide for design. RNA Biol., 2018, 15(3), 338-352.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15476286.2018.1445959] [PMID: 29570036]

Chakraborty, C.; Sharma, A.R.; Sharma, G.; Lee, S.S. Therapeutic advances of miRNAs: A preclinical and clinical update. J. Adv. Res., 2020, 28, 127-138.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2020.08.012] [PMID: 33364050]

Distel, E.; Barrett, T.J.; Chung, K.; Girgis, N.M.; Parathath, S.; Essau, C.C.; Murphy, A.J.; Moore, K.J.; Fisher, E.A. miR33 inhibition overcomes deleterious effects of diabetes mellitus on atherosclerosis plaque regression in mice. Circ. Res., 2014, 115(9), 759-769.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.304164] [PMID: 25201910]

Esau, C.; Davis, S.; Murray, S.F.; Yu, X.X.; Pandey, S.K.; Pear, M.; Watts, L.; Booten, S.L.; Graham, M.; McKay, R.; Subramaniam, A.; Propp, S.; Lollo, B.A.; Freier, S.; Bennett, C.F.; Bhanot, S.; Monia, B.P. miR-122 regulation of lipid metabolism revealed by in vivo antisense targeting. Cell Metab., 2006, 3(2), 87-98.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2006.01.005] [PMID: 16459310]

Zhou, B.; Li, C.; Qi, W.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, F.; Wu, J.X.; Hu, Y.N.; Wu, D.M.; Liu, Y.; Yan, T.T.; Jing, Q.; Liu, M.F.; Zhai, Q.W. Downregulation of miR-181a upregulates sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) and improves hepatic insulin sensitivity. Diabetologia, 2012, 55(7), 2032-2043.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125-012-2539-8] [PMID: 22476949]

Seeger, T.; Fischer, A.; Muhly-Reinholz, M.; Zeiher, A.M.; Dimmeler, S. Long-term inhibition of miR-21 leads to reduction of obesity in db/db mice. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2014, 22(11), 2352-2360.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oby.20852] [PMID: 25141837]

Nigi, L.; Grieco, G.E.; Ventriglia, G.; Brusco, N.; Mancarella, F.; Formichi, C.; Dotta, F.; Sebastiani, G. MicroRNAs as regulators of insulin signaling: Research updates and potential therapeutic perspectives in type 2 diabetes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2018, 19(12), E3705.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19123705] [PMID: 30469501]

Bonneau, E.; Neveu, B.; Kostantin, E.; Tsongalis, G.J.; De Guire, V. How close are miRNAs from clinical practice? A perspective on the diagnostic and therapeutic market. EJIFCC, 2019, 30(2), 114-127.
[PMID: 31263388]

(a) Jinek, M.; Chylinski, K.; Fonfara, I.; Hauer, M.; Doudna, J.A.; Charpentier, E. A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science, 2012, 337(6096), 816-821.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1225829] [PMID: 22745249];
(b) Hsu, P.D.; Lander, E.S.; Zhang, F. Development and applications of CRISPR-Cas9 for genome engineering. Cell, 2014, 157(6), 1262-1278.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.05.010] [PMID: 24906146];
(c) Barrangou, R.; Doudna, J.A. Applications of CRISPR technologies in research and beyond. Nat. Biotechnol., 2016, 34(9), 933-941.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3659] [PMID: 27606440]

(a) Chang, H.; Yi, B.; Ma, R.; Zhang, X.; Zhao, H.; Xi, Y. CRISPR/cas9, a novel genomic tool to knock down microRNA in vitro and in vivo. Sci. Rep., 2016, 6, 22312.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep22312] [PMID: 26924382];
(b) Yoshino, H.; Yonemori, M.; Miyamoto, K.; Tatarano, S.; Kofuji, S.; Nohata, N.; Nakagawa, M.; Enokida, H. microRNA-210-3p depletion by CRISPR/Cas9 promoted tumorigenesis through revival of TWIST1 in renal cell carcinoma. Oncotarget, 2017, 8(13), 20881-20894.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.14930] [PMID: 28152509]

Matboli, M.; Kamel, M.M.; Essawy, N.; Bekhit, M.M.; Abdulrahman, B.; Mohamed, G.F.; Eissa, S. Identification of novel insulin resistance related ceRNA network in T2DM and its potential editing by CRISPR/Cas9. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2021, 22(15), 8129.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22158129] [PMID: 34360895]

(a) Parra, P.; Serra, F.; Palou, A. Expression of adipose microRNAs is sensitive to dietary conjugated linoleic acid treatment in mice. PLoS One, 2010, 5(9), e13005.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013005] [PMID: 20886002];
(b) Joven, J.; Espinel, E.; Rull, A.; Aragonès, G.; Rodríguez-Gallego, E.; Camps, J.; Micol, V.; Herranz-López, M.; Menéndez, J.A.; Borrás, I.; Segura-Carretero, A.; Alonso-Villaverde, C.; Beltrán-Debón, R. Plant-derived polyphenols regulate expression of miRNA paralogs miR-103/107 and miR-122 and prevent diet-induced fatty liver disease in hyperlipidemic mice. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2012, 1820(7), 894-899.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.03.020] [PMID: 22503922];
(c) Corrêa, T.A.; Rogero, M.M. Polyphenols regulating microRNAs and inflammation biomarkers in obesity. Nutrition, 2019, 59, 150-157.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2018.08.010] [PMID: 30471527];
(d) Ortega, F.J.; Cardona-Alvarado, M.I.; Mercader, J.M.; Moreno-Navarrete, J.M.; Moreno, M.; Sabater, M.; Fuentes-Batllevell, N.; Ramírez-Chávez, E.; Ricart, W.; Molina-Torres, J.; Pérez-Luque, E.L.; Fernández-Real, J.M. Circulating profiling reveals the effect of a polyunsaturated fatty acid-enriched diet on common microRNAs. J. Nutr. Biochem., 2015, 26(10), 1095-1101.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.05.001] [PMID: 26092372]

Marques-Rocha, J.L.; Milagro, F.I.; Mansego, M.L.; Zulet, M.A.; Bressan, J.; Martínez, J.A. Expression of inflammation-related miRNAs in white blood cells from subjects with metabolic syndrome after 8 wk of following a Mediterranean diet-based weight loss program. Nutrition, 2016, 32(1), 48-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2015.06.008] [PMID: 26421388]

Yang, Z.; Bian, C.; Zhou, H.; Huang, S.; Wang, S.; Liao, L.; Zhao, R.C. MicroRNA hsa-miR-138 inhibits adipogenic differentiation of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells through adenovirus EID-1. Stem Cells Dev., 2011, 20(2), 259-267.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/scd.2010.0072] [PMID: 20486779]