The Determinative Role of Cytokines in Retinopathy of Prematurity

Seyed   Ahmad   Rasoulinejad; Pegah      Kiyamehr
doi:10.2174/1566524022666220117114920
Abstract

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a neonatal disease corresponding to vision impairment and blindness. Utilizing the pathogenesis of ROP and the risk factors affecting its progression can help prevent and reduce its incidence and lead to the emergence and development of new treatment strategies. Factors influencing retinopathy include growth and inflammatory factors that play an essential role in the pathogenesis of the ROP. This review summarizes the most critical factors in the pathogenesis of ROP.
Keywords: Retinopathy of prematurity, VEGF, IGF-1, inflammation, angiogenesis, pathogenesis.
« Previous Next »
[1]
Sen P, Wu W-C, Chandra P, Vinekar A, Manchegowda PT, Bhende P. Retinopathy of prematurity treatment: Asian perspectives. Eye (Lond)  2020; 34(4): 632-42.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41433-019-0643-4] [PMID: 31664193]

[2]
Rivera JC, Sapieha P, Joyal J-S, et al. Understanding retinopathy of prematurity: update on pathogenesis. Neonatology  2011; 100(4): 343-53.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000330174] [PMID: 21968165]

[3]
Hansen ED, Hartnett ME. A review of treatment for retinopathy of prematurity. Expert Rev Ophthalmol  2019; 14(2): 73-87.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17469899.2019.1596026] [PMID: 31762784]

[4]
Bancalari A, Schade R. Update in the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity. Am J Perinatol 2020. Online ahead of print
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1713181] [PMID: 32544962]

[5]
Zin A, Gole GA. Retinopathy of prematurity-incidence today. Clin Perinatol  2013; 40(2): 185-200.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clp.2013.02.001] [PMID: 23719304]

[6]
Gilbert C, Fielder A, Gordillo L, et al. International NO-ROP Group. Characteristics of infants with severe retinopathy of prematurity in countries with low, moderate, and high levels of development: implications for screening programs. Pediatrics  2005; 115(5): e518-25.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2004-1180] [PMID: 15805336]

[7]
Drack A. Retinopathy of prematurity. Adv Pediatr  2006; 53: 211-26.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yapd.2006.04.010] [PMID: 17089868]

[8]
Pierce EA, Avery RL, Foley ED, Aiello LP, Smith LE. Vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor expression in a mouse model of retinal neovascularization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA  1995; 92(3): 905-9.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.92.3.905] [PMID: 7846076]

[9]
VanderVeen DK, Melia M, Yang MB, Hutchinson AK, Wilson LB, Lambert SR. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy for primary treatment of type 1 retinopathy of prematurity: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology  2017; 124(5): 619-33.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.12.025] [PMID: 28341474]

[10]
Abcouwer SF. Angiogenic factors and cytokines in diabetic retinopathy. J Clin Cell Immunol Suppl  2013; 1(11): 1-12.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-9899] [PMID: 24319628]

[11]
Pierce EA, Foley ED, Smith LE. Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor by oxygen in a model of retinopathy of prematurity. Arch Ophthalmol  1996; 114(10): 1219-28.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1996.01100140419009] [PMID: 8859081]

[12]
Sonmez K, Drenser KA, Capone A Jr, Trese MT. Vitreous levels of stromal cell–derived factor 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with retinopathy of prematurity. Ophthalmology  2008; 115(6): 1065-70.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.08.050]

[13]
Barile GR, Schmidt AM. RAGE and its ligands in retinal disease. Curr Mol Med  2007; 7(8): 758-65.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156652407783220778] [PMID: 18331234]

[14]
Smith LE. IGF-1 and retinopathy of prematurity in the preterm infant. Biol Neonate  2005; 88(3): 237-44.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000087587] [PMID: 16210846]

[15]
Cheng Y, Zhu X, Linghu D, Xu Y, Liang J. Serum levels of cytokines in infants treated with conbercept for retinopathy of prematurity. Sci Rep  2020; 10(1): 12695.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69684-7] [PMID: 32728160]

[16]
Lee J, Dammann O. Perinatal infection, inflammation, and retinopathy of prematurity. In: Polin R, Randis T, Eds. Chorioamnionitis.  Elsevier 2012; Vol. 17: pp. (1)26-9.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.siny.2011.08.007]

[17]
Silveira RC, Fortes Filho JB, Procianoy RS. Assessment of the contribution of cytokine plasma levels to detect retinopathy of prematurity in very low birth weight infants. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci  2011; 52(3): 1297-301.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.10-6279] [PMID: 21071735]

[18]
Yu H, Yuan L, Zou Y, et al. Serum concentrations of cytokines in infants with retinopathy of prematurity. APMIS  2014; 122(9): 818-23.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/apm.12223] [PMID: 24479831]

[19]
Hartmann JS, Thompson H, Wang H, et al. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and pigment epithelial-derived factor in a rat model of retinopathy of prematurity. Mol Vis  2011; 17: 1577-87.
 [PMID: 21738387]

[20]
Stahl A, Chen J, Joyal J-S, Smith LEH. The mouse model of oxygen-induced Retinopathy (OIR). In: Zudaire E, Cuttitta F, Eds. The Textbook of Angiogenesis and Lymphangiogenesis: Methods and Applications.  Dordrecht: Springer 2012; pp. 181-8.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4581-0_11]

[21]
Scott A, Fruttiger M. Oxygen-induced retinopathy: a model for vascular pathology in the retina. Eye (Lond)  2010; 24(3): 416-21.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/eye.2009.306] [PMID: 20010791]

[22]
Smith LE, Hard A-L, Hellström A. The biology of retinopathy of prematurity: how knowledge of pathogenesis guides treatment. Clin Perinatol  2013; 40(2): 201-14.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clp.2013.02.002] [PMID: 23719305]

[23]
Vadlapatla RK, Vadlapudi AD, Mitra AK. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1): A potential target for intervention in ocular neovascular diseases. Curr Drug Targets  2013; 14(8): 919-35.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/13894501113149990015] [PMID: 23701276]

[24]
Madan A, Penn JS. Animal models of oxygen-induced retinopathy. Front Biosci  2003; 8: d1030-43.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.2741/1056] [PMID: 12700061]

[25]
Smith LE. Through the eyes of a child: understanding retinopathy through ROP the Friedenwald lecture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci  2008; 49(12): 5177-82.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.08-2584] [PMID: 18708611]

[26]
Ashton N, Ward B, Serpell G. Effect of oxygen on developing retinal vessels with particular reference to the problem of retrolental fibroplasia. Br J Ophthalmol  1954; 38(7): 397-432.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjo.38.7.397] [PMID: 13172417]

[27]
Stacker SA, Achen MG. The VEGF signaling pathway in cancer: the road ahead. Chin J Cancer  2013; 32(6): 297-302.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.5732/cjc.012.10319] [PMID: 23419196]

[28]
Shibuya M. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2: its unique signaling and specific ligand, VEGF-E. Cancer Sci  2003; 94(9): 751-6.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.2003.tb01514.x] [PMID: 12967471]

[29]
Stuttfeld E, Ballmer-Hofer K. Structure and function of VEGF receptors. IUBMB Life  2009; 61(9): 915-22.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/iub.234] [PMID: 19658168]

[30]
Wu A-L, Wu W-C. Anti-VEGF for ROP and pediatric retinal diseases. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila)  2018; 7(3): 145-51.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.22608/201837] [PMID: 29633587]

[31]
Mintz-Hittner HA, Kennedy KA, Chuang AZ. BEAT-ROP Cooperative Group. Efficacy of intravitreal bevacizumab for stage 3+ retinopathy of prematurity. N Engl J Med  2011; 364(7): 603-15.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1007374] [PMID: 21323540]

[32]
Pickens SR, Chamberlain ND, Volin MV, et al. Role of the CCL21 and CCR7 pathways in rheumatoid arthritis angiogenesis. Arthritis Rheum  2012; 64(8): 2471-81.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.34452] [PMID: 22392503]

[33]
Yuan L-H, Chen X-L, Di Y, Liu M-L. CCR7/p-ERK1/2/VEGF signaling promotes retinal neovascularization in a mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy. Int J Ophthalmol  2017; 10(6): 862-9.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.18240/ijo.2017.06.06] [PMID: 28730075]

[34]
Rasoulinejad SA, Montazeri M. Retinopathy of prematurity in neonates and its risk factors: A seven year study in Northern Iran. Open Ophthalmol J  2016; 10: 17-21.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874364101610010017] [PMID: 27014382]

[35]
Yoon S, Seger R. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase: multiple substrates regulate diverse cellular functions. Growth Factors  2006; 24(1): 21-44.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699050500284218] [PMID: 16393692]

[36]
Eblen ST, Slack JK, Weber MJ, Catling AD. Rac-PAK signaling stimulates extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation by regulating formation of MEK1-ERK complexes. Mol Cell Biol  2002; 22(17): 6023-33.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MCB.22.17.6023-6033.2002] [PMID: 12167697]

[37]
Rasoulinejad SA, Pourdad P, Pourabdollah A, Arzani A, Geraili Z, Roshan HY. Ophthalmologic outcome of premature infants with or without retinopathy of prematurity at 5-6 years of age. J Family Med Prim Care  2020; 9(9): 4582-6.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_528_20] [PMID: 33209767]

[38]
Johnson GL, Lapadat R. Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways mediated by ERK, JNK, and p38 protein kinases. Science  2002; 298(5600): 1911-2.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1072682] [PMID: 12471242]

[39]
Rasoulinejad SA, Maroufi F. A review of DNA and histone methylation alterations in the new era of diagnosis and treatment of retinal diseases. Curr Mol Med  2021; 21(8): 607-19.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1566524020666201209103603] [PMID: 33297915]

[40]
Chen CY, Su CM, Hsu CJ, et al. CCN1 promotes VEGF production in osteoblasts and induces endothelial progenitor cell angiogenesis by inhibiting miR‐126 expression in rheumatoid arthritis. J Bone Miner Res  2017; 32(1): 34-45.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.2926] [PMID: 27465842]

[41]
Di Y, Zhang Y, Yang H, Wang A, Chen X. The mechanism of CCN1-enhanced retinal neovascularization in oxygen-induced retinopathy through PI3K/Akt-VEGF signaling pathway. Drug Des Devel Ther  2015; 9: 2463-73.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S79782] [PMID: 25995618]

[42]
Laron Z. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1): A growth hormone. Mol Pathol  2001; 54(5): 311-6.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/mp.54.5.311] [PMID: 11577173]

[43]
Yuan J, Yin Z, Tao K, Wang G, Gao J. Function of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor in cancer resistance to chemotherapy. Oncol Lett  2018; 15(1): 41-7.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.7276] [PMID: 29285186]

[44]
Heidary G, Vanderveen D, Smith LE, Eds. Retinopathy of prematurity: current concepts in molecular pathogenesis. Semin Ophthalmol  2009; 24(2): 77-81.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08820530902800314] [PMID: 19373690]

[45]
Hellstrom A, Perruzzi C, Ju M, et al. Low IGF-I suppresses VEGF-survival signaling in retinal endothelial cells: Direct correlation with clinical retinopathy of prematurity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA  2001; 98(10): 5804-8.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.101113998] [PMID: 11331770]

[46]
Cavallaro G, Filippi L, Bagnoli P, et al. The pathophysiology of retinopathy of prematurity: An update of previous and recent knowledge. Acta Ophthalmol  2014; 92(1): 2-20.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aos.12049] [PMID: 23617889]

[47]
Smith LE, Shen W, Perruzzi C, et al. Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor-dependent retinal neovascularization by insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor. Nat Med  1999; 5(12): 1390-5.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/70963] [PMID: 10581081]

[48]
Fukuda R, Hirota K, Fan F, Jung Y, Ellis LM, Semenza GL. IGF-1 induces HIF-1-mediated VEGF expression that is dependent on MAP kinase and PI-3-kinase signaling in colon cancer cells. J Biol Chem  2002; 277(41): 38205-11.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M203781200] [PMID: 12149254]

[49]
Rasoulinejad SA, Karkhah A, Paniri A, Saleki K, Pirzadeh M, Nouri HR. Contribution of inflammasome complex in inflammatory-related eye disorders and its implications for anti-inflammasome therapy. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol  2020; 42(5): 400-7.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08923973.2020.1808986] [PMID: 32791926]

[50]
Ahmadpour-Kacho M, Motlagh AJ, Rasoulinejad SA, Jahangir T, Bijani A, Pasha YZ. Correlation between hyperglycemia and retinopathy of prematurity. Pediatr Int  2014; 56(5): 726-30.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ped.12371] [PMID: 24803073]

[51]
Rivera JC, Dabouz R, Noueihed B, Omri S, Tahiri H, Chemtob S. Ischemic retinopathies: oxidative stress and inflammation. Oxid Med Cell Longev  2017; 2017
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3940241] [PMID: 29410732]

[52]
Stoll BJ, Hansen NI, Adams-Chapman I, et al. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. Neurodevelopmental and growth impairment among extremely low-birth-weight infants with neonatal infection. JAMA  2004; 292(19): 2357-65.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.292.19.2357] [PMID: 15547163]

[53]
Klinger G, Levy I, Sirota L, Boyko V, Lerner-Geva L, Reichman B. Israel Neonatal Network. Outcome of early-onset sepsis in a national cohort of very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics  2010; 125(4): e736-40.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-2017] [PMID: 20231184]

[54]
Woo SJ, Park KH, Jung HJ, et al. Effects of maternal and placental inflammation on retinopathy of prematurity. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol  2012; 250(6): 915-23.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00417-011-1648-2] [PMID: 21455777]

[55]
Mittal M, Dhanireddy R, Higgins RD. Candida sepsis and association with retinopathy of prematurity. Pediatrics  1998; 101(4 Pt 1): 654-7.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.101.4.654] [PMID: 9521951]

[56]
Cohen T, Nahari D, Cerem LW, Neufeld G, Levi B-Z. Interleukin 6 induces the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor. J Biol Chem  1996; 271(2): 736-41.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.271.2.736] [PMID: 8557680]

[57]
Liu P-M, Fang P-C, Huang C-B, et al. Risk factors of retinopathy of prematurity in premature infants weighing less than 1600 g. Am J Perinatol  2005; 22(2): 115-20.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-837276] [PMID: 15731992]

[58]
Rivera JC, Holm M, Austeng D, et al. Retinopathy of prematurity: inflammation, choroidal degeneration, and novel promising therapeutic strategies. J Neuroinflammation  2017; 14(1): 165.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12974-017-0943-1] [PMID: 28830469]

[59]
Gabay C, Kushner I. Acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation. N Engl J Med  1999; 340(6): 448-54.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199902113400607] [PMID: 9971870]

[60]
Pfeffer K. Biological functions of tumor necrosis factor cytokines and their receptors. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev  2003; 14(3-4): 185-91.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6101(03)00022-4] [PMID: 12787558]

[61]
Kociok N, Radetzky S, Krohne TU, Gavranic C, Joussen AM. Pathological but not physiological retinal neovascularization is altered in TNF-Rp55-receptor-deficient mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci  2006; 47(11): 5057-65.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.06-0407] [PMID: 17065527]

[62]
Aderka D, Engelmann H, Maor Y, Brakebusch C, Wallach D. Stabilization of the bioactivity of tumor necrosis factor by its soluble receptors. J Exp Med  1992; 175(2): 323-9.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.175.2.323] [PMID: 1310100]

[63]
Zhou TE, Rivera JC, Bhosle VK, et al. Choroidal involution is associated with a progressive degeneration of the outer retinal function in a model of retinopathy of prematurity: Early role for IL-1β. Am J Pathol  2016; 186(12): 3100-16.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.08.004] [PMID: 27768863]

[64]
Wooff Y, Man SM, Aggio-Bruce R, Natoli R, Fernando N. IL-1 family members mediate cell death, inflammation and angiogenesis in retinal degenerative diseases. Front Immunol  2019; 10: 1618.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.01618] [PMID: 31379825]

[65]
Aouiss A, Anka Idrissi D, Kabine M, Zaid Y. Update of inflammatory proliferative retinopathy: Ischemia, hypoxia and angiogenesis. Curr Res Transl Med  2019; 67(2): 62-71.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.retram.2019.01.005] [PMID: 30685380]

[66]
Ghasemi H, Ghazanfari T, Yaraee R, Faghihzadeh S, Hassan ZM. Roles of IL-8 in ocular inflammations: A review. Ocul Immunol Inflamm  2011; 19(6): 401-12.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09273948.2011.618902] [PMID: 22106907]

[67]
Powers MR, Davies MH, Eubanks JP. Increased expression of chemokine KC, an interleukin-8 homologue, in a model of oxygen-induced retinopathy. Curr Eye Res  2005; 30(4): 299-307.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02713680590923276] [PMID: 16020260]

[68]
Yoshida S, Yoshida A, Ishibashi T, Elner SG, Elner VM. Role of MCP-1 and MIP-1α in retinal neovascularization during postischemic inflammation in a mouse model of retinal neovascularization. J Leukoc Biol  2003; 73(1): 137-44.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0302117] [PMID: 12525571]

[69]
Maali A, Ferdosi-Shahandashti E, Sadeghi F, Aali E. The antihelminthic drug, mebendazole, induces apoptosis in adult t-cell leukemia/lymphoma cancer cells: In-vitro trial. Int J Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Res  2020; 14(4): 257-64.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/ijhoscr.v14i4.4482] [PMID: 33603987]

[70]
Mitamura Y, Harada C, Harada T. Role of cytokines and trophic factors in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Curr Diabetes Rev  2005; 1(1): 73-81.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573399052952596] [PMID: 18220584]

[71]
Nakazawa T, Hisatomi T, Nakazawa C, et al. Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 mediates retinal detachment-induced photoreceptor apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA  2007; 104(7): 2425-30.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0608167104] [PMID: 17284607]

[72]
Lukacs NW, Strieter RM, Elner VM, Evanoff HL, Burdick M, Kunkel SL. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 mediates the expression of monocyte-derived MIP-1 alpha during monocyte-endothelial cell interactions. Blood  1994; 83(5): 1174-8.
 [PMID: 7906962]

[73]
Maroufi F, Maali A, Abdollahpour-Alitappeh M, Ahmadi MH, Azad M. CRISPR-mediated modification of DNA methylation pattern in the new era of cancer therapy. Epigenomics  2020; 12(20): 1845-59.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/epi-2020-0110] [PMID: 33185489]

[74]
Villalvilla A, Gomez R, Roman-Blas JA, Largo R, Herrero-Beaumont G. SDF-1 signaling: a promising target in rheumatic diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets  2014; 18(9): 1077-87.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14728222.2014.930440] [PMID: 24950016]

[75]
Maali A, Maroufi F, Sadeghi F, et al. Induced pluripotent stem cell technology: Trends in molecular biology, from genetics to epigenetics. Epigenomics  2021; 13(8): 631-47.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/epi-2020-0409] [PMID: 33823614]

[76]
Horuk R. Chemokine receptors. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev  2001; 12(4): 313-35.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6101(01)00014-4] [PMID: 11544102]

[77]
De Falco E, Porcelli D, Torella AR, et al. SDF-1 involvement in endothelial phenotype and ischemia-induced recruitment of bone marrow progenitor cells. Blood  2004; 104(12): 3472-82.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2003-12-4423] [PMID: 15284120]

[78]
Salcedo R, Oppenheim JJ. Role of chemokines in angiogenesis: CXCL12/SDF-1 and CXCR4 interaction, a key regulator of endothelial cell responses. Microcirculation  2003; 10(3-4): 359-70.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/mic.10.3-4.359.370] [PMID: 12851652]

[79]
Curnow SJ, Wloka K, Faint JM, et al. Topical glucocorticoid therapy directly induces up-regulation of functional CXCR4 on primed T lymphocytes in the aqueous humor of patients with uveitis. J Immunol  2004; 172(11): 7154-61.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.172.11.7154] [PMID: 15153539]

[80]
Abu El-Asrar AM, Struyf S, Kangave D, Geboes K, Van Damme J. Chemokines in proliferative diabetic retinopathy and proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Eur Cytokine Netw  2006; 17(3): 155-65.
 [PMID: 17194635]

[81]
Otsuka H, Arimura N, Sonoda S, et al. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 is essential for photoreceptor cell protection in retinal detachment. Am J Pathol  2010; 177(5): 2268-77.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.2353/ajpath.2010.100134] [PMID: 20889568]

[82]
He X, Cheng R, Benyajati S, Ma JX. PEDF and its roles in physiological and pathological conditions: Implication in diabetic and hypoxia-induced angiogenic diseases. Clin Sci (Lond)  2015; 128(11): 805-23.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/CS20130463] [PMID: 25881671]

[83]
Tombran-Tink J, Aparicio S, Xu X, et al. PEDF and the serpins: phylogeny, sequence conservation, and functional domains. J Struct Biol  2005; 151(2): 130-50.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsb.2005.05.005] [PMID: 16040252]

[84]
Karakousis PC, John SK, Behling KC, et al. Localization of pigment epithelium derived factor (PEDF) in developing and adult human ocular tissues. Mol Vis  2001; 7(154): 154-63.
 [PMID: 11438800]

[85]
Michalczyk ER, Chen L, Fine D, et al. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) as a regulator of wound angiogenesis. Sci Rep  2018; 8(1): 11142.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-29465-9] [PMID: 30042381]

[86]
Huang Q, Wang S, Sorenson CM, Sheibani N. PEDF-deficient mice exhibit an enhanced rate of retinal vascular expansion and are more sensitive to hyperoxia-mediated vessel obliteration. Exp Eye Res  2008; 87(3): 226-41.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2008.06.003] [PMID: 18602915]

[87]
McColm JR, Geisen P, Hartnett ME. VEGF isoforms and their expression after a single episode of hypoxia or repeated fluctuations between hyperoxia and hypoxia: Relevance to clinical ROP. Mol Vis  2004; 10: 512-20.
 [PMID: 15303088]

[88]
Moradi Z, Maali A, Shad JS, et al. Updates on novel erythropoiesis-stimulating agents: Clinical and molecular approach. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus  2020; 36(1): 26-36.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12288-019-01170-1] [PMID: 32174689]

[89]
Zhang SX, Wang JJ, Gao G, Parke K, Ma JX. Pigment epithelium-derived factor downregulates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and inhibits VEGF-VEGF receptor 2 binding in diabetic retinopathy. J Mol Endocrinol  2006; 37(1): 1-12.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/jme.1.02008] [PMID: 16901919]

[90]
Dehghanifard A, Kaviani S, Abroun S, et al. Various signaling pathways in multiple myeloma cells and effects of treatment on these pathways. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk  2018; 18(5): 311-20.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clml.2018.03.007] [PMID: 29606369]

[91]
Maali A, Atashi A, Ghaffari S, Kouchaki R, Abdolmaleki F, Azad M. A review on leukemia and ipsc technology: application in novel treatment and future. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther  2018; 13(8): 665-75.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574888X13666180731155038] [PMID: 30068283]

[92]
Konson A, Pradeep S, D’Acunto CW, Seger R. Pigment epithelium-derived factor and its phosphomimetic mutant induce JNK-dependent apoptosis and p38-mediated migration arrest. J Biol Chem  2011; 286(5): 3540-51.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M110.151548] [PMID: 21059648]

[93]
Putzbach W, Haluck-Kangas A, Gao QQ, et al. CD95/Fas ligand mRNA is toxic to cells. eLife  2018; 7: e38621.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38621] [PMID: 30324908]

[94]
Volpert OV, Zaichuk T, Zhou W, et al. Inducer-stimulated Fas targets activated endothelium for destruction by anti-angiogenic thrombospondin-1 and pigment epithelium-derived factor. Nat Med  2002; 8(4): 349-57.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0402-349] [PMID: 11927940]

[95]
Kaplan HJ, Leibole MA, Tezel T, Ferguson TA. Fas ligand (CD95 ligand) controls angiogenesis beneath the retina. Nat Med  1999; 5(3): 292-7.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/6509] [PMID: 10086384]

[96]
Aurora AB, Biyashev D, Mirochnik Y, et al. NF-kappaB balances vascular regression and angiogenesis via chromatin remodeling and NFAT displacement. Blood  2010; 116(3): 475-84.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2009-07-232132] [PMID: 20203265]

[97]
Zaichuk TA, Shroff EH, Emmanuel R, Filleur S, Nelius T, Volpert OV. Nuclear factor of activated T cells balances angiogenesis activation and inhibition. J Exp Med  2004; 199(11): 1513-22.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20040474] [PMID: 15184502]

[98]
Micheau O. Cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein: An attractive therapeutic target? Expert Opin Ther Targets  2003; 7(4): 559-73.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14728222.7.4.559] [PMID: 12885274]
Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
30
3
Journal Information
For Authors
For Editors
For Reviewers
Explore Articles
Open Access
Open Access Articles
For Visitors
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1566524022666220117114920	Print ISSN 1566-5240
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher	Online ISSN 1875-5666
Current Molecular Medicine

The Determinative Role of Cytokines in Retinopathy of Prematurity

Abstract

Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms in Vertigo / Vestibular Disorders

Current Molecular Medicine

The Determinative Role of Cytokines in Retinopathy of Prematurity

Abstract

Call for Papers in Thematic Issues

Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms in Vertigo / Vestibular Disorders

Related Journals

Related Books

Related Articles
