Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Neuropharmacology

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1570-159X
ISSN (Online): 1875-6190

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Systematic Review Article

Invasive and Non-Invasive Electrical Neuromodulation in Trigeminal Nerve Neuralgia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Author(s): Sara Garcia-Isidoro, Victor Omar Castellanos-Sanchez*, Elvira Iglesias-Lopez and Sara Perpiña-Martinez

Volume 19, Issue 3, 2021

Published on: 29 July, 2020

Page: [320 - 333] Pages: 14

DOI: 10.2174/1570159X18666200729091314

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Trigeminal neuralgia is a chronic disease characterized by intense facial pain that is caused by trigeminal nerve affectation. It usually affects adults from 50 years of age, and is more frequent in women. Additionally, it presents serious psychological effects that often lead to depression, which is why it is considered highly disabling. The therapeutic approach is based on the modification of nerve activity through electrical, surgical or chemical stimulation in specific regions of the nervous system.

Objective: To perform a meta-analysis of the scientific literature related to invasive and non-invasive electrical neuromodulation of trigeminal neuralgia, in order to assess their effects over pain and adverse effects.

Methods: A literature search was conducted in 4 databases, followed by a manual search of articles on invasive or non-invasive electrical neuromodulation to control the pain of trigeminal neuralgia, including the last 15 years.

Results: Regarding non-invasive methods, clinical trials did not present enough results in order to perform a meta-analysis. Regarding invasive methods, clinical trials meta-analysis showed no statistical differences between different treatment methods. In all cases, improvements in patients' pain were reported, although results regarding adverse effects were variable.

Conclusion: In the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia, the continuous radiofrequency provides better short and medium-term results, but pulsed radiofrequency shows less adverse effects after treatment, and has better results in the long-term.

Keywords: Neuromodulation, trigeminal nerve diseases, trigeminal neuralgia, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, radiofrequency therapy, meta analysis.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Xu, L.; Zhang, Y.; Huang, Y. Translational Research in Pain and Itch. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology; Ma, C.; Huang, Y., Eds.; Springer: Dordrecht, 2016, Vol. 904, pp. 117-129.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7537-3_9]
[2]
Jones, R.C., III; Lawson, E.; Backonja, M. Managing neuropathic pain. Med. Clin. North Am., 2016, 100(1), 151-167.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2015.08.009] [PMID: 26614725]
[3]
Zurak, N.; Mahovic, D. Idiopathic Trigeminal Neuralgia (ITN): Facts and Fiction. Psychiatr. Danub., 2019, 31(Suppl. 5), 724-731.[PMID: 32160164]
[4]
Maarbjerg, S.; Di Stefano, G.; Bendtsen, L.; Cruccu, G. Trigeminal neuralgia - diagnosis and treatment. Cephalalgia, 2017, 37(7), 648-657.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102416687280] [PMID: 28076964]
[5]
Gambeta, E.; Chichorro, J.G.; Zamponi, G.W. Trigeminal neuralgia: An overview from pathophysiology to pharmacological treatments. Mol. Pain, 2020, 16, 1744806920901890.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1744806920901890] [PMID: 31908187]
[6]
Feller, L.; Khammissa, R.A.G.; Fourie, J.; Bouckaert, M.; Lemmer, J. Postherpetic neuralgia and trigeminal neuralgia. Pain Res. Treat., 2017, 2017, 1681765.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1681765] [PMID: 29359044]
[7]
Weber, K. Neuromodulation and devices in trigeminal neuralgia. Headache, 2017, 57(10), 1648-1653.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/head.13166] [PMID: 28905370]
[8]
Arnold, M. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition. Cephalalgia, 2008, 38(1), 1-211.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102417738202] [PMID: 29368949]
[9]
Türp, J.C.; Gobetti, J.P. Trigeminal neuralgia versus atypical facial pain. A review of the literature and case report. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod., 1996, 81(4), 424-432.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1079-2104(96)80018-7] [PMID: 8705588]
[10]
Katusic, S.; Beard, C.M.; Bergstralh, E.; Kurland, L.T. Incidence and clinical features of trigeminal neuralgia, Rochester, Minnesota, 1945-1984. Ann. Neurol., 1990, 27(1), 89-95.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.410270114] [PMID: 2301931]
[11]
Di Stefano, G.; Maarbjerg, S.; Truini, A. Trigeminal neuralgia secondary to multiple sclerosis: from the clinical picture to the treatment options. J. Headache Pain, 2019, 20(1), 20.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s10194-019-0969-0] [PMID: 30782116]
[12]
Al-Quliti, K.W. Update on neuropathic pain treatment for trigeminal neuralgia. The pharmacological and surgical options. Neurosciences (Riyadh), 2015, 20(2), 107-114.[http://dx.doi.org/10.17712/nsj.2015.2.20140501] [PMID: 25864062]
[13]
Oomens, M.A.E.M.; Forouzanfar, T. Pharmaceutical management of trigeminal neuralgia in the elderly. Drugs Aging, 2015, 32(9), 717-726.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40266-015-0293-6] [PMID: 26336972]
[14]
Antony, A.B.; Mazzola, A.J.; Dhaliwal, G.S.; Hunter, C.W. Neurostimulation for the treatment of chronic head and facial pain: A literature review. Pain Physician, 2019, 22(5), 447-477.[PMID: 31561646]
[15]
Manzoni, G.C.; Torelli, P. Epidemiology of typical and atypical craniofacial neuralgias. Neurol. Sci., 2005, 26(Suppl. 2), s65-s67.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-005-0410-0] [PMID: 15926023]
[16]
Khan, M.; Nishi, S.E.; Hassan, S.N.; Islam, M.A.; Gan, S.H. Trigeminal neuralgia, glossopharyngeal neuralgia, and myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome: An update. Pain Res. Manag., 2017, 2017, 7438326.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7438326] [PMID: 28827979]
[17]
Tait, R.C.; Ferguson, M.; Herndon, C.M. Chronic orofacial pain: Burning mouth syndrome and other neuropathic disorders. J Pain Manag Med, 2017, 3(1), 120.[http://dx.doi.org/10.35248/2684-1320.17.3.120] [PMID: 28638895]
[18]
Montano, N.; Conforti, G.; Di Bonaventura, R.; Meglio, M.; Fernandez, E.; Papacci, F. Advances in diagnosis and treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. Ther. Clin. Risk Manag., 2015, 11, 289-299.[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/TCRM.S37592] [PMID: 25750533]
[19]
Cruccu, G.; Finnerup, N.B.; Jensen, T.S.; Scholz, J.; Sindou, M.; Svensson, P.; Treede, R.D.; Zakrzewska, J.M.; Nurmikko, T. Trigeminal neuralgia: New classification and diagnostic grading for practice and research. Neurology, 2016, 87(2), 220-228.
[20]
Moore, D.; Chong, M.S.; Shetty, A.; Zakrzewska, J.M. A systematic review of rescue analgesic strategies in acute exacerbations of primary trigeminal neuralgia. Br. J. Anaesth., 2019, 123(2), e385-e396.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2019.05.026] [PMID: 31208761]
[21]
Zakrzewska, J.M.; Wu, J.; Mon-Williams, M.; Phillips, N.; Pavitt, S.H. Evaluating the impact of trigeminal neuralgia. Pain, 2017, 158(6), 1166-1174.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000853] [PMID: 28114183]
[22]
Debta, P.; Sarode, G.; Sarode, S.; Gadbail, A.; Debta, F.M.; Swain, S.K.; Mishra, E.; Sahu, M.C. Natural history of trigeminal neuralgia-A hospital-based retrospective study. Oral Dis., 2019, 26(3), 647-655.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/odi.13263] [PMID: 31872491]
[23]
Obermann, M. Recent advances in understanding/managing trigeminal neuralgia. F1000 Res, 2019, 17(8) eCollection.
[24]
Cheshire, W.P. Trigeminal neuralgia feigns the terrorist. Cephalalgia, 2003, 23(3), 230.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.2003.00484.x] [PMID: 12662192]
[25]
Tölle, T.; Dukes, E.; Sadosky, A. Patient burden of trigeminal neuralgia: Results from a cross-sectional survey of health state impairment and treatment patterns in six European countries. Pain Pract., 2006, 6(3), 153-160.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-2500.2006.00079.x] [PMID: 17147591]
[26]
Kumar, K.; Das, K.K.; Singh, S.; Khatri, D.; Deora, H.; Singh, J.; Bhaisora, K.; Srivastava, A.K.; Jaiswal, A.K.; Behari, S. Vascular offenders in trigeminal neuralgia: A unified classification and assessment of the outcome of microvascular decompression. World Neurosurg., 2019, 127, e366-e375.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2019.03.128] [PMID: 30905645]
[27]
Henssen, D.; Dijk, J.; Knepflé, R.; Sieffers, M.; Winter, A.; Vissers, K. Alterations in grey matter density and functional connectivity in trigeminal neuropathic pain and trigeminal neuralgia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroimage Clin., 2019, 24, 102039.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2019.102039] [PMID: 31698316]
[28]
Sindou, M.; Brinzeu, A. Topography of the pain in classical trigeminal neuralgia: Insights into somatotopic organization. Brain, 2020, 143(2), 531-540.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awz407] [PMID: 31930326]
[29]
DosSantos, M.F.; Love, T.M.; Martikainen, I.K.; Nascimento, T.D.; Fregni, F.; Cummiford, C.; Deboer, M.D.; Zubieta, J.K.; Dasilva, A.F. Immediate effects of tDCS on the μ-opioid system of a chronic pain patient. Front. Psychiatry, 2012, 3, 93.
[30]
DosSantos, M.F.; Martikainen, I.K.; Nascimento, T.D.; Love, T.M.; Deboer, M.D.; Maslowski, E.C.; Monteiro, A.A.; Vincent, M.B.; Zubieta, J.K.; DaSilva, A.F. Reduced basal ganglia μ-opioid receptor availability in trigeminal neuropathic pain: A pilot study. Mol. Pain, 2012, 8, 74.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1744-8069-8-74]
[31]
Zubieta, J.K.; Smith, Y.R.; Bueller, J.A.; Xu, Y.; Kilbourn, M.R.; Jewett, D.M.; Meyer, C.R.; Koeppe, R.A.; Stohler, C.S. Regional mu opioid receptor regulation of sensory and affective dimensions of pain. Science, 2001, 293(5528), 311-315.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1060952] [PMID: 11452128]
[32]
Kawasaki, K.; Sugawara, S.; Watanabe, K.; Hong, C.; Tu, T.T.H.; Watanabe, T.; Sakamoto, J.; Yoshino, N.; Suga, T.; Mikuzuki, L.; Takenoshita, M.; Takada, S.; Kurabayashi, T.; Toyofuku, A. Differences in the clinical characteristics of persistent idiopathic facial pain (atypical odontalgia) patients with or without neurovascular compression of the trigeminal nerve. Pain Med., 2020, 21(4), 814-821.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnz300] [PMID: 32040150]
[33]
Bendtsen, L.; Zakrzewska, J.M.; Abbott, J.; Braschinsky, M.; Di Stefano, G.; Donnet, A.; Eide, P.K.; Leal, P.R.L.; Maarbjerg, S.; May, A.; Nurmikko, T.; Obermann, M.; Jensen, T.S.; Cruccu, G. European academy of neurology guideline on trigeminal neuralgia. Eur. J. Neurol., 2019, 26(6), 831-849.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ene.13950] [PMID: 30860637]
[34]
Jones, M.R.; Urits, I.; Ehrhardt, K.P.; Cefalu, J.N.; Kendrick, J.B.; Park, D.J.; Cornett, E.M.; Kaye, A.D.; Viswanath, O. A comprehensive review of trigeminal neuralgia. Curr. Pain Headache Rep., 2019, 23(10), 74.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11916-019-0810-0]
[35]
Bick, S.K.B.; Eskandar, E.N. Surgical treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. Neurosurg. Clin. N. Am., 2017, 28(3), 429-438.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nec.2017.02.009] [PMID: 28600016]
[36]
Hayes, D.J.; Chen, D.Q.; Zhong, J.; Lin, A.; Behan, B.; Walker, M.; Hodaie, M. Affective circuitry alterations in patients with trigeminal neuralgia. Front. Neuroanat., 2017, 11, 73.[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2017.00073] [PMID: 28928638]
[37]
Turk, D.C.; Audette, J.; Levy, R.M.; Mackey, S.C.; Stanos, S. Assessment and treatment of psychosocial comorbidities in patients with neuropathic pain. Mayo Clin. Proc., 2010, 85(3)(Suppl.), S42-S50.[http://dx.doi.org/10.4065/mcp.2009.0648] [PMID: 20194148]
[38]
Simons, L.E.; Elman, I.; Borsook, D. Psychological processing in chronic pain: A neural systems approach. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 2014, 39, 61-78.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.12.006] [PMID: 24374383]
[39]
Di Stefano, G.; La Cesa, S.; Truini, A.; Cruccu, G. Natural history and outcome of 200 outpatients with classical trigeminal neuralgia treated with carbamazepine or oxcarbazepine in a tertiary centre for neuropathic pain. J. Headache Pain, 2014, 15, 34.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1129-2377-15-34] [PMID: 24912658]
[40]
Ebrahimi, H.; Najafi, S.; Khayamzadeh, M.; Zahedi, A.; Mahdavi, A. Therapeutic and analgesic efficacy of laser in conjunction with pharmaceutical therapy for trigeminal neuralgia. J. Lasers Med. Sci., 2018, 9(1), 63-68.[http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/jlms.2018.13] [PMID: 29399314]
[41]
Long, D.M.; Hagfors, N. Electrical stimulation in the nervous system: The current status of electrical stimulation of the nervous system for relief of pain. Pain, 1975, 1(2), 109-123.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(75)90096-2] [PMID: 800637]
[42]
Bates, J.A.; Nathan, P.W. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for chronic pain. Anaesthesia, 1980, 35(8), 817-822.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1980.tb03926.x] [PMID: 6969555]
[43]
Yameen, F.; Shahbaz, N.N.; Hasan, Y.; Fauz, R.; Abdullah, M. Efficacy of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and its different modes in patients with trigeminal neuralgia. J. Pak. Med. Assoc., 2011, 61(5), 437-439.[PMID: 22204173]
[44]
Emedicine Medscape Overview: Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation, https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/325107-overview2020.
[45]
Delgado, M. Revisión sistemática de estudios. Metaanálisis, 7th ed; Signo: Barcelona, 2017.
[46]
Jadad, A.R.; Moore, R.A.; Carroll, D.; Jenkinson, C.; Reynolds, D.J.M.; Gavaghan, D.J.; McQuay, H.J. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: Is blinding necessary? Control. Clin. Trials, 1996, 17(1), 1-12.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-2456(95)00134-4] [PMID: 8721797]
[47]
Erdine, S.; Ozyalcin, N.S.; Cimen, A.; Celik, M.; Talu, G.K.; Disci, R. Comparison of pulsed radiofrequency with conventional radiofrequency in the treatment of idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia. Eur. J. Pain, 2007, 11(3), 309-313.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpain.2006.04.001] [PMID: 16762570]
[48]
Li, X.; Ni, J.; Yang, L.; Wu, B.; He, M.; Zhang, X.; Ma, L.; Sun, H. A prospective study of Gasserian ganglion pulsed radiofrequency combined with continuous radiofrequency for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. J. Clin. Neurosci., 2012, 19(6), 824-828.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2011.07.053] [PMID: 22459183]
[49]
Fang, L.; Tao, W.; Jingjing, L.; Nan, J. Comparison of high-voltage-with standard-voltage pulsed radiofrequency of Gasserian ganglion in the treatment of idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia. Pain Pract., 2015, 15(7), 595-603.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/papr.12227] [PMID: 24954016]
[50]
Luo, F.; Wang, T.; Shen, Y.; Meng, L.; Lu, J.; Ji, N. High voltage pulsed radiofrequency for the treatment of refractory neuralgia of the infraorbital nerve: A prospective double-blinded Randomized Controlled Study. Pain Physician, 2017, 20(4), 271-279.[PMID: 28535550]
[51]
Elawamy, A.; Abdalla, E.E.M.; Shehata, G.A. Effects of pulsed versus conventional versus combined radiofrequency for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia: A prospective study. Pain Physician, 2017, 20(6), E873-E881.[PMID: 28934792]
[52]
Amanat, D.; Ebrahimi, H.; Lavaee, F.; Alipour, A. The adjunct therapeutic effect of lasers with medication in the management of orofacial pain: Double blind randomized controlled trial. Photomed. Laser Surg., 2013, 31(10), 474-479.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/pho.2013.3555] [PMID: 24102165]
[53]
Hagenacker, T.; Bude, V.; Naegel, S.; Holle, D.; Katsarava, Z.; Diener, H.C.; Obermann, M. Patient-conducted anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of the motor cortex alleviates pain in trigeminal neuralgia. J. Headache Pain, 2014, 15(1), 78.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1129-2377-15-78] [PMID: 25424567]
[54]
Peter, B.; Janey, C.; Tony, P. Manual Oxford de gestión y tratamiento del dolor, 1st ed; Grupo Aula Médica: Madrid, 2013.
[55]
Huang, B.; Xie, K.; Chen, Y.; Wu, J.; Yao, M. Bipolar radiofrequency ablation of mandibular branch for refractory V3 trigeminal neuralgia. J. Pain Res., 2019, 12(12), 1465-1474.[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S197967] [PMID: 31190956]
[56]
Jia, Y.; Pan, Y.; Ren, H.; Ji, N.; Luo, F. Effectiveness and safety of high-voltage pulsed radiofrequency to treat patients with primary trigeminal neuralgia: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled study protocol. Pain Physician, 2018, 21(5), 469-481.[PMID: 30282391]
[57]
Yao, P.; Hong, T.; Wang, Z.B.; Ma, J.M.; Zhu, Y.Q.; Li, H.X.; Ding, Y.Y.; Jiang, C.L.; Pan, S.N. Treatment of bilateral idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia by radiofrequency thermocoagulation at different temperatures. Medicine (Baltimore), 2016, 95(29), e4274.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000004274] [PMID: 27442662]
[58]
Mehrkens, J.H.; Steude, U. Chronic electrostimulation of the trigeminal ganglion in trigeminal neuropathy: Current state and future prospects. Acta Neurochir. Suppl. (Wien), 2007, 97(Pt 2), 91-97.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-33081-4_11] [PMID: 17691294]
[59]
Yadav, Y.R.; Nishtha, Y.; Sonjjay, P.; Vijay, P.; Shailendra, R.; Yatin, K. Trigeminal Neuralgia. Asian J. Neurosurg., 2017, 12(4), 585-597.[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ajns.AJNS_67_14] [PMID: 29114270]
[60]
Abd-Elsayed, A.; Kreuger, L.; Wheeler, S.; Robillard, J.; Seeger, S.; Dulli, D. Radiofrequency ablation of pericranial nerves for treating headache conditions: A promising option for patients. Ochsner J., 2018, 18(1), 59-62.[PMID: 29559871]
[61]
Li, Y.; Yang, L.; Ni, J.; Dou, Z. Microvascular decompression and radiofrequency for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia: A meta-analysis. J. Pain Res., 2019, 12, 1937-1945.[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S203141] [PMID: 31303785]
[62]
Jiang, N.; Wei, J.; Li, G.; Wei, B.; Zhu, F.F.; Hu, Y. Effect of dry- electrode-based transcranial direct current stimulation on chronic low back pain and low back muscle activities: A double-blind sham-controlled study. Restor. Neurol. Neurosci., 2020, 38(1), 41-54.[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/RNN-190922] [PMID: 31683491]
[63]
David, M.C.M.M.; Moraes, A.A.; Costa, M.L.D.; Franco, C.I.F. Transcranial direct current stimulation in the modulation of neuropathic pain: A systematic review. Neurol. Res., 2018, 40(7), 555-563.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01616412.2018.1453190] [PMID: 29600889]
[64]
Lloyd, D.M.; Wittkopf, P.G.; Arendsen, L.J.; Jones, A.K.P. Is transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) effective for the treatment of pain in fibromyalgia? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Pain, 2020, 21(11-12), 1085-1100.
[65]
Obermann, M.; Bude, V.; Holle, D.; Naegel, S.; Hagenacker, T.; Diener, H.C.; Katsarava, Z. EHMTI -0072. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation alleviates pain in trigeminal neuralgia. J. Headache Pain, 2014, 15(Suppl. 1), E21.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1129-2377-15-S1-E21]
[66]
66. Rodriguez-Martín, J.M. Electroterapia en Fisioterapia, 3rd ed; Panamericana: Barcelona, 2014.
[67]
Falaki, F.; Nejat, A.H.; Dalirsani, Z. The effect of low-level laser therapy on trigeminal neuralgia: A review of literature. J. Dent. Res. Dent. Clin. Dent. Prospect., 2014, 8(1), 1-5.[PMID: 25024832]
[68]
Attal, N.; Cruccu, G.; Baron, R.; Haanpää, M.; Hansson, P.; Jensen, T.S.; Nurmikko, T. European federation of neurological societies. EFNS guidelines on the pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain: 2010 revision. Eur. J. Neurol., 2010, 17(9), 1113-e88.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.02999.x] [PMID: 20402746]
[69]
Barbarisi, M.; Pace, M.C.; Passavanti, M.B.; Maisto, M.; Mazzariello, L.; Pota, V.; Aurilio, C. Pregabalin and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for postherpetic neuralgia treatment. Clin. J. Pain, 2010, 26(7), 567-572.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181dda1ac] [PMID: 20639738]
[70]
Quintner, J.L.; Bove, G.M.; Cohen, M.L. A critical evaluation of the trigger point phenomenon. Rheumatology (Oxford), 2015, 54(3), 392-399.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keu471] [PMID: 25477053]
[71]
Gerwin, R.D. Myofascial trigger point pain syndromes. Semin. Neurol., 2016, 36(5), 469-473.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1586262] [PMID: 27704503]
[72]
Seo, S.Y.; Lee, K.B.; Shin, J.S.; Lee, J.; Kim, M.R.; Ha, I.H.; Ko, Y.; Lee, Y.J. Effectiveness of acupuncture and electroacupuncture for chronic neck pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Chin. Med., 2017, 45(8), 1573-1595.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X17500859] [PMID: 29121797]
[73]
Abd-Elsayed, A.; Nguyen, S.; Fiala, K. Radiofrequency ablation for treating headache: A follow up study. Curr. Pain Headache Rep., 2020, 24(4), 15.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11916-020-0843-4]
[74]
Dworkin, R.H.; O’Connor, A.B.; Kent, J.; Mackey, S.C.; Raja, S.N.; Stacey, B.R.; Levy, R.M.; Backonja, M.; Baron, R.; Harke, H.; Loeser, J.D.; Treede, R.D.; Turk, D.C.; Wells, C.D. International association for the study of pain neuropathic pain special interest group. Interventional management of neuropathic pain: NeuPSIG recommendations. Pain, 2013, 154(11), 2249-2261.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2013.06.004] [PMID: 23748119]
[75]
Cetas, J.S.; Saedi, T.; Burchiel, K.J. Destructive procedures for the treatment of nonmalignant pain: A structured literature review. J. Neurosurg., 2008, 109(3), 389-404.[http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/JNS/2008/109/9/0389] [PMID: 18759567]
[76]
Cruccu, G.; Gronseth, G.; Alksne, J.; Argoff, C.; Brainin, M.; Burchiel, K.; Nurmikko, T.; Zakrzewska, J.M. American academy of neurology society. European federation of neurological society. AAN-EFNS guidelines on trigeminal neuralgia management. Eur. J. Neurol., 2008, 15(10), 1013-1028.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02185.x] [PMID: 18721143]
[77]
Lopez, B.C.; Hamlyn, P.J.; Zakrzewska, J.M. Systematic review of ablative neurosurgical techniques for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. Neurosurgery, 2004, 54(4), 973-982.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.NEU.0000114867.98896.F0] [PMID: 15046666]
[78]
Zakrzewska, J.M.; Akram, H. Neurosurgical interventions for the treatment of classical trigeminal neuralgia. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2011, 9(9), CD007312.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007312.pub2] [PMID: 21901707]
[79]
Gronseth, G.; Cruccu, G.; Alksne, J.; Argoff, C.; Brainin, M.; Burchiel, K.; Nurmikko, T.; Zakrzewska, J.M. Practice parameter: The diagnostic evaluation and treatment of trigeminal neuralgia (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the European Federation of Neurological Societies. Neurology, 2008, 71(15), 1183-1190.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000326598.83183.04] [PMID: 18716236]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
41
1
Wayfinder Image
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy