Peripheral nerves connect the central nervous system with peripheral tissues
in the body and are therefore crucial for all living animals to communicate with the
environment. Due to the length of their axons, peripheral neurons are extremely
vulnerable to insults. Inherited peripheral neuropathies comprise a large group of
disorders characterized by progressive loss of axons or myelin that affect motor, sensory
and/or autonomic nerves. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is the most common form of
these inherited peripheral neuropathies. Peripheral nerves can also be damaged by a
wide variety of stressors such as inflammation, infection, trauma, systemic disease,
toxins/drugs and metabolic disturbances giving rise to several clinical subtypes of the
disease. These disorders are referred to as acquired peripheral neuropathies. Ongoing
research is focused on unraveling the pathogenic mechanisms underlying these
debilitating diseases in order to find possible therapeutic strategies. So far, no drug
therapy has been proven effective and patients have to rely on symptomatic treatments
that are largely insufficient. Although there is no existing cure for peripheral
neuropathies to date, some encouraging advances have been made which are also
discussed in this chapter.
Keywords: Inherited Peripheral Neuropathies, Acquired peripheral neuropathies,
Charcot-Marie-Tooth, Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathy, Hereditary
Motor Neuropathy, Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathy, Myelination,
nerves, Molecular mechanism, Therapy, Cytoskeleton, RNA metabolism,
Membrane trafficking, Mitochondria, Immunity, Infections, Endocrinopathies,
Systemic disease, Nutritional deficiencies, Chemotherapy.
