Recent Trends In Livestock Innovative Technologies

 Domestication of animals was one of the most significant changes in human history, beginning with a long-term connection between hunter–gatherers and wolves more than 15,000 years ago. Between 11,000 and 4,000 years ago (approximately the Neolithic to the Bronze Age), when mixed-crop farming communities emerged, a variety of additional species, including sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, poultry, and horses, were introduced into human society. The domestication of livestock had a profound impact on human society. It allowed humans to produce more food and live in larger, more complex societies. It also led to the development of trade and commerce, as surplus animals and animal products could be exchanged for other goods. Animals have played various roles since their domestication, ranging from being tolerated to being revered in ceremonial activities to supplying humans with additional advantages, such as food, clothing, building materials, transportation, herding and hunting. The diversity of phenotypes, seen in various domesticated species has provided generations of scientists with a useful model for studying evolution. The domestication process has led to the development of many different breeds of livestock; each adapted to specific environments and tasks. In modern times, livestock domestication continues to play a significant role in food production and agriculture, and it remains an important part of many cultures worldwide.

Biotechnological advancements have started gaining importance for subsidizing conventional breeding strategies to the latest cost-effective techniques that enhance the yield and are robust. This effort aims at showcasing the different strategies adapted to bring up the production curve in fisheries, poultry and livestock by using the latest biotechnological assays and procedures. A better understanding of disease resiliency in animals and increasing the growth rate of fish, domestic animals and poultry birds can help cope with the increased demand for milk, meat, eggs and proteins worldwide. The genome engineering tools, such as CRISPR-Cas9, single nucleotide polymorphism, somatic cell nuclear transfer, zinc-finger nucleases, Sperm Transfection–Assisted Gene Editing (STAGE) and cloning, possess the ability to alter the genome either by knocking in or knocking out of the genes for better selection of the breeds. Genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) are devised using the gene markers without prior knowledge of the exact gene location across the chromosome. These predictive values help in gene insertion or gene deletion in the host. The breeding programmes initiative can bring up advantages by managing the resources and growing the yield. The biotechnology applications should be incorporated with progressing customary reproducing and improvement programs to meet the growing challenge of feeding the population of 9 billion.

Health maintenance will be considered one of the major challenges for effective livestock production in the next decades. The demand of the world for food products from animals is estimated to increase by more than 70% by the end of 2050. To meet the increasing demand, such advanced methods and techniques are required, which have minimal effect on the environment. Over the last 10 years, the selection of genomics has been presented in various major livestock species. This selection has shown almost double the progress in genetics. Though, extra improvements in the field of genetics are required. The information on genomics with increased complexity (including epigenomic, genomic, microbiome data and transcriptomic) have been combined with the advanced biotechnologies for the purpose of a cost-effective method of collection and use, which will be then responsible for a most important contribution. Such technologies on implementation will permit genetic gains in the traditional traits of milk production along with low heritable traits, i.e., fertility and health.

Globally, livestock production is growing faster than any other sector and by 2025, livestock is predicted to become the most important part of the agricultural sector in terms of its added value to the national economy. The use of biotechnology will lead to a distinct shift in economic returns from livestock. 43% gross value of agricultural production is currently held by livestock. If we speak about the role of livestock in developed countries, then it holds more than 50% of total agricultural production. At the same time, in the case of developing countries, this share reduces to almost 30% due to a lack of biotechnology or not using enough modern sources. In most developing countries, biotechnological applications relating to livestock need to be suitable for animal owners who are resource-poor small-scale operators who own little or no land and few animals. The rapid increase, in developing countries, of livestock population is due to a rise in population growth, and a desire to change their lifestyle. Urbanization is also a source of passive or active income for them. 

Due to increasing knowledge about the function of genes and proteins in various living organisms, the genomics of farm animals is a major concern for researchers. Different applications like increased milk, meat, and wool production are the main drivers of the increase in farm animal genome activities. Data about the gene sequences of different organisms, like fish, cows etc., can be obtained from warehouses that are expanding quickly. However, this is protected and owned by many data processing and storage authorities. In this chapter, we will discuss genome project measures and animal bioinformatics that increase scientists' interest in advancing developments in the field. 

The breeding of small ruminants has a huge social and environmental impact globally. Due to rising production costs concerning milk prices and customer desire for harmless and superior quality food, efficient features have become crucial for effective breeding programs. Most farmers are unaware of the strategic value of genetic improvement and lack the incentive to support breeding projects on their own, so government money has been the primary funding source for breeding initiatives. Genetic markers have been employed to help with paternity determination, confirmation, variety protection, and breeding standard selection. An integrated strategy is required to assist in the creation of breeding programs and solve the problems of improving indigenous breeds, like sheep and goats. Genome selection and innovative reproductive technologies are examples of scientific progress that will allow for quicker and more effective genetic improvement. The whole strategy should improve the competitiveness and long-term survivability of the indigenous population. This chapter is focused on determining particular breeding targets of sheep and goats that represent the sector's priorities and demands, gene-assisted selection, and the capabilities of disease-free indigenous populations.

Feed and nutrition play a crucial role in the quality and quantity of livestock production, both ruminants and non-ruminants. As a result, the supply of feedstuff resources has not met the needs of animal populations, which might lead to decreased performance, poorer health, increased erosion, and overgrazing, which would increase the number of livestock animals. To meet animal protein requirements, feed availability with a low price containing high quality is a big challenge for nutritionists in the future quality. Conventional methods were used to increase livestock improvements, including livestock diseases, management, nutrition, genetics and breeding that resulted in enhancing livestock production. Currently, these methods are no longer sustainable; modern techniques, especially biotechnology, are required for optimum productivity. Utilizing natural and organic resources, for controlling food-borne diseases, modern biotechnology techniques are needed to implement the bitterness of the livestock population, increasing food safety and reducing poverty for livestock farmers. Due to advances in livestock nutrition, there has been a focus on enhancing livestock requirements, to understand the demand and availability of the ingredients, and composition and formulating cost-effective diets with optimum nutrient availability. 

The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTORC1) is an expert cell production controller which reacts to a different set of natural information sources, such as amino acids. Various proteins have been differentiated recently to help communicate amino acid accessibility to mTORC1. Rag guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) transfer amino acid accessibility to the mTORC1 duct, and the mTORC1 apprentice to the amino acid on the Lysosome in a conventional manner. Later on, several sensors were exposed for the amino acid-reinforced mTORC1 pathway, including Leucine, Argina, and S-adenosyl methionine. The representation of these sensors is essential to explain why cells change the pathways of amino acid detection requirements. Here, we survey these new advances and feature the assortment of further inquiries that rise out of the recognizable proof of these sensors. 

The improvement of animal health can be achieved through variations in local and regional conditions (e.g., altitude). In addition to biotic stress, abiotic stresses include changes in the temperature, illnesses, pests, and enhancing biotic stress. Effective farm animals must maintain fitness as one of their main responsibilities. As the demand for animal protein, resistance to the previous drug, and the drive to reduce antibiotic use in agriculture grow, this task will only become more difficult. The susceptibility to all disorders may differ genetically, but the variation has not yet been fully utilized. It is difficult and costly to measure this alteration in part because it is difficult and expensive. Therefore, genomics can contribute to the refinement of animal fitness. In this chapter, we will examine the concept of resistance, variation in susceptibility, and elasticity, as well as provide examples, present a few of the most recent developments in livestock and pigs, and briefly discuss the application of gene enhancement to addressing disorder resistance. Ensure clients can select from conventional meals, healthy choices (lean meats), dietary improvements, and food raised using preferred farming practices (natural, without antibiotics). 

The constantly rising need for dairy productivity farm automation is a key concern in today's world. A necessity for technology that would result in lower costs and labor inputs while increasing agricultural output exists, and cattle health monitoring should be given top attention to achieve this requirement. Remote monitoring of animal behavior in the environment can aid in managing both the animal and the animal's influence on the environment. Geographical positioning systems (GPS) collars that record animal whereabouts with high temporal frequency enable researchers to study animal behaviour and environmental interactions. This paper has discussed how to track and control animals using wireless detector strategies. For a long time, the only mode to track wildlife was to objectively check and notice the program and habits of a beast and set a label on it, and optimism that eventually that same beast would be recalled. But that’s not sufficient to study the performance of animals. The study and nursing of animals have always been a subject of great curiosity, but studying the behavior of animals is a tough task due to the problems of shadowing and classifying their action. Currently, technology allows designing WSN, making these tasks easier to carry out. Studying the conditioning of wild animals is grueling due to the difficulties of shadowing and classifying their conduct. In this work, we have discussed the behavioral and hierarchical wireless detector network mounted in the demesne to collect information about beast behavior using a device enforced on them. Tracking is one of the most effective ways; with minimum trouble and lower charges, we get a detailed position or movements of similar animals through GPS on a daily basis through computer data.

In the livestock sector, artificial intelligence is crucial. The livestock business needs to make improvements to artificial intelligence right away. With the aid of artificial intelligence, livestock farms will be able to make the processes automatic with reduced major costs and an improvement in the quality of livestock products. Artificial intelligence assists livestock farms in gathering data and performing analysis accurately according to consumer behaviour prediction, such as buying patterns, leading trends, etc. The livestock business will undergo significant upheaval thanks to artificial intelligence. Many dairy farms and local farmers utilize animal feed without considering how it will affect the milk and the animals. AI use will undoubtedly significantly impact the quality of the forage and the animals' way of life as AI is increasingly widely used and accessible. Most dairy sector activities will be automated, and data about past farm operations will be generated. Farmers are now turning to smarter approaches to help regulate the right use of land, water, and energy needed to feed the world's population and alleviate the global food problem in response to the expanding population. By utilizing machinery and monitoring systems, AI technology has changed farming and cattle-related businesses.

Next-generation sequencing has changed the study of genetics. NGS technology is predicted to be significant in veterinary care and animal husbandry. With the development of modern techniques, genomes can now be sequenced considerably more quickly and accurately. In the current review, we detail the many sequencing techniques that are accessible and also go over a few biological topics where using next-generation sequencing might lead to whole new directions in veterinary research. Large volumes of genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data may now be analysed by researchers thanks to the advent of high throughput molecular technologies and accompanying bioinformatics. The volume of DNA sequence information that can be generated using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technology is a glaring illustration of this stage. The identification and quantification of proteins in a given sample have also been made easier by recent advancements in high-precision mass spectrometry and protein and peptide separation efficiency. The way biological and evolutionary processes are investigated at the molecular level is beginning to change due to these technological advancements, which are also being utilised to research infectious illnesses in animals. To better understand how next-generation sequencing functions and how it might be applied to veterinary medicine for the sake of disease management and control, this chapter focuses on presenting existing and projected insights. 

The use of biotechnology has proved to be a key factor in handling different livestock problems. Many issues have proved to be silent killers, and their appropriate diagnosis and treatment are the need of the hour. Advancement in biotechnology and genomics is being used in preventive and clinical medicine, production of recombinant biotechnology-derived vaccines, molecular gene cloning, application of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), gene therapy and many more. This chapter will cover the use of genomics and biotechnology in veterinary medicine.

 A lot of diseases affect animals which need treatment. Antibiotics and other drugs have been widely used in the treatment. Drug residues in milk and meat are the main issues and pose health risks to humans. A vaccine is the only solution to keep animal products safer from drug residues. Modern veterinary vaccine history started in the 19th century when Edward Jenner used antigens from cowpox pustules. A vaccine is a weakened organism or part of an organism that is given to animals to produce immunity by the body. Soon after the development of vaccines, safety issue arises. Especially live attenuated vaccine was a matter of concern as it may revert to cause disease. Nowadays, most of the livestock vaccines are live attenuated or killed. Vaccines have been developing against bacteria, viruses and parasites also. Animal-origin products are also contaminated with parasite infection and are a source of infection to other animals and humans. Parasites usually stay in the gastrointestinal tract of animals, and oocytes are disseminated through feces into the environment, which are transmitted to other animals. Vaccines are cost-effective methods to prevent diseases in animals and humans. It not only enhances animal meat and milk production but also saves humans from zoonotic diseases. Without vaccines against major animal diseases, it will not be possible to feed 7 billion people with proteins. Zoonotic diseases, such as brucellosis and Leptospirosis, will be more prevalent in the world without the vaccination of animals. Rinderpest is almost eradicated from the globe and will be the second disease after smallpox which is diminished through proper vaccination and surveillance.

Nanotechnology is gaining more popularity in various applied fields due to its versatile applications. Different world challenges, including pollution, resistance against antibiotics, disorders in human/ animal digestive systems, contaminants of feeds, health management & feed efficiency, etc., can be overcome by using nanoparticles. Nanoparticles can be used as antibiotics, as feed additives, and can also be used against mycotoxin and as biocidal agents. The efficiency and productivity of various items could be improved using multiple supplements like enzymes, yeast, plant extracts, etc. Many efforts are going on to improve productivity and efficiency using different supplements, such as yeast, enzymes, probiotics, and plant extracts. Nanomaterials can effectively replace all. In this chapter, we will discuss various types of metal/metal oxide nanoparticles and their role in livestock as feed additives, pointing out their level of toxicity as well. The current and future regarding the permissible nanomaterials to be used in veterinary-related products will also be highlighted.