As the nano-world continues to evolve, nanotechnology offers tremendous
potential in everyday goods and creating future, environmentally friendly technologies.
The advantages of nanotechnology are being realized in various areas, including
engineering, medicine, biology, the environment, and communication. However,
nanomaterials production is expected to increase exponentially in the next few years,
resulting in significant difficulties linked to their potentially harmful impacts on human
health and the environment. Furthermore, the detrimental effect of the toxicity of
nanomaterials on human health is one of the industry's most critical problems as it
works to exhaust its supply of nano-products. The use of nanomaterials in biological
applications is the scenario with the most significant risk. Therefore, the investigation
of nanotoxicity and its interaction with biomolecules continues, as are many other
projects.
On the other hand, assessing and validating nanotoxicity in a biological system are
complex tasks. This chapter aims to examine the difficulties associated with evaluating
the toxicity of nanomaterials. The evaluation of toxicity and the problems encountered
in assessing the effect on biological systems are historic. The findings of in-vitro, in-vivo, and in-silico investigations on the toxicity of engineered nanomaterials are
described in this chapter. The various toxicity evaluation methods each have challenges
that researchers must overcome when evaluating nanomaterials in powder form,
solution-based approaches, and when interacting with biological systems. The
evaluation tools and characterization methods are critical in overcoming the
difficulties, while the cytotoxic tests consider nanoparticle form, morphology, and size.
Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanoparticles, Nanotoxicity, In-vitro, In-vivo.
