Biomaterial is a growing family of materials with specific physicochemical
properties. Significant studies have been made to characterize the potential in vivo and
in vitro toxicity of biomaterials. The cytotoxicity may be attributed to variations in the
physicochemical properties, target cell types, particle dispersion methods, etc. The
reported cytotoxicity effects mainly include the impact on the biological system and
organ-specific toxicity such as CNS toxicity, lung toxicity, cardiac toxicity, dermal
toxicity, gastrointestinal toxicity, etc. Despite cellular toxicity, the immunological
effects of biomaterials, such as the activation of pulmonary macrophages and
associated inflammation, have been extensively studied. In this chapter, the latest
research results on the toxicological profiles of nanomaterials, highlighting both the
cellular toxicities and the immunological effects, have been incorporated. This analysis
also offers details on the overall status, patterns, and research needs for dealing with
the toxicological behavior of biomaterials.
Keywords: Biomaterials, Cytotoxicity, Nanocarriers, Toxicity.
