Generic placeholder image

Current Nanomedicine

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 2468-1873
ISSN (Online): 2468-1881

Review Article

Natural and Nanotechnology Based Treatment: An Alternative Approach to Psoriasis

Author(s): Nishu Yadav*, Rohan Aggarwal, Monika Targhotra, Prabhat K. Sahoo and Meenakshi K. Chauhan

Volume 11, Issue 1, 2021

Published on: 22 October, 2020

Page: [21 - 39] Pages: 19

DOI: 10.2174/2468187310999201022192318

Price: $65

Open Access Journals Promotions 2
Abstract

Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease of the skin that is chronic, inflammatory, recurring, and affects about 2-5 percent of the population of the world. For treating psoriasis, ample drugs and molecules are available. However, none are safe and efficient for treating the disease without sacrificing the compliance of the patient. Also, existing medications are intended to mitigate the signs and symptoms and 100% cure is not achieved. They do, however, concentrate on treating the illness and relieving the symptoms. Therefore, finding a delivery mechanism that can treat psoriasis safely and efficiently without sacrificing patient enforcement remains a critical task. Nano based formulations present a high prospect of overcoming the weakness of traditional formulations by providing dose reductions, reduced side effects, and dosage frequency with improved efficacy while herbal medicinal products can also be used as potential drugs against psoriasis as they are easily available and are safe. This review focuses primarily on the traditional strategies and recent discoveries of a range of anti-psoriatic drugs in metallic, polymer, and herbal-based formulations. Nanocarriers such as nanoparticles, dendrimers, micelles, nano-capsules, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), ethosome, liposomes have been elaborated. Also, studies relating to the use of Phyto based plants in psoriasis has been discussed. Nano and herbal based formulations, in a nutshell, remain known as a promising approach for treating psoriasis.

Keywords: Psoriasis, conventional therapies, nanotechnology, herbal treatment, nanocarriers, autoimmune disease.

Graphical Abstract
[1]
Clark RA. Gone but not forgotten: lesional memory in psoriatic skin. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131(2): 283-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jid.2010.374] [PMID: 21228808]
[2]
Globe D, Bayliss MS, Harrison DJ. The impact of itch symptoms in psoriasis: results from physician interviews and patient focus groups. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2009; 7(1): 62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-7-62] [PMID: 19580674]
[3]
Albanes C. Immunology of Psoriasis. Clinical Immunology (5th Ed.) Principles and Practice. 2019; 871-878.e1.
[4]
Kaur I, Kumar B, Sharma KV, Kaur S. Epidemiology of psoriasis in a clinic from north India. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 1986; 52(4): 208-12.
[PMID: 28150642]
[5]
Bedi TR. Psoriasis in North India. Geographical variations. Dermatologica 1977; 155(5): 310-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000250983] [PMID: 902843]
[6]
Swanbeck G, Inerot A, Martinsson T, Wahlström J. A population genetic study of psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1994; 131(1): 32-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1994.tb08454.x] [PMID: 8043420]
[7]
Farber EM, Nall L. Epidemiology: natural history and genetics.Psoriasis. 1998; pp. 107-57. New York: Dekker
[8]
Fernandes AR, Martins-Gomes C, Santini A, et al. Psoriasis vulgaris Pathophysiology of the disease and its classical treatment versus new drug delivery systems. Des Nanostructures Versatile Ther Appl 2018; 379-406.
[9]
Rendon A, Schäkel K. Psoriasis Pathogenesis and Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20(6)E1475
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20061475] [PMID: 30909615]
[10]
Gisondi P, Del Giglio M, Girolomoni G. Treatment Approaches to Moderate to Severe Psoriasis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18(11): 2427.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms18112427] [PMID: 29144382]
[11]
Garg T, Rath G, Goyal AK. Nanotechnological approaches for the effective management of psoriasis. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol 2016; 44(6): 1374-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/21691401.2015.1037885] [PMID: 25919064]
[12]
Griffiths CEM, Christophers E, Barker JNWN, et al. A classification of psoriasis vulgaris according to phenotype. Br J Dermatol 2007; 156(2): 258-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07675.x] [PMID: 17223864]
[13]
Henley ND. Rapid-onset skin rash. Guttate psoriasis. Am Fam Physician 2012; 86(4): 361-2.
[PMID: 22963026]
[14]
Balato N, Di Costanzo L, Balato A. Differential diagnosis of psoriasis. J Rheumatol Suppl 2009; 83(0): 24-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.090216] [PMID: 19661533]
[15]
Liao W, Singh R, Lee K. ucmak derya, Brodsky M, Atanelov Z, Hao Zhu, T. Erythrodermic psoriasis: pathophysiology and current treatment perspectives. Psoriasis. Targets and Therapy 2014; 6: 93-104.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/ptt.s101232]
[16]
Viguier M, Pagès C, Aubin F, et al. Groupe Français de Recherche sur le Psoriasis. Efficacy and safety of biologics in erythrodermic psoriasis: a multicentre, retrospective study. Br J Dermatol 2012; 167(2): 417-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.10940.x] [PMID: 22413927]
[17]
Rosenbach M, Hsu S, Korman NJ, et al. National Psoriasis Foundation Medical Board. Treatment of erythrodermic psoriasis: from the medical board of the National Psoriasis Foundation. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010; 62(4): 655-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2009.05.048] [PMID: 19665821]
[18]
Mishra V, Daniel RC, Elmets CA, Levin A, Elewski BE. Palmoplantar pustulosis with fulminant dystrophic 20-nail psoriasis in a patient receiving adalimumab therapy. J Drugs Dermatol 2013; 12(1): 16-7.
[PMID: 23377322]
[19]
Napolitano M, Caso F, Scarpa R, et al. Psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis: differential diagnosis. Clin Rheumatol 2016; 35(8): 1893-901.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10067-016-3295-9] [PMID: 27156076]
[20]
Moll JM, Wright V. Psoriatic arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1973; 3(1): 55-78.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0049-0172(73)90035-8] [PMID: 4581554]
[21]
Egeberg A, Khalid U, Gislason GH, Mallbris L, Skov L, Hansen PR. Association of psoriatic disease with Uveitis: a Danish nationwide cohort study. JAMA Dermatol 2015; 151(11): 1200-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.1986] [PMID: 26222707]
[22]
Scarpa R, Manguso F, D’Arienzo A, et al. Microscopic inflammatory changes in colon of patients with both active psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis without bowel symptoms. J Rheumatol 2000; 27(5): 1241-6.
[PMID: 10813294]
[23]
Costa L, Caso F, D’Elia L, et al. Psoriatic arthritis is associated with increased arterial stiffness in the absence of known cardiovascular risk factors: a case control study. Clin Rheumatol 2012; 31(4): 711-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10067-011-1892-1] [PMID: 22113824]
[24]
Costa L, Caso F, Ramonda R, et al. Metabolic syndrome and its relationship with the achievement of minimal disease activity state in psoriatic arthritis patients: an observational study. Immunol Res 2015; 61(1-2): 147-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12026-014-8595-z] [PMID: 25395342]
[25]
Ogdie A, Weiss P. The Epidemiology of Psoriatic Arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2015; 41(4): 545-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rdc.2015.07.001] [PMID: 26476218]
[26]
Das RP, Jain AK, Ramesh V. Current concepts in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Indian J Dermatol 2009; 54(1): 7-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.48977] [PMID: 20049260]
[27]
Fraga NA, Oliveira MdeF, Follador I, Rocha BdeO, Rêgo VR. Psoriasis and uveitis: a literature review. An Bras Dermatol 2012; 87(6): 877-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0365-05962012000600009] [PMID: 23197207]
[28]
Di Meglio P, Villanova F, Nestle FO. Psoriasis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4(8): a015354-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a015354] [PMID: 25085957]
[29]
Schadler ED, Ortel B, Mehlis SL. Biologics for the primary care physician: Review and treatment of psoriasis. Dis Mon 2019; 65(3): 51-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2018.06.001] [PMID: 30037762]
[30]
Kamiya K, Kishimoto M, Sugai J, Komine M, Ohtsuki M. Risk Factors for the Development of Psoriasis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20(18): 4347.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20184347] [PMID: 31491865]
[31]
Morizane S, Gallo RL. Antimicrobial peptides in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. J Dermatol 2012; 39(3): 225-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1346-8138.2011.01483.x] [PMID: 22352846]
[32]
Morizane S, Yamasaki K, Mühleisen B, et al. Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide LL-37 in psoriasis enables keratinocyte reactivity against TLR9 ligands. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132(1): 135-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jid.2011.259] [PMID: 21850017]
[33]
Gregorio J, Meller S, Conrad C, et al. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells sense skin injury and promote wound healing through type I interferons. J Exp Med 2010; 207(13): 2921-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20101102] [PMID: 21115688]
[34]
Blauvelt A, Chiricozzi A. The Immunologic Role of IL-17 in Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis Pathogenesis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2018; 55(3): 379-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12016-018-8702-3] [PMID: 30109481]
[35]
Nestle FO, Turka LA, Nickoloff BJ. Characterization of dermal dendritic cells in psoriasis. Autostimulation of T lymphocytes and induction of Th1 type cytokines. J Clin Invest 1994; 94(1): 202-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI117308] [PMID: 8040262]
[36]
Garg T, Rath G, Goyal AK. Ancient and advanced approaches for the treatment of an inflammatory autoimmune disease-psoriasis Critical Reviews™ in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems 2014; 31(4): 331-65.
[37]
Mahović D, Mrsić F. Acupuncture as a Complementary Method of Traditional Psoriasis Treatment: Myth or Reality? Acta Dermatovenerol Croat 2016; 24(3): 221-2.
[PMID: 27663925]
[38]
Mehta CS, Dave AR, Shukla VD. A clinical study of some Ayurvedic compound drugs in the assessment quality of life of patients with Eka Kushtha (psoriasis). Ayu 2011; 32(3): 333-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0974-8520.93909] [PMID: 22529646]
[39]
Philip D. Herbal Treatment for Dermatologic Disorders Chapter 18,book -Herbal drugs -Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects. 2nd Ed. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis 2011.
[40]
Abels DJ, Rose T, Bearman JE. Treatment of psoriasis at a Dead Sea dermatology clinic. Int J Dermatol 1995; 34(2): 134-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4362.1995.tb03599.x] [PMID: 7737775]
[41]
Riyaz N, Arakkal FR. Spa therapy in dermatology. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2011; 77(2): 128-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0378-6323.77450] [PMID: 21393940]
[42]
Christine L-L, Florence S, Geneviève C, et al. Saline Spa Water or Combined Water and UV-B for Psoriasis vs Conventional UV-BLessons From the Salies de Béarn Randomized Study. Arch Dermatol 2001; 137(8): 1035-9.
[43]
Sathyanarayana Rao TS, Basavaraj KH, Das K. Psychosomatic paradigms in psoriasis: Psoriasis, stress and mental health. Indian J Psychiatry 2013; 55(4): 313-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.120531] [PMID: 24459298]
[44]
Lesiak A, Narbutt J, Pawlaczyk M, Sysa-Jedrzejowska A, Krzyścin J. Vitamin D serum level changes in psoriatic patients treated with narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy are related to the season of the irradiation. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2011; 27(6): 304-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0781.2011.00617.x] [PMID: 22092734]
[45]
Gupta M, Agrawal U, Vyas SP. Nanocarrier-based topical drug delivery for the treatment of skin diseases. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 9(7): 783-804.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/17425247.2012.686490] [PMID: 22559240]
[46]
Kim WB, Jerome D, Yeung J. Diagnosis and management of psoriasis. Can Fam Physician 2017; 63(4): 278-85.
[PMID: 28404701]
[47]
Smith J, Cline A, Feldman SR. Advances in Psoriasis. South Med J 2017; 110(1): 65-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14423/SMJ.0000000000000596] [PMID: 28052180]
[48]
Dogra S, Mahajan R. Psoriasis: Epidemiology, clinical features, co-morbidities, and clinical scoring. Indian Dermatol Online J 2016; 7(6): 471-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2229-5178.193906] [PMID: 27990381]
[49]
Lebwohl M, Freeman AK, Chapman MS, Feldman SR, Hartle JE, Henning A. Tacrolimus Ointment Study Group. Tacrolimus ointment is effective for facial and intertriginous psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004; 51(5): 723-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2004.07.011] [PMID: 15523350]
[50]
Berger TG, Duvic M, Van Voorhees AS, VanBeek MJ, Frieden IJ. American Academy of Dermatology Association Task Force. The use of topical calcineurin inhibitors in dermatology: safety concerns. Report of the American Academy of Dermatology Association Task Force. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006; 54(5): 818-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2006.01.054] [PMID: 16635663]
[51]
Wang C, Lin A. Efficacy of topical calcineurin inhibitors in psoriasis. J Cutan Med Surg 2014; 18(1): 8-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/7750.2013.13059] [PMID: 24377467]
[52]
Bruner CR, Feldman SR, Ventrapragada M, Fleischer AB Jr. A systematic review of adverse effects associated with topical treatments for psoriasis. Dermatol Online J 2003; 9(1): 2.
[PMID: 12639460]
[53]
Ashcroft DM, Po AL, Williams HC, Griffiths CE. Systematic review of comparative efficacy and tolerability of calcipotriol in treating chronic plaque psoriasis. BMJ 2000; 320(7240): 963-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7240.963] [PMID: 10753146]
[54]
Hannuksela-Svahn A, Pukkala E, Läärä E, Poikolainen K, Karvonen J. Psoriasis, its treatment, and cancer in a cohort of Finnish patients. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 114(3): 587-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00898.x] [PMID: 10692122]
[55]
Lam J, Polifka JE, Dohil MA. Safety of dermatologic drugs used in pregnant patients with psoriasis and other inflammatory skin diseases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008; 59(2): 295-315.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2008.03.018] [PMID: 18410980]
[56]
McGill A, Frank A, Emmett N, Turnbull DM. Birch- Machin MA, Reynolds NJ. The antipsoriatic drug anthralin accumulates in keratinocyte mitochondria, dissipates mitochondrial membrane potential, and induces apoptosis through a pathway dependent on respiratory competent mitochondria. FASEB J 2005; 19(8): 1012-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fj.04-2664fje] [PMID: 15802490]
[57]
Koo J, Cuffie CA, Tanner DJ, et al. Mometasone furoate 0.1%-salicylic acid 5% ointment versus mometasone furoate 0.1% ointment in the treatment of moderate-to-severe psoriasis: a multicenter study. Clin Ther 1998; 20(2): 283-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2918(98)80091-X] [PMID: 9589819]
[58]
Weinstein GD, Krueger GG, Lowe NJ, et al. Tazarotene gel, a new retinoid, for topical therapy of psoriasis: vehicle-controlled study of safety, efficacy, and duration of therapeutic effect. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997; 37(1): 85-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0190-9622(97)70216-0] [PMID: 9216528]
[59]
Chandraratna RA. Tazarotene: the first receptor-selective topical retinoid for the treatment of psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997; 37(2 Pt 3): S12-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0190-9622(97)80395-7] [PMID: 9270551]
[60]
Esgleyes-Ribot T, Chandraratna RA, Lew-Kaya DA, Sefton J, Duvic M. Response of psoriasis to a new topical retinoid, AGN 190168. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994; 30(4): 581-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0190-9622(94)70066-4] [PMID: 7512583]
[61]
van de Kerkhof PC, Barker J, Griffiths CE, et al. Psoriasis: consensus on topical therapies. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2008; 22(7): 859-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2007.02534.x] [PMID: 18081748]
[62]
Menter A, Griffiths CE. Current and future management of psoriasis. Lancet 2007; 370(9583): 272-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61129-5] [PMID: 17658398]
[63]
Katz HI, Hien NT, Prawer SE, Mastbaum LI, Mooney JJ, Samson CR. Superpotent topical steroid treatment of psoriasis vulgaris--clinical efficacy and adrenal function. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987; 16(4): 804-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0190-9622(87)70105-4] [PMID: 3553247]
[64]
Kornhauser A, Coelho SG, Hearing VJ. Applications of hydroxy acids: classification, mechanisms, and photoactivity. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2010; 3: 135-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S9042] [PMID: 21437068]
[65]
Ali MF, Salah M, Rafea M, Saleh N. Liposomal methotrexate hydrogel for treatment of localized psoriasis: preparation, characterization and laser targeting. Med Sci Monit 2008; 14(12): PI66-74.
[PMID: 19043379]
[66]
Srisuk P, Thongnopnua P, Raktanonchai U, Kanokpanont S. Physico-chemical characteristics of methotrexate-entrapped oleic acid-containing deformable liposomes for in vitro transepidermal delivery targeting psoriasis treatment. Int J Pharm 2012; 427(2): 426-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.01.045] [PMID: 22310459]
[67]
Sachan AK, Gupta A. A Review on Nanotized Herbal Drugs. IJPSR 2015; 6(3): 961-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.6(3).961-70]
[68]
Katare OP, Raza K, Singh B, Dogra S. Novel drug delivery systems in topical treatment of psoriasis: rigors and vigors. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2010; 76(6): 612-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0378-6323.72451] [PMID: 21079304]
[69]
Singh D, Pradhan M, Shrivastava S, Murthy SN, Singh MR. Chapter 11 – skin autoimmune disorders: lipid biopolymers and colloidal delivery systems for topical delivery A2 - Grumezescu, Alexandru MihaiNanobiomaterials in Galenic Formulations and Cosmetics William Andrew Publishing. 2016; pp. 257-96.
[70]
Pischon H, Radbruch M, Ostrowski A, et al. Stratum corneum targeting by dendritic core-multishell-nanocarriers in a mouse model of psoriasis. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 13(1): 317-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2016.09.004] [PMID: 27697619]
[71]
Matsumura Y, Ananthaswamy HN. Toxic effects of ultraviolet radiation on the skin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 195(3): 298-308.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2003.08.019] [PMID: 15020192]
[72]
Hoffman MB, Hill D, Feldman SR. Current challenges and emerging drug delivery strategies for the treatment of psoriasis. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 13(10): 1461-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17425247.2016.1188801] [PMID: 27164301]
[73]
Pradhan M, Singh D, Singh MR. Novel colloidal carriers for psoriasis: current issues, mechanistic insight and novel delivery approaches. J Control Release 2013; 170(3): 380-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.05.020] [PMID: 23770117]
[74]
Rawat M, Singh D, Saraf S, Saraf S. Nanocarriers: promising vehicle for bioactive drugs. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29(9): 1790-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/bpb.29.1790] [PMID: 16946487]
[75]
Singh D, Pradhan M, Nag M, Singh MR. Vesicular system: Versatile carrier for transdermal delivery of bioactives. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol 2015; 43(4): 282-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/21691401.2014.883401] [PMID: 24564350]
[76]
Goyal R, Macri LK, Kaplan HM, Kohn J. Nanoparticles and nanofibers for topical drug delivery. J Control Release 2016; 240: 77-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.10.049] [PMID: 26518723]
[77]
Bouwstra JA, Honeywell-Nguyen PL, Gooris GS, Ponec M. Structure of the skin barrier and its modulation by vesicular formulations. Prog Lipid Res 2003; 42(1): 1-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0163-7827(02)00028-0] [PMID: 12467638]
[78]
Bhandari KH, Newa M, Yoon SI, et al. Evaluation of skin permeation and accumulation profiles of ketorolac fatty esters. J Pharm Pharm Sci 2007; 10(3): 278-87.
[PMID: 17727791]
[79]
Zhang Y, Huang L. Liposomal delivery system Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications. 2020; pp. 145-52.
[80]
Martins S, Sarmento B, Ferreira DC, Souto EB. Lipid-based colloidal carriers for peptide and protein delivery–liposomes versus lipid nanoparticles. Int J Nanomed 2007; 2(4): 595-607.
[81]
Gregoriades G, Florence AT, Patel HM. Liposomes in drug delivery Amesterdam Harwood Academic Publishers. 1993.
[82]
Hua S, Wu SY. The use of lipid-based nanocarriers for targeted pain therapies. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4: 143.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2013.00143] [PMID: 24319430]
[83]
Sercombe L, Veerati T, Moheimani F, Wu SY, Sood AK, Hua S. Advances and Challenges of Liposome Assisted Drug Delivery. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6: 286.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2015.00286] [PMID: 26648870]
[84]
Chen Ji, Ma Yanqiao, Tao Yueying, et al. Formulation and evaluation of a topical liposomal gel containing a combination of zedoary turmeric oil and tretinoin for psoriasis activity. 2020; 1-15.
[85]
Nagle A, et al. Efficacy study of vesicular gel containing methotrexate and menthol combination on parakeratotic rat skin model. J Liposome Res 2011; 21(2): 134-40.
[86]
Walunj M, Doppalapudi S, Bulbake U, Khan W. Preparation, characterization, and in vivo evaluation of cyclosporine cationic liposomes for the treatment of psoriasis. J Liposome Res 2020; 30(1): 68-79.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08982104.2019.1593449] [PMID: 30897993]
[87]
Knudsen NØ, Rønholt S, Salte RD, et al. Calcipotriol delivery into the skin with PEGylated liposomes. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 81(3): 532-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.04.005] [PMID: 22538098]
[88]
Mahale NB, Thakkar PD, Mali RG, Walunj DR, Chaudhari SR. Niosomes: novel sustained release nonionic stable vesicular systems--an overview. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 183-184: 46-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2012.08.002] [PMID: 22947187]
[89]
Handjani-Vila RM, Ribier A, Rondot B, Vanlerberghie G. Dispersions of lamellar phases of non-ionic lipids in cosmetic products. Int J Cosmet Sci 1979; 1(5): 303-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2494.1979.tb00224.x] [PMID: 19467076]
[90]
Azeem A, Anwer MK, Talegaonkar S. Niosomes in sustained and targeted drug delivery: some recent advances. J Drug Target 2009; 17(9): 671-89.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10611860903079454] [PMID: 19845484]
[91]
Ge X, Wei M, He S, Yuan WE. Advances of non-ionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes) and their application in drug delivery. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11(2): 55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11020055] [PMID: 30700021]
[92]
Ag Seleci D, Selec M, Walter JG, Stahl F, Scheper T. Niosomes as Nanoparticular Drug Carriers: Fundamentals and Recent Applications. J Nanomater 2016; 2019: 1-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7372306]
[93]
Bhardwaj P, Tripathi P, Gupta R, Pandey S. Niosomes: A review on niosomal research in the last decade. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020; 56: 101581.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101581]
[94]
Abdelbary AA, AbouGhaly MH. Design and optimization of topical methotrexate loaded niosomes for enhanced management of psoriasis: application of Box-Behnken design, in-vitro evaluation and in-vivo skin deposition study. Int J Pharm 2015; 485(1-2): 235-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.03.020] [PMID: 25773359]
[95]
Agarwal R, Katare OP, Vyas SP. Preparation and in vitro evaluation of liposomal/niosomal delivery systems for antipsoriatic drug dithranol. Int J Pharm 2001; 228(1-2): 43-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-5173(01)00810-9] [PMID: 11576767]
[96]
Abu Hashim II, Abo El-Magd NF, El-Sheakh AR, Hamed MF, Abd El-Gawad AEH. Pivotal role of Acitretin nanovesicular gel for effective treatment of psoriasis: ex vivo-in vivo evaluation study. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13: 1059-79.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S156412] [PMID: 29503541]
[97]
Ascenso A, Raposo S, Batista C, et al. Development, characterization, and skin delivery studies of related ultradeformable vesicles: transfersomes, ethosomes, and transethosomes. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10: 5837-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S86186] [PMID: 26425085]
[98]
Manosro A, Jantrawut P, Khositsuntiwong N, Manosroi W, Manosroi J. Novel Elastic Nanovesicles for Cosmeceutical and Pharmaceutical Applications. Warasan Khana Witthayasat Maha Witthayalai Chiang Mai 2009; 36(2): 168-78.
[99]
Jun-Bo T, Zhuang-Qun Y, Xi-Jing H, et al. Effect of ethosomal minoxidil on dermal delivery and hair cycle of C57BL/6 mice. J Dermatol Sci 2007; 45(2): 135-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2006.09.007] [PMID: 17074469]
[100]
Rakesh R, Anoop KR. Ethosomes for transdermal and topical drug delivery. Int J Pharm Pharm 2012; 4(3): 17-24.
[101]
Zhang YT, Shen LN, Zhao JH, Feng NP. Evaluation of psoralen ethosomes for topical delivery in rats by using in vivo microdialysis. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9: 669-78.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S57314] [PMID: 24489470]
[102]
Fang YP, Huang YB, Wu PC, Tsai YH. Topical delivery of 5-aminolevulinic acid-encapsulated ethosomes in a hyperproliferative skin animal model using the CLSM technique to evaluate the penetration behavior. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2009; 73(3): 391-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2009.07.011] [PMID: 19660544]
[103]
Cevc G, Blume G. Lipid vesicles penetrate into intact skin owing to the transdermal osmotic gradients and hydration force. Biochim Biophys Acta 1992; 1104(1): 226-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-2736(92)90154-E] [PMID: 1550849]
[104]
Rai S, Pandey V, Rai G. Transfersomes as versatile and flexible nano-vesicular carriers in skin cancer therapy: the state of the art. Nano Rev Exp 2017; 8(1): 1325708.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20022727.2017.1325708] [PMID: 30410704]
[105]
Modgill V, Garg T, Goyal AK, Rath G. Transmucosal delivery of linagliptin for the treatment of type- 2 diabetes mellitus by ultra-thin nanofibers. Curr Drug Deliv 2015; 12(3): 323-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567201811666141117144332] [PMID: 25410375]
[106]
Piumitali B, Neeraj U, Jyotivardhan J. Transfersomes – A Nanoscience in Transdermal Drug Delivery and Its Clinical Advancements. Int J Nanosci 2020; 19: 50033.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0219581X19500339]
[107]
Trotta M, Peira E, Carlotti ME, Gallarate M. Deformable liposomes for dermal administration of methotrexate. Int J Pharm 2004; 270(1-2): 119-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2003.10.006] [PMID: 14726128]
[108]
Gizaway S, Fadel M, Mourad B, Elnaby FE. Betamethasone dipropionate gel for treatment of localized plaque psoriasis. Int J Pharma Sci 2017; 9(8): 173-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i8.18571]
[109]
Ghosh PK, Murthy RS. Microemulsions: a potential drug delivery system. Curr Drug Deliv 2006; 3(2): 167-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156720106776359168] [PMID: 16611003]
[110]
Goswami P, Choudhury A, Kumar B. Microemulsion – A Potential Carrier for Improved Bioavailability. Int J Pharm 2019; 10(2): 69-77.
[111]
Vyas SP, Khar RK. Submicron emulsions in targeted and controlled drug delivery Novel Carrier Systems CBS Publishers and Distributors. 2002; pp. 282-302.
[112]
Gupta S, Moulik SP. Biocompatible microemulsions and their prospective uses in drug delivery. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97(1): 22-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.21177] [PMID: 17887122]
[113]
Pandey SS, Maulvi FA, Patel PS, et al. Cyclosporine laden tailored microemulsion-gel depot for effective treatment of psoriasis: In vitro and in vivo studies. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 186: 110681.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110681] [PMID: 31812077]
[114]
Balbás GM, Regaña MS, Millet PU. Study on the use of omega-3 fatty acids as a therapeutic supplement in treatment of psoriasis. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2011; 4: 73-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S17220] [PMID: 21760742]
[115]
Baboota S, Rahman M, Kumar A, Sharma S, Sahni J, Ali J. Submicron size formulation of linseed oil containing Omega-3 fatty acids for topical delivery. J Disp Sci Technol 2012; 33: 1259-66.
[116]
Wan T, Pan J, Long Y, et al. Dual roles of TPGS based microemulsion for tacrolimus: Enhancing the percutaneous delivery and anti-psoriatic efficacy. Int J Pharm 2017; 528(1-2): 511-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.06.050] [PMID: 28629978]
[117]
Vyas SP, Subhedar R, Jain S. Development and characterization of emulsomes for sustained and targeted delivery of an antiviral agent to liver. J Pharm Pharmacol 2006; 58(3): 321-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1211/jpp.58.3.0005] [PMID: 16536898]
[118]
Ucisik MH, Sleytr UB, Schuster B. Emulsomes meet S-layer proteins: an emerging targeted drug delivery system. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2015; 16(4): 392-405.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138920101604150218112656] [PMID: 25697368]
[119]
Gill B, Singh J, Sharma V, Kumar SL. Emulsomes: An emerging vesicular drug delivery system. Asian J Pharm Sci 2012; 6(2): 87.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-8398.102930]
[120]
Aswathy N, Vidhya M, Saranya R, Sreelakshmy R, Sreeja N. Emulsomes: a novel liposomal formulation for sustained drug delivery. Int Res J Pharm App Sci 2013; 3(5): 192-6.
[121]
Raza K, Katare OP, Setia A, Bhatia A, Singh B. Improved therapeutic performance of dithranol against psoriasis employing systematically optimized nanoemulsomes. J Microencapsul 2013; 30(3): 225-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02652048.2012.717115] [PMID: 23088318]
[122]
Manjunath K, Reddy JS, Venkateswarlu V. Solid lipid nanoparticles as drug delivery systems. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 2005; 27(2): 127-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1358/mf.2005.27.2.876286] [PMID: 15834465]
[123]
Paliwal R, Paliwal SR, Kenwat R, Kurmi BD, Sahu MK. Solid lipid nanoparticles: a review on recent perspectives and patents. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2020; 30(3): 179-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13543776.2020.1720649]
[124]
Vyas S, Rai S, Paliwal R, Gupta P, Khatri K, Goyal A, et al. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) as a Rising Tool in Drug Delivery Science: One Step Up in Nanotechnology. Curr Nanosci 2008; 4(1): 30-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157341308783591816]
[125]
Mehnert W, Mäder K. Solid lipid nanoparticles: production, characterization and applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2001; 47(2-3): 165-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-409X(01)00105-3] [PMID: 11311991]
[126]
Sonawane R, Harde H, Katariya M, Agrawal S, Jain S. Solid lipid nanoparticles-loaded topical gel containing combination drugs: an approach to offset psoriasis. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11(12): 1833-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/17425247.2014.938634] [PMID: 25078031]
[127]
Ferreira M, Silva E, Barreiros L, Segundo MA, Costa Lima SA, Reis S. Methotrexate loaded lipid nanoparticles for topical management of skin-related diseases: Design, characterization and skin permeation potential. Int J Pharm 2016; 512(1): 14-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.08.008] [PMID: 27530292]
[128]
Remitz A, Reitamo S, Erkko P, Granlund H, Lauerma AI. Tacrolimus ointment improves psoriasis in a microplaque assay. Br J Dermatol 1999; 141(1): 103-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.1999.02927.x] [PMID: 10417522]
[129]
Wang R, Li L, Wang B, Zhang T, Sun L. FK506-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: preparation, characterization and in vitro transdermal drug delivery. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol 2012; 6: 904-13.
[130]
Zhou ZL, Yang YX, Ding J, Li YC, Miao ZH. Triptolide: structural modifications, structure-activity relationships, bioactivities, clinical development and mechanisms. Nat Prod Rep 2012; 29(4): 457-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2np00088a] [PMID: 22270059]
[131]
Mei Z, Chen H, Weng T, Yang Y, Yang X. Solid lipid nanoparticle and microemulsion for topical delivery of triptolide. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2003; 56(2): 189-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0939-6411(03)00067-5] [PMID: 12957632]
[132]
Müller RH, Radtke M, Wissing SA. Nanostructured lipid matrices for improved microencapsulation of drugs. Int J Pharm 2002; 242(1-2): 121-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-5173(02)00180-1] [PMID: 12176234]
[133]
Tamjidi F, Shahedi M, Varshosaz J, Nasirpour A. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC): A potential delivery system for bioactive food molecules. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 2013; 19: 29-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2013.03.002]
[134]
Jaiswal P, Gidwani B, Vyas A. Nanostructured lipid carriers and their current application in targeted drug delivery. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol 2016; 44(1): 27-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/21691401.2014.909822] [PMID: 24813223]
[135]
Haider M, Abdin SM, Kamal L, Orive G. Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Delivery of Chemotherapeutics: A Review. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12(3): 288.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12030288] [PMID: 32210127]
[136]
Sathe P, Saka R, Kommineni N, Raza K, Khan W. Dithranol-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier-based gel ameliorate psoriasis in imiquimod-induced mice psoriatic plaque model. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2019; 45(5): 826-38.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03639045.2019.1576722] [PMID: 30764674]
[137]
Iriventi P, Gupta NV. Topical delivery of curcumin and caffeine mixture-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers for effective treatment of psoriasis. Pharmacogn Mag 2020; 16: 206-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/pm.pm_260_19]
[138]
Pople PV, Singh KK. Development and evaluation of colloidal modified nanolipid carrier: application to topical delivery of tacrolimus. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011; 79(1): 82-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.02.016] [PMID: 21447390]
[139]
Lin YK, Huang ZR, Zhuo RZ, Fang JY. Combination of calcipotriol and methotrexate in nanostructured lipid carriers for topical delivery. Int J Nanomedicine 2010; 5: 117-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/ijn.s9155] [PMID: 20309398]
[140]
Singhvi G, Banerjee S, Khosa A. Lyotropic liquid crystal nanoparticles: a novel improved lipidic drug delivery system Org Mater Smart Nanocarriers Drug Deliv. 2018; pp. 471-517.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813663-8.00011-7]
[141]
Thapa RK, Yoo BK. Evaluation of the effect of tacrolimus-loaded liquid crystalline nanoparticles on psoriasis-like skin inflammation. J Dermatolog Treat 2014; 25(1): 22-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09546634.2012.755250] [PMID: 23210668]
[142]
Madaan K, Kumar S, Poonia N, Lather V, Pandita D. Dendrimers in drug delivery and targeting: Drug-dendrimer interactions and toxicity issues. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2014; 6(3): 139-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.130965] [PMID: 25035633]
[143]
Fox LJ, Richardson RM, Briscoe WH. PAMAM dendrimer - cell membrane interactions. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 257: 1-18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2018.06.005] [PMID: 30008347]
[144]
Patri AK, Kukowska-Latallo JF, Baker JR Jr. Targeted drug delivery with dendrimers: comparison of the release kinetics of covalently conjugated drug and non-covalent drug inclusion complex. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2005; 57(15): 2203-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2005.09.014] [PMID: 16290254]
[145]
Abbasi E, Aval SF, Akbarzadeh A, et al. Dendrimers: synthesis, applications, and properties. Nanoscale Res Lett 2014; 9(1): 247.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1556-276X-9-247] [PMID: 24994950]
[146]
Tripathi PK, Gorain B, Choudhury H, Srivastava A, Kesharwani P. Dendrimer entrapped microsponge gel of dithranol for effective topical treatment. Heliyon 2019; 5(3): e01343.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01343] [PMID: 30957038]
[147]
Borowska K, Wołowiec S, Głowniak K, Sieniawska E, Radej S. Transdermal delivery of 8-methoxypsoralene mediated by polyamidoamine dendrimer G2.5 and G3.5--in vitro and in vivo study. Int J Pharm 2012; 436(1-2): 764-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.07.067] [PMID: 22884834]
[148]
Aziz ZABA, Ahmad A, Mohd-Setapar SH, et al. Recent Advances in Drug Delivery of Polymeric Nano-Micelles. Curr Drug Metab 2017; 18(1): 16-29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389200217666160921143616] [PMID: 27654898]
[149]
Croy SR, Kwon GS. Polymeric micelles for drug delivery. Curr Pharm Des 2006; 12(36): 4669-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161206779026245] [PMID: 17168771]
[150]
Jin Y, Zhang X, Zhang B, Kang H, Du L, Li M. Nanostructures of an amphiphilic zinc phthalocyanine polymer conjugate for photodynamic therapy of psoriasis. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 128: 405-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.02.038] [PMID: 25766924]
[151]
Supasena W, Muangnoi C, Thaweesest W, et al. Enhanced Antipsoriatic Activity of Mycophenolic Acid Against the TNF-α-Induced HaCaT Cell Proliferation by Conjugated Poloxamer Micelles. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109(2): 1153-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2019.11.010] [PMID: 31751564]
[152]
Fan T, Wang S, Yu L, et al. Treating psoriasis by targeting its susceptibility gene Rel. Clin Immunol 2016; 165: 47-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2016.03.009] [PMID: 26993753]
[153]
Han G, Ghosh P, Rotello VM. Functionalized gold nanoparticles for drug delivery. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2007; 2(1): 113-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/17435889.2.1.113] [PMID: 17716197]
[154]
Daraee H, Eatemadi A, Abbasi E, Fekri Aval S, Kouhi M, Akbarzadeh A. Application of gold nanoparticles in biomedical and drug delivery. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol 2016; 44(1): 410-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/21691401.2014.955107] [PMID: 25229833]
[155]
Bessar H, Venditti I, Benassi L, et al. Functionalized gold nanoparticles for topical delivery of methotrexate for the possible treatment of psoriasis. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 141: 141-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.01.021] [PMID: 26852097]
[156]
Kaur A, Kumar S. Plants and plant products with potential antipsoriatic activity--a review. Pharm Biol 2012; 50(12): 1573-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2012.690430] [PMID: 22971237]
[157]
Singh KK. Tripathy Surendra. Natural treatment alternative for psoriasis: A review on herbal resources. J Anim Plant Sci 2014; 4: 14-121.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2014.41120]
[158]
Jarrett A, Spearman RIG. Psoriasis.Histochemistry of the Skin. 1964. London University Press
[159]
Herman A, Herman AP. Topically Used Herbal Products for the Treatment of Psoriasis - Mechanism of Action, Drug Delivery, Clinical Studies. Planta Med 2016; 82(17): 1447-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-115177] [PMID: 27574899]
[160]
Dwarampudi LP, Palaniswamy D, Nithyanantham M, Raghu PS. Antipsoriatic activity and cytotoxicity of ethanolic extract of Nigella sativa seeds. Pharmacogn Mag 2012; 8(32): 268-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-1296.103650] [PMID: 24082629]
[161]
Lin ZX, Jiao BW, Che CT, et al. Ethyl acetate fraction of the root of Rubia cordifolia L. inhibits keratinocyte proliferation in vitro and promotes keratinocyte differentiation in vivo: potential application for psoriasis treatment. Phytother Res 2010; 24(7): 1056-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.3079] [PMID: 19960426]
[162]
Vijayalakshmi A, Ravichandiran V, Malarkodi V, Nirmala S, Jayakumari S. Screening of flavonoid “quercetin” from the rhizome of Smilax china Linn. for anti-psoriatic activity. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012; 2(4): 269-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60021-5] [PMID: 23569912]
[163]
Singhal M, Kansara N. Cassia tora. Linn cream inhibits ultraviolet-B induced psoriasis in rats. ISRN Dermatol 2012; 2012: 346510.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/346510] [PMID: 22536527]
[164]
Raj BA, Muruganantham N, Praveen TK, Raghu PS. Screening of Wrightia tinctoria leaves for anti psoriatic activity. Hygeia J Drug Med 2012; 4: 73-8.
[165]
Wu J, Li H, Li M. Effects of baicalin cream in two mouse models: 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced contact hypersensitivity and mouse tail test for psoriasis. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8(2): 2128-37.
[PMID: 25932143]
[166]
Oyedeji FO, Bankole-Ojo OS. Quantitative evaluation of the antipsoriatic activity of sausage tree (Kigelia africana). Afr J Pure Appl Chem 2012; 6: 214-8.
[167]
Goebel ASB. Microemulsion Pharmaceutical Composition Comprising a Macrolide Immunosuppressant Drug. US Patent 8574562B2, 2013.
[168]
Sachdeva RP. Nanoparticle Formulations for Skin Delivery. US Patent 8715736B2, 2014.
[169]
Roy SB. Topical Pharmaceutical Compositions Containing Nanodroplets for the Treatment Psoriasis. Patent 2012053007A1, 2015.
[170]
Raghavan PR. Metadichol® Liquid and Gel Nanoparticle Formulations. US Patent 20140275285A1, 2015.
[171]
Foguet RM. Nanoemulsion. US Patent 20090324727A1, 2016.
[172]
Kroon HA. Vesicular Formulations. US Patent 2003000190A2, 2016.
[173]
Tate C. Chinese herbal composition for treating eczema and psoriasis. US Patent 20020192312, 2004.
[174]
Almagro EQ. Pharmacological activities of Curcuma longa extracts. US Patent 7220438B2, 2003.
[175]
Msika P, Piccirilli A. Use of a plant oil product as an agent for increasing the synthesis of skin lipids. US Patent 20090286871A1, 2009.
[176]
Shraibom N, Singh A, Jaggi M, Steinberg E. Herbal combinations for treating psoriasis. US Patent 2017019651A1, 2017.
[177]
Shraibom N, Jaggi M, Singh A, Madaan A. Herbal nanoformulations for treating psoriasis and other skin conditions. US Patent 2017172648A1, 2017.
[178]
Bonifácio BV, Silva PB, Ramos MA, Negri KM, Bauab TM, Chorilli M. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems and herbal medicines: a review. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9: 1-15.
[PMID: 24363556]
[179]
Onoue S, Yamada S, Chan HK. Nanodrugs: pharmacokinetics and safety. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9: 1025-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S38378] [PMID: 24591825]
[180]
Ansari SH, Islam F, Sameem M. Influence of nanotechnology on herbal drugs: A Review. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2012; 3(3): 142-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2231-4040.101006] [PMID: 23057000]
[181]
Kingston DGI. Modern natural products drug discovery and its relevance to biodiversity conservation. J Nat Prod 2011; 74(3): 496-511.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np100550t] [PMID: 21138324]
[182]
Kaur IP, Kakkar V, Deol PK, Yadav M, Singh M, Sharma I. Issues and concerns in nanotech product development and its commercialization. J Control Release 2014; 193: 51-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.06.005] [PMID: 24933600]
[183]
Khorasani AA, Weaver JL, Salvador-Morales C. Closing the gap: accelerating the translational process in nanomedicine by proposing standardized characterization techniques. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9: 5729-51.
[PMID: 25525356]
[184]
Wei A, Mehtala JG, Patri AK. Challenges and opportunities in the advancement of nanomedicines. J Control Release 2012; 164(2): 236-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.10.007] [PMID: 23064314]
[185]
Patel S, Nanda R, Sahoo S. Nanotechnology in healthcare: applications and challenges. Med Chem 2015; 5(21): 528-33.
[186]
Kesarwani K, Gupta R, Mukerjee A. Bioavailability enhancers of herbal origin: an overview. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2013; 3(4): 253-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60060-X] [PMID: 23620848]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy