Domestication of animals was one of the most significant changes in human
history, beginning with a long-term connection between hunter–gatherers and wolves
more than 15,000 years ago. Between 11,000 and 4,000 years ago (approximately the
Neolithic to the Bronze Age), when mixed-crop farming communities emerged, a
variety of additional species, including sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, poultry, and horses,
were introduced into human society. The domestication of livestock had a profound
impact on human society. It allowed humans to produce more food and live in larger,
more complex societies. It also led to the development of trade and commerce, as
surplus animals and animal products could be exchanged for other goods. Animals
have played various roles since their domestication, ranging from being tolerated to
being revered in ceremonial activities to supplying humans with additional advantages,
such as food, clothing, building materials, transportation, herding and hunting. The
diversity of phenotypes, seen in various domesticated species has provided generations
of scientists with a useful model for studying evolution. The domestication process has
led to the development of many different breeds of livestock; each adapted to specific
environments and tasks. In modern times, livestock domestication continues to play a
significant role in food production and agriculture, and it remains an important part of
many cultures worldwide.
Keywords: Biotechnology, Domestication, Evolution, Genomics, Livestock
