Mycorrhiza, meaning fungus root, is a typical example of an endophytic
biotrophic and symbiotic relationship rampant in most cultivated and natural
ecosystems. Mycorrhizal fungi are fungal species that are closely associated with plant
roots, forming a symbiotic relationship resembling legume-rhizobium symbiosis with
the plant providing carbohydrates for the fungi and the fungi providing mineral
nutrients such as phosphorus and zinc to the plants. Mycorrhizae can enhance the
growth of plant roots and even the whole plant system. In addition to nutrient transport,
mycorrhizal associations can also impart considerable plant disease resistance against
certain plant pathogens. Because of their greater surface area, mycorrhizae can improve
plant vigour and soil quality. This chapter deals with the origin and evolution of
mycorrhiza using paleontological evidence and phylogenetic analysis of its evolution
and its agricultural and commercial applications. Mycorrhizae are important
biofertilizers that improve plant nutrition and, thus, productivity by imparting tolerance
and resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses and improving soil structure fertility and
health and quality.
Keywords: Ectomycorrhiza, Ectendomycorrhiza, Phytoremediation, Soil Health, Stress.
