Stem cells are unique, rare cell types that exist within many various life
forms; they have been identified in both the plant and the animal kingdoms. These cells
possess two distinguishing characteristics: the capacity for self-renewal in order to
preserve the stem cell pool, and pluripotency, in which they differentiate into
specialized cells when particular signals are given [1]. Due to these defining qualities,
stem cells have been found to be primordial players during development, tissue repair
and regeneration after injury, and healthy homeostatic cell turnover. They are,
therefore, a crucial driving force for fast-expanding fields of regenerative medicine and
functional tissue engineering [2]. The substantial building blocks of life are embryonic
stem cells (ESCs). During early embryogenesis, ESCs that have their origin in the
developing blastocyst’s inner cell mass (ICM) contain the capacity for pluripotency.
Thus, they have the ability to become any type of cell that is required to form an entire
organism. Adult stem cells are another type of stem cells that are uncommon tissueresident
cells; they are essential for the establishment, maintenance, and repair as well
as regeneration of highly specialized tissues in multicellular organisms [3].
Keywords: Asymmetrical cell division, Cell spindle, Cell polarity cell fate
determinants, eya1, Notch signaling, Stem cells, Symmetrical cell division.
