Bioremediation is a prominent and novel technology among
decontamination studies because of its economic practicability, enhanced proficiency,
and environmental friendliness. The continuously deteriorating environment due to
pollutants was taken care of by the use of various sustainable microbial processes. It is
a process that uses microorganisms like bacteria and fungi, green plants, or their
enzymes to restore the natural environment altered by contaminants to its native
condition. Contaminant compounds are altered by microorganisms through reactions
that come off as a part of their metabolic processes. Bioremediation technologies can
be generally classified as in situ or ex situ. In situ bioremediation involves treating the
pollutants at the site, while ex situ bioremediation involves the elimination of the
pollutants to be treated elsewhere. This chapter deals with several aspects, such as the
detailed description of bioremediation, factors of bioremediation, the role of
microorganisms in bioremediation, different microbial processes and mechanisms
involved in the remediation of contaminants by microorganisms, and types of
bioremediation technologies such as bioventing, land farming, bioreactors, composting,
bioaugmentation, biofiltration, and bio-stimulation.
