Nanoparticles (NPs) have the potential to produce deleterious effects on
organ, tissue, cellular, subcellular, and protein levels due to their peculiar
physicochemical features. Metal NPs are gaining prominence and are being used in a
variety of medicinal, consumer, industrial, and military applications. Furthermore, as
particle size falls, some metal-based NPs become increasingly poisonous, despite the
fact that the same substance is rather innocuous in its bulk form. NPs can also interact
with proteins and enzymes within human cells, causing reactive oxygen species to be
produced, an inflammatory response to be initiated, and mitochondrial disruption and
destruction, ending in apoptosis or necrosis. As a result, deciding whether the
advantages of NPs outweigh the hazards presents various challenges.
Keywords: Cellular toxicity, Cytotoxicity, Nanotoxicity, Nanoparticles toxicity.
