The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) affects the body's immune
system of the body in such a way that a minor infection, such as a cold, can become
severe. The treatment of HIV is challenging due to the virus's resistance. A high dose
of the drug is required to achieve viral load reduction. Current available antiretroviral
therapy can improve the health of HIV patients, although systemic viral load may
remain sequestered if the virus persists in anatomically privileged areas of the body.
Nanotechnology-based drug delivery techniques are being developed to target the virus
in various tissue compartments. Due to their durability, safety, multimodality, and
multifunctionality, nanomaterials are extensively used in biological applications.
However, unwanted interactions with plasma proteins in the systemic circulation,
failure to cross biological barriers, and nonspecific distribution throughout the body are
challenges. It is required to mitigate these challenges in the field of nanomedicine in
the near future. So, the main objective of this chapter is to compile information on
pathogenesis and their targets, as well as how anti-retroviral drugs improve efficacy in
treatment. This chapter will provide new insight intofinding nanotherapeutics for HIV.
Keywords: HIV, Immune system, Nanotechnology, Virus resistance.
