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Current Cardiology Reviews

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ISSN (Print): 1573-403X
ISSN (Online): 1875-6557

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Review Article

Impact of Metabolic Risk Factors on COVID-19 Clinical Outcomes: An Extensive Review

Author(s): Rafael B. Azevedo, Débora C.R. Wandermurem, Flávia C.F. Libório, Maíra K. Machado, Natália M. Ushijima, Ramon S. Narde, Inah Maria D. Pecly and Elizabeth S. Muxfeldt*

Volume 18, Issue 6, 2022

Published on: 06 July, 2022

Article ID: e090522204452 Pages: 17

DOI: 10.2174/1573403X18666220509154236

Price: $65

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Abstract

Background: Cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, particularly cardiometabolic, seem to be associated with heightened severity and increased morbimortality in patients infected with the novel Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19).

Methods: A thorough scoping review was conducted to elucidate and summarize the latest evidence for the effects of adverse cardiac metabolic profiles on the severity, morbidity, and prognosis of COVID-19 infection.

Results: The pathophysiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is complex, being characterized by viral-induced immune dysregulation and hypercytokinemia, particularly in patients with critical disease, evolving with profound endothelial dysfunction, systemic inflammation, and prothrombotic state. Moreover, cardiovascular comorbidities such as diabetes are the most prevalent amongst individuals requiring hospitalization, raising concerns towards the clinical evolution and prognosis of these patients. The chronic proinflammatory state observed in patients with cardiovascular risk factors may contribute to the immune dysregulation mediated by SARS-CoV-2, favoring more adverse clinical outcomes and increased severity. Cardiometabolism is defined as a combination of interrelated risk factors and metabolic dysfunctions such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, and central adiposity, which increase the likelihood of vascular events, being imperative to specifically analyze its clinical association with COVID-19 outcomes.

Conclusion: DM and obesity appears to be important risk factors for severe COVID-19. The chronic proinflammatory state observed in patients with excess visceral adipose tissue (VAT) possibly augments COVID-19 immune hyperactivity leading to more adverse clinical outcomes in these patients.

Keywords: Review, cardiovascular risk factors, metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, type 2, obesity, dyslipidemias, sleep Apnea, obstructive, COVID-19.

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