Due to high energy efficiency and zero emissions, some believe fuel cell
vehicles (FCVs) could revolutionize the automobile industry by replacing internal
combustion engine technology, and could be boosted and boomed in China first.
However, hydrogen infrastructure is one of the major barriers. Because different H2
pathways have very different energy and emissions effects, the well-to-wheels analyses
are necessary for adequately evaluating fuel/vehicle systems. The pathways used to
supply H2 for FCVs must be carefully examined by their WTW energy use, GHGs
emissions, total criteria pollutions emissions, and urban criteria pollutions emissions.
Ten hydrogen pathways in Shanghai have been simulated. The results include well-towheels
energy use, GHGs emissions, total criteria pollutions and urban criteria pollutions.
A fuel-cycle model developed at Argonne National Laboratory – called the Greenhouse
gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation (GREET) model – was
used to evaluate well-to-wheels energy and emissions impacts of hydrogen pathways in
this study. Because GREET model has no coal and naphtha-based hydrogen pathways,
four hydrogen pathways (No. 5-8) computer program were added to GREET in the
research. To analyze uncertain impacts, commercial software, Crystal BallTM, is used
to conduct Monte Carlo simulations. Instead of the point estimates, the results of this
study were probability distributions.
Through the research, the following conclusions can be achieved:
(1) All the pathways have significant reduction in WTW petroleum use, except two H2
pathways from naphtha, which achieve about 20% reduction in WTW petroleum.
(2) All the pathways have significant reduction in WTW urban criteria pollutions
emissions, except two H2 pathways from coal, which offer significant increase in WTW
urban SOx emissions.
(3) The NG-based H2 pathways have best WTW energy efficiencies, and the
electrolysis H2 pathways have worst WTW energy efficiencies. The WTW energy
efficiencies of H2 pathways from naphtha and coal are between NG-based pathways
and electrolysis pathways. The pathways from naphtha have higher energy efficiencies
than the pathways from coal. Only four pathways (G NG C, G NG R, G N C, and L NG
C) offer WTW energy benefits, and the other six pathways consume more WTW energy
than baseline-conventional gasoline vehicles.
(4) Changes in WTW GHGs emissions have nearly identical results with changes in
WTW energy use.
(5) For WTW total criteria pollutions emissions, all pathways can achieve significant
reduction in WTW total VOCs and CO. the other criteria pollutions emissions-NOx,
PM10, and SOx, have certainly reduction in NG and crude oil-based H2 pathways, but
have significant increase in electrolysis and coal-based pathways.
Keywords: Wheel-to-wheel, energy, greenhouse gas, pollution, pollution criteria,
emission, emission evaluation, hydrogen, fuel cell, fuel cell analysis, life cycle
analysis, calculation, modeling, energy consumption, pathways, vehicle.
