Abstract
In 2019, a new virus -SARS-COV2 possibly emerged in China, which infected many people affecting mainly the respiratory system. SARS-COV2 gets transmitted by inhalation of droplets from the infected persons. Symptoms start to appear after the incubation period of the virus which ranges from 2 to 14 days. In most people, symptoms are usually mild such as fever, sore throat, cough, chest tightness and fatigue. In other people, the disease might progress into severe pneumonia leading to several fatal consequences. Treatment is usually supportive and the role of antiviral is not established yet. Home isolation for mild cases is important for the prevention of the transmission of infection. Although the rate of transmission of this virus is faster than other viruses from the family, such as MERS-CoV, it has a lower fatality rate. The main difference in the genome structure of this family, which makes it distinguishable from other viruses is its use of (+) ssRNA as genetic material, which comprise 5’ cap located at one end and 3' polyadenylation tract at the other end. During infection of an exposed host cell, viral-encoded protease cleaves the polyprotein that results from translation of 5’ open reading frame (ORF) of the genome, culminating in the release of multiple nonstructural proteins such as helicase (Hel), adenosine triphosphate (ATPase) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (Rep). These proteins are responsible for the replication process in addition to the syntheses of the sub genomic mRNA used as transcription template strand. In this review article, we discussed the transmission pathways, genetic sequence and current treatment approach of COVID-19.
Keywords: SARS-COV2, MERS-CoV, COVID-19, acute respiratory tract infection, cytokine storm, immunomodulators.
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title:COVID-19: An Update on Pathogenesis and Treatment
Volume: 27 Issue: 32
Author(s): Marwa A. AL Dhamen, Abrar F. Alhashim, Hawra H. Alqattan and Faheem H. Pottoo*
Affiliation:
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441,Saudi Arabia
Keywords: SARS-COV2, MERS-CoV, COVID-19, acute respiratory tract infection, cytokine storm, immunomodulators.
Abstract: In 2019, a new virus -SARS-COV2 possibly emerged in China, which infected many people affecting mainly the respiratory system. SARS-COV2 gets transmitted by inhalation of droplets from the infected persons. Symptoms start to appear after the incubation period of the virus which ranges from 2 to 14 days. In most people, symptoms are usually mild such as fever, sore throat, cough, chest tightness and fatigue. In other people, the disease might progress into severe pneumonia leading to several fatal consequences. Treatment is usually supportive and the role of antiviral is not established yet. Home isolation for mild cases is important for the prevention of the transmission of infection. Although the rate of transmission of this virus is faster than other viruses from the family, such as MERS-CoV, it has a lower fatality rate. The main difference in the genome structure of this family, which makes it distinguishable from other viruses is its use of (+) ssRNA as genetic material, which comprise 5’ cap located at one end and 3' polyadenylation tract at the other end. During infection of an exposed host cell, viral-encoded protease cleaves the polyprotein that results from translation of 5’ open reading frame (ORF) of the genome, culminating in the release of multiple nonstructural proteins such as helicase (Hel), adenosine triphosphate (ATPase) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (Rep). These proteins are responsible for the replication process in addition to the syntheses of the sub genomic mRNA used as transcription template strand. In this review article, we discussed the transmission pathways, genetic sequence and current treatment approach of COVID-19.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
AL Dhamen A. Marwa, Alhashim F. Abrar , Alqattan H. Hawra and Pottoo H. Faheem *, COVID-19: An Update on Pathogenesis and Treatment, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2021; 27 (32) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666201222161312
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666201222161312 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Blood-based biomarkers in large-scale screening for neurodegenerative diseases
Disease biomarkers are necessary tools that can be employ in several clinical context of use (COU), ranging from the (early) diagnosis, prognosis, prediction, to monitor of disease state and/or drug efficacy. Regarding neurodegenerative diseases, in particular Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a battery of well-validated biomarkers are available, such as cerebrospinal fluid ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Diabetes mellitus: advances in diagnosis and treatment driving by precision medicine
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic degenerative metabolic disease with ever increasing prevalence worldwide which is now an epidemic disease affecting 500 million people worldwide. Insufficient insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells unable to maintain blood glucose homeostasis is the main feature of this disease. Multifactorial and complex nature of ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
![](/images/wayfinder.jpg)
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Therapeutic Perspectives of Food Bioactive Peptides: A Mini Review
Protein & Peptide Letters Subcutaneous Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators: An Overview of Implantation Techniques and Clinical Outcomes
Current Cardiology Reviews Mitochondrial Dysfunction during Sepsis
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Neuronal-glial Interactions Define the Role of Nitric Oxide in Neural Functional Processes
Current Neuropharmacology Modulating Agents in Resistant Malaria
Drug Design Reviews - Online (Discontinued) Antibacterial Assessment of Zinc Sulfide Nanoparticles against <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i> and <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i>
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Gene Therapy for Lysosomal Storage Diseases: Progress, Challenges and Future Prospects
Current Pharmaceutical Design Propofol: Therapeutic Indications and Side-Effects
Current Pharmaceutical Design Two Cases of Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency Presenting as Symptomatic Methemoglobinemia with Persistently Low Saturations After Fava Bean Ingestion in United Arab Emirates
Applied Clinical Research, Clinical Trials and Regulatory Affairs Antineoplastic Chemotherapy Induced QTc Prolongation
Current Drug Safety Drug-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy: Diagnosis and Management
Current Cancer Drug Targets Tanshinone IIA: Pharmacology, Total Synthesis, and Progress in Structure-modifications
Current Medicinal Chemistry Seq and You Will Find
Current Gene Therapy Molecular Links Between Endothelial Dysfunction and Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's Disease
Current Alzheimer Research Congenital Malformations Attributed to Prenatal Exposure to Cyclophosphamide
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Insights in microRNAs Biology
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Epidemiology of Major Congenital Malformations with Specific Focus on Teratogens
Current Drug Safety Fluorinated Mechanism-Based Inhibitors: Common Themes and Recent Developments
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Etiopathogenesis, Classical Immunotherapy and Innovative Nanotherapeutics for Inflammatory Neurological Disorders
Current Nanoscience Neuropsychiatric and General Interactions of Natural and Synthetic Cannabinoids with Drugs of Abuse and Medicines
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets