In today's technological landscape, IoT-enabled Wireless Sensor Networks
(WSNs) offer significant advantages over traditional networks, particularly when it is
used under critical applications. However, network devices are typically limited in
terms of their energy source; energy optimization has become a major concern in recent
years. As a result, energy-efficient protocols are increasingly being prioritized to
extend the network's functionality for a long period. In this chapter, we introduce a
clustering routing protocol that operates on an unequal clustering basis. The protocol
selects the best route for transmitting data to the sink based on various factors, such as
the average residual energy of path sensor nodes, the average distance between nodes,
the maximal distance nodes in the current path, and the number of hops. Our simulation
results show that the proposed Optimal Energy Unequal Clustering Routing (OEUCR)
protocol provides a significant improvement over the existing Energy Efficient Routing
Protocol (EERP). Furthermore, we propose an optimal election clustering protocol that
provides a new trade-off function based on near density factor and elect metric. Our
simulation outcomes demonstrate that this protocol increases the network's functional
duration by 6 rounds, reduces energy consumption by 0.727 J per round, and allows the
base station to receive 975 more messages. Specifically, the packets received by the
base station (BS) increased by 23%, while energy consumption decreased by 21%
when using OEUCR instead of EERP.
Keywords: Base station, Cluster, Elect metric, LEACH, Near density factor, TEEN, Wireless sensor networks.
