Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Drug Metabolism

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1389-2002
ISSN (Online): 1875-5453

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Drug Induced Cutaneous Manifestations due to Treatment of Gastrointestinal Disorders

Author(s): Milica S. Lalosevic, Jovan Lalosevic*, Mihailo Stjepanovic, Marija Stojanovic and Mirjana Stojkovic

Volume 22, Issue 2, 2021

Published on: 16 November, 2020

Page: [99 - 107] Pages: 9

DOI: 10.2174/1389200221999201116143109

Price: $65

Open Access Journals Promotions 2
Abstract

Cutaneous manifestations due to drugs used in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders are multiple and common. Adequate diagnosis is of great importance, bearing in mind that the therapeutic regimen depends on its diagnosis. In this review, we provided an overview of the most common drug-induced skin lesions with a detailed explanation of the disease course, presentation and treatment, having in mind that in recent years, novel therapeutic modalities have been introduced in the treatment of various gastrointestinal disorders, and that incidence of cutaneous adverse reactions has been on the rise.

Keywords: Drug reactions, gastrointestinal disorders, urticaria, angioedema, serum sickness like, fixed drug reactions, vasculitis, drug-induced pemphigus, acneiform eruptions, SJS, TEN, erythroderma.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Ardern-Jones, M.R.; Friedmann, P.S. Skin manifestations of drug allergy. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2011, 71(5), 672-683.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03703.x] [PMID: 21480947]
[2]
Tatum, A.J.; Ditto, A.M.; Patterson, R. Severe serum sickness-like reaction to oral penicillin drugs: three case reports. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol., 2001, 86(3), 330-334.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63308-X] [PMID: 11289334]
[3]
Zuberbier, T.; Aberer, W.; Asero, R.; Abdul Latiff, A.H.; Baker, D.; Ballmer-Weber, B.; Bernstein, J.A.; Bindslev-Jensen, C.; Brzoza, Z.; Buense Bedrikow, R.; Canonica, G.W.; Church, M.K.; Craig, T.; Danilycheva, I.V.; Dressler, C.; Ensina, L.F.; Giménez-Arnau, A.; Godse, K.; Gonçalo, M.; Grattan, C.; Hebert, J.; Hide, M.; Kaplan, A.; Kapp, A.; Katelaris, C.H.; Kocatürk, E.; Kulthanan, K.; Larenas-Linnemann, D.; Leslie, T.A.; Magerl, M.; Mathelier-Fusade, P.; Meshkova, R.Y.; Metz, M.; Nast, A.; Nettis, E.; Oude-Elberink, H.; Rosumeck, S.; Saini, S.S.; Sánchez-Borges, M.; Schmid-Grendelmeier, P.; Staubach, P.; Sussman, G.; Toubi, E.; Vena, G.A.; Vestergaard, C.; Wedi, B.; Werner, R.N.; Zhao, Z.; Maurer, M. Endorsed by the following societies: AAAAI, AAD, AAIITO, ACAAI, AEDV, APAAACI, ASBAI, ASCIA, BAD, BSACI, CDA, CMICA, CSACI, DDG, DDS, DGAKI, DSA, DST, EAACI, EIAS, EDF, EMBRN, ESCD, GA2LEN, IAACI, IADVL, JDA, NVvA, MSAI, ÖGDV, PSA, RAACI, SBD, SFD, SGAI, SGDV, SIAAIC, SIDeMaST, SPDV, TSD, UNBB, UNEV and WAO. The EAACI/GA2LEN/EDF/WAO Guideline for the definition, classification, diagnosis and management of urticaria. Allergy, 2018, 73(7), 1393-1414.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/all.13397] [PMID: 29336054]
[4]
Deacock, S.J. An approach to the patient with urticaria. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 2008, 153(2), 151-161.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03693.x] [PMID: 18713139]
[5]
Shenoy, E.S.; Macy, E.; Rowe, T.; Blumenthal, K.G. Evaluation and management of penicillin allergy: a review. JAMA, 2019, 321(2), 188-199.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.19283] [PMID: 30644987]
[6]
Federman, D.G.; Kirsner, R.S.; Moriarty, J.P.; Concato, J. The effect of antibiotic therapy for patients infected with Helicobacter pylori who have chronic urticaria. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 2003, 49(5), 861-864.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0190-9622(03)00846-6] [PMID: 14576665]
[7]
Kohli, S.; Mahajan, V.K.; Rana, B.S.; Mehta, K.S.; Raina, R.K.; Chauhan, P.S.; Sharma, V.; Rawat, R. Clinicoepidemiologic features of chronic urticaria in patients with versus without subclinical Helicobacter pylori infection: a cross-sectional study of 150 patients. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., 2018, 175(1-2), 114-120.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000485893] [PMID: 29346794]
[8]
Chularojanamontri, L.; Jiamton, S.; Manapajon, A.; Suvanasuthi, S.; Kulthanan, K.; Dhana, N.; Jongjarearnprasert, K. Cutaneous reactions to proton pump inhibitors: a case-control study. J. Drugs Dermatol., 2012, 11(10), e43-e47.
[PMID: 23134998]
[9]
Turedi, O.; Sozener, Z.C.; Kendirlinan, R.; Bavbek, S. A case of pantoprazole anaphylaxis with cross reactivity to all proton pump inhibitors: finding a safe alternative. Curr. Drug Saf., 2017, 12(3), 198-200.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574886312666170711122341] [PMID: 28699491]
[10]
Tursi, A.; Brandimarte, G.; Daffinà, R. Long-term treatment with mesalazine and rifaximin versus rifaximin alone for patients with recurrent attacks of acute diverticulitis of colon. Dig. Liver Dis., 2002, 34(7), 510-515.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1590-8658(02)80110-4] [PMID: 12236485]
[11]
Ladizinski, B.; Lee, K.C. Infliximab-induced urticaria. J. Emerg. Med., 2014, 46(5), 691-692.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2013.10.004] [PMID: 24484626]
[12]
Puxeddu, I.; Giori, L.; Rocchi, V.; Bazzichi, L.; Bombardieri, S.; Tavoni, A.; Migliorini, P.; Del Corso, I. Hypersensitivity reactions during treatment with infliximab, etanercept, and adalimumab. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol., 2012, 108(2), 123-124.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2011.11.004] [PMID: 22289732]
[13]
Chang, Y-S. Hypersensitivity reactions to proton pump inhibitors. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2012, 12(4), 348-353.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ACI.0b013e328355b8d3] [PMID: 22744268]
[14]
Nguyen-Khac, E.; Le Baron, F.; Thevenot, T.; Tiry-Lescut, C.; Tiry, F. Angioedema in Crohn’s disease possibly due to mesalazine. Gastroenterol. Clin. Biol., 2002, 26(5), 535-536.
[PMID: 12122371]
[15]
Xie, C.; Quan, R.; Hong, F.; Zou, K.; Yan, W.; Fu, Y. The culprit of mesalamine intolerance: case series and literature review. BMC Gastroenterol., 2019, 19(1), 138.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12876-019-1049-2] [PMID: 31366329]
[16]
Maya-Epelstein, J.; Morales, A.; Del-Rio-Navarro, B.; Rosas-Vargas, M.Á. Desensitization protocol to methotrexate. Clinical case. Rev. Alerg. Mex., 2012, 59(4), 214-217.
[PMID: 24008032]
[17]
Schnopp, C.; Weins, A. Differential diagnosis of exanthematous skin eruptions. MMW Fortschr. Med., 2019, 161(8), 36-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s15006-019-0453-4] [PMID: 31037667]
[18]
Krajcovicova, A.; Hlavaty, T.; Zelinkova, Z.; Letkovsky, J.; Huorka, M. Delayed hypersensitivity reaction after initial dose of infliximab: a case report. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 2014, 26(4), 485-487.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MEG.0000000000000049] [PMID: 24509644]
[19]
Grosen, A.; Julsgaard, M.; Christensen, L.A. Serum sickness-like reaction due to infliximab reintroduction during pregnancy. J. Crohn’s Colitis, 2013, 7(5), e191.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crohns.2012.10.006] [PMID: 23102649]
[20]
Scherlinger, M.; Schaeverbeke, T.; Truchetet, M-E. Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire ACRONIM. Serum sickness-like disease after switching to biosimilar infliximab. Rheumatology (Oxford), 2017, 56(11), 2032-2034.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kex268] [PMID: 28977481]
[21]
Ben Fadhel, N.; Chaabane, A.; Ammar, H.; Ben Romdhane, H.; Soua, Y.; Chadli, Z.; Zili, J.; Boughattas, N.A.; Ben Fredj, N.; Aouam, K. Clinical features, culprit drugs, and allergology workup in 41 cases of fixed drug eruption. Contact Dermat., 2019, 81(5), 336-340.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cod.13351] [PMID: 31291002]
[22]
Salman, A.; Seckin Gencosmanoglu, D.; Alahdab, Y.O.; Giménez-Arnau, A.M. Mesalazine-induced bullous fixed drug eruption. Contact Dermat., 2018, 79(1), 34-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cod.12972] [PMID: 29446099]
[23]
Kanwar, A.J.; Singh, M.; Yunus, M.; Belhaj, M.S. Fixed eruption to sulphasalazine. Dermatologica, 1987, 174(2)
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000248997] [PMID: 2881814]
[24]
Kawada, A.; Kobayashi, T.; Noguchi, H.; Hiruma, M.; Ishibashi, A.; Marshall, J. Fixed drug eruption induced by sulfasalazine. Contact Dermat., 1996, 34(2), 155-156.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1996.tb02161.x] [PMID: 8681558]
[25]
Coward, S.; Kuenzig, M.E.; Hazlewood, G.; Clement, F.; McBrien, K.; Holmes, R.; Panaccione, R.; Ghosh, S.; Seow, C.H.; Rezaie, A.; Kaplan, G.G. Comparative effectiveness of mesalamine, sulfasalazine, corticosteroids, and budesonide for the induction of remission in Crohn’s disease: a bayesian network meta-analysis. Inflamm. Bowel Dis., 2017, 23(3), 461-472.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MIB.0000000000001023] [PMID: 28146003]
[26]
Boussemart, L.; Jacobelli, S.; Batteux, F.; Goulvestre, C.; Grange, P.; Carlotti, A.; Morini, J.P.; Gorin, I.; Ziza, J.M.; Avril, M.F.; Dupin, N. Autoimmune bullous skin diseases occurring under anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy: two case reports. Dermatology, 2010, 221(3), 201-205.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000318008] [PMID: 20720390]
[27]
Whitworth, J.M.; Thomas, I.; Peltz, S.A.; Sullivan, B.C.; Wolf, A.H.; Cytryn, A.S. Vancomycin-induced linear IgA bullous dermatosis (LABD). J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 1996, 34(5 Pt 2), 890-891.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0190-9622(96)90073-0] [PMID: 8621822]
[28]
Odeh, M.; Lurie, M.; Oliven, A. Cutaneous leucocytoclastic vasculitis associated with omeprazole. Postgrad. Med. J., 2002, 78(916), 114-115.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/pmj.78.916.114] [PMID: 11807212]
[29]
Jacobs-Kosmin, D.; Derk, C.T.; Sandorfi, N. Pantoprazole and perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. J. Rheumatol., 2006, 33(3), 629-632.
[PMID: 16482642]
[30]
Muzaffar, M.; Taj, A.; Sethi, N.; Kaw, D. Rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis secondary to henoch-schonlein purpura treated with mycophenolate mofetil: a case report with atypical etiology and presentation. Am. J. Ther., 2010, 17(5), e163-e166.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MJT.0b013e3181b0a713] [PMID: 19636243]
[31]
Fayaz, M.; Sultan, A.; Nawaz, M.; Sultan, N. Mesalazine-induced eosinophilic variant of Wegener’s granulomatosis in an ulcerative colitis patient. J. Ayub Med. Coll. Abbottabad, 2009, 21(4), 171-173.
[PMID: 21067054]
[32]
Sinico, R.A.; Sabadini, E.; Maresca, A.M. Mesalazine-induced Churg-Strauss syndrome in a patient with Crohn’s disease and sclerosing cholangitis. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol., 2006, 24(2)(Suppl. 41), S104.
[PMID: 16859609]
[33]
Chebli, J.M.F.; de Oliveira Moreira, B.; da Rocha Ribeiro, T.C. An unusual cause of skin rash in Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology, 2018, 155(3), 618-620.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2018.01.061] [PMID: 29409941]
[34]
Bernardes, C.; Carvalho, D.; Saiote, J.; Ramos, J. Leukocytoclastic vasculitis complicating adalimumab therapy for Crohn’s disease: report of three cases. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 2018, 41(7), 442-443.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gastrohep.2017.08.004] [PMID: 29054318]
[35]
Laresche, C.; Locatelli, F.; Biver-Dalle, C.; Nachury, M.; Heyd, B.; Koch, S.; Aubin, F. Severe Henoch-Schönlein purpura complicating infliximab therapy for ulcerative colitis. Cutis, 2017, 99(1), E20-E22.
[PMID: 28207014]
[36]
Kazandjieva, J.; Tsankov, N. Drug-induced acne. Clin. Dermatol., 2017, 35(2), 156-162.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2016.10.007] [PMID: 28274352]
[37]
Guillot, B. Glucocorticoid-induced cutaneous adverse events. Rev. Med. Interne, 2013, 34(5), 310-314.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.revmed.2012.12.004] [PMID: 23312116]
[38]
Zaenglein, A.L. Acne Vulgaris. N. Engl. J. Med., 2018, 379(14), 1343-1352.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp1702493] [PMID: 30281982]
[39]
Galimont-Collen, A.F.S.; Vos, L.E.; Lavrijsen, A.P.M.; Ouwerkerk, J.; Gelderblom, H. Classification and management of skin, hair, nail and mucosal side-effects of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors. Eur. J. Cancer, 2007, 43(5), 845-851.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2006.11.016] [PMID: 17289377]
[40]
Sun, G.; Wasko, C.A.; Hsu, S. Acneiform eruption following anti-TNF-alpha treatment: a report of three cases. J. Drugs Dermatol., 2008, 7(1), 69-71.
[PMID: 18246701]
[41]
Magdaleno-Tapial, J.; Ferrer-Guillén, B.; Valenzuela-Oñate, C.; Esteve- Martínez, A. Acneiform eruption induced by vedolizumab. Dermatol. Online J., 2018, 24(10), 13030/qt0vg996xr.
[PMID: 30677821]
[42]
Kara, A.; Alatas, E.; Dogan, G.; Celik, S.Y.; Tanriverdi, O. A first case report of diffuse acneiform eruption caused by capecitabine in a patient with small-cell neuroendocrine lung carcinoma. J. Oncol. Pharm. Pract., 2016, 22(5), 717-719.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078155215587542] [PMID: 25994157]
[43]
Borucki, R.; Werth, V.P. Cutaneous lupus erythematosus induced by drugs - novel insights. Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol., 2020, 13(1), 35-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17512433.2020.1698290] [PMID: 31774327]
[44]
Vaglio, A.; Grayson, P.C.; Fenaroli, P.; Gianfreda, D.; Boccaletti, V.; Ghiggeri, G.M.; Moroni, G. Drug-induced lupus: traditional and new concepts. Autoimmun. Rev., 2018, 17(9), 912-918.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2018.03.016] [PMID: 30005854]
[45]
Skovmøller, K. B.; Bygum, A. When drugs induce cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Ugeskr. Laeg., 2018, 180(41)
[46]
He, Y.; Sawalha, A.H. Drug-induced lupus erythematosus: an update on drugs and mechanisms. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol., 2018, 30(5), 490-497.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/BOR.0000000000000522] [PMID: 29870500]
[47]
Leung, A.K.C.; Leong, K.F.; Lam, J.M. Erythema nodosum. World J. Pediatr., 2018, 14(6), 548-554.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12519-018-0191-1] [PMID: 30269303]
[48]
Toh, J.W.T.; Salindera, S.; Sarofim, M.; Turner, C.; Patapanian, H. An unusual cause of bilateral lower limb pitting oedema: Crohn’s septal panniculitis diagnostic of erythema nodosum. ANZ J. Surg., 2018, 88(6), E566-E567.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ans.13507] [PMID: 27060919]
[49]
Borroni, G.; Torti, S.; D’Ospina, R.M.; Pezzini, C. Drug-induced panniculitides. G. Ital. Dermatol. Venereol., 2014, 149(2), 263-270.
[PMID: 24819647]
[50]
Oakley, A.M.; Badri, T. Photosensitivity. StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing: Treasure Island, FL; , 2020.
[51]
Monteiro, A.F.; Rato, M.; Martins, C. Drug-induced photosensitivity: Photoallergic and phototoxic reactions. Clin. Dermatol., 2016, 34(5), 571-581.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2016.05.006] [PMID: 27638435]
[52]
Kondo, S.; Kagaya, M.; Yamada, Y.; Matsusaka, H.; Jimbow, K. UVB photosensitivity due to ranitidine. Dermatology, 2000, 201(1), 71-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000018437] [PMID: 10971068]
[53]
Piraccini, B.M.; Iorizzo, M.; Rech, G.; Tosti, A. Drug-induced hair disorders. Curr. Drug Saf., 2006, 1(3), 301-305.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157488606777934477] [PMID: 18690941]
[54]
Chan, A.L.F.; Wang, H-Y. Reversibility of tacrolimus-induced alopecia : a case report and literature review. Clin. Drug Investig., 2003, 23(9), 611-614.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00044011-200323090-00008] [PMID: 17535075]
[55]
Kanwar, A.J.; Narang, T. Anagen effluvium. Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol., 2013, 79(5), 604-612.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0378-6323.116728] [PMID: 23974578]
[56]
Nomura, H.; Kurihara, Y.; Saito, M.; Fukushima, A.; Shintani, Y.; Shiiyama, R.; Toshima, S.; Kamata, A.; Yamagami, J.; Funakoshi, T.; Kameyama, K.; Amagai, M.; Kubo, A.; Umegaki-Arao, N. Azathioprine-induced alopecia and leukopenia associated with NUDT15 polymorphisms. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol., 2018, 32(10), e386-e389.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jdv.15028] [PMID: 29704867]
[57]
Nantes Castillejo, O.; Zozaya Urmeneta, J.M.; Valcayo Peñalba, A.; Martínez-Peñuela Virseda, J.M. Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis induced by omeprazole. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 2008, 31(5), 295-298.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1157/13119883] [PMID: 18448060]
[58]
Rocci, E.; Park, K.; Hutchens, K.; Winterfield, L. First report of mesalamine (5-aminosalicylic acid) as the causative agent in a case of acute generalized exanthamous pustulosis. Dermatol. Online J., 2017, 23(1), 13030/qt7046n97m.
[PMID: 28329471]
[59]
Kawaguchi, M.; Mitsuhashi, Y.; Kondo, S. Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis induced by salazosulfapyridine in a patient with ulcerative colitis. J. Dermatol., 1999, 26(6), 359-362.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1346-8138.1999.tb03488.x] [PMID: 10405480]
[60]
Cohen, P.R. Proton pump inhibitor-induced Sweet’s syndrome: report of acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis in a woman with recurrent breast cancer. Dermatol. Pract. Concept., 2015, 5(2), 113-119.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5826/dpc.0502a23] [PMID: 26114067]
[61]
Patel, A.V.; Jotwani, P.M.; Sultan, K.S. Azathioprine-induced sweet syndrome treated with infliximab. Am. J. Ther., 2019, 26(5), e616-e617.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MJT.0000000000000820] [PMID: 30074533]
[62]
Qiu, Z.; Liu, H.; He, L.; Ma, Y.; Song, H.; Bai, W.; Yu, M. Proton pump inhibitor-induced exfoliative dermatitis: a case report. Exp. Ther. Med., 2016, 11(2), 543-546.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/etm.2015.2926] [PMID: 26893644]
[63]
Iemoli, E.; Piconi, S.; Ardizzone, S.; Bianchi Porro, G.; Raimond, F. Erythroderma and toxic epidermal necrolysis caused by to 5-aminosalacylic acid. Inflamm. Bowel Dis., 2006, 12(10), 1007-1008.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.mib.0000231569.43065.a4] [PMID: 17012974]
[64]
el-Azhary, R.A.; Lehman, J.S. Exfoliative erythroderma after tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitor therapy. Int. J. Dermatol., 2016, 55(4), e214-e215.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijd.13273] [PMID: 26917358]
[65]
Descamps, V.; Ranger-Rogez, S. DRESS syndrome. Joint Bone Spine, 2014, 81(1), 15-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2013.05.002] [PMID: 23816504]
[66]
Mockenhaupt, M. Epidemiology of cutaneous adverse drug reactions. Chem. Immunol. Allergy, 2012, 97, 1-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000335612] [PMID: 22613850]
[67]
Harr, T.; French, L.E. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Chem. Immunol. Allergy, 2012, 97, 149-166.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000335627] [PMID: 22613860]
[68]
Mockenhaupt, M. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: clinical patterns, diagnostic considerations, etiology, and therapeutic management. Semin. Cutan. Med. Surg., 2014, 33(1), 10-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.12788/j.sder.0058] [PMID: 25037254]
[69]
Lalosevic, J.; Nikolic, M.; Gajic-Veljic, M.; Skiljevic, D.; Medenica, L. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a 20-year single-center experience. Int. J. Dermatol., 2015, 54(8), 978-984.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijd.12702] [PMID: 25385069]
[70]
Zhang, Y.; Wang, J.; Zhao, L-M.; Peng, W.; Shen, G-Q.; Xue, L.; Zheng, X-X.; He, X-J.; Gong, C-Y.; Miao, L-Y. Strong association between HLA-B*1502 and carbamazepine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in mainland Han Chinese patients. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2011, 67(9), 885-887.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00228-011-1009-4] [PMID: 21424386]
[71]
Auquier-Dunant, A.; Mockenhaupt, M.; Naldi, L.; Correia, O.; Schröder, W.; Roujeau, J-C. SCAR Study Group. severe cutaneous adverse reactions. Correlations between clinical patterns and causes of erythema multiforme majus, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis: results of an international prospective study. Arch. Dermatol., 2002, 138(8), 1019-1024.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archderm.138.8.1019] [PMID: 12164739]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
48
1
Wayfinder Image
Open Access Journals Promotions
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy