Title:Effects of Probiotic Preparations on Inflammatory Cytokines in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Volume: 22
Issue: 10
Author(s): Ting Liu, Xiaoxia Wang, Rui Li, Zi Yuan Zhang, Jingai Fang and Xiaodong Zhang*
Affiliation:
- Department of Nephrology, the First Hospital of Shanxi Medicial University, Taiyuan,China
Keywords:
Chronic kidney disease, inflammatory cytokine, uremic toxin, probiotic preparation, systematic review, meta-analysis.
Abstract:
Objective: To summarize and assess the effects of probiotic preparations on inflammatory
cytokine levels in patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD).
Methods: We searched through the PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, China National
Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), and Wan
Fang databases for Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) that report the impact of probiotic preparations
on inflammatory cytokines in CKD patients. Outcomes were composed of serum levels of CReactive
Protein (CRP), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), serum urea, creatinine,
uric acid, Para-Cresol Sulfate (PCS), and Indoxyl-Sulfate (IS). The Mean Differences (MDs)
with 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) were considered as effect estimates. Sensitivity analysis and Egger’s
linear regression test were performed to evaluate the stability of results and publication bias. This
study was registered with PROSPERO number CRD42020176557.
Results and Discussion: Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Evidence showed that serum CRP
levels were decreased in the intervention group (WMD, -12.29, 95% CI, -16.41 to -8.16, p = 0). The
IL-6 was significantly reduced only in the prebiotic group (SMD, -0.73, 95% CI, -1.3 to -0.16, p =
0.012). However, no reduction was observed in TNF-α (SMD, -0.07, 95% CI, -0.51 to 0.38, p = 0.772).
Moreover, there was no significant change in serum uremic toxin, including creatine, urea, uric acid,
PCS, and IS.
Conclusion: Probiotic preparations decrease the serum levels of inflammatory cytokines in CKD patients
but do not affect the serum uremic toxin levels. The results of this meta-analysis suggest essential
guidance for treatment decisions in clinical practice.
