Numerous models have been proposed that try to explain the complex
etiology of obesity. Etiology maps have been created to interconnect the various
endogenous and exogenous variables that contribute to the pathophysiological
pathways that lead to overweight and obesity. No country in the world has solved the
problem of overweight and obesity, and the health and economic consequences that are
suffered around the world are on the rise since the world population is getting more
obese by the day. We aim to reflect on those variables that we see as potential target
points for weight loss and to present the best available current data on the overweight
and obesity epidemic. The goal of this review chapter is to emphasize the importance
of different obesity determinants: host factors, social environment, built environment
and behavioral determinants. Obesity is a risk factor for metabolic syndrome, hormonal
dysfunction and depression, it lowers lifetime expectancy and reduces the overall
health-related quality of life. Searching for a one-size-fits-all solution has been shown
ineffective in preventing the escalating obesity rates. Efforts should be directed towards
defining targeted, individualized strategies, while creating a network of support that
includes healthcare professionals, family members and national regulations. A multi
modal interdisciplinary approach and patient-centered care is mandatory to stop the
global obesity epidemic.
Keywords: Body weight, Built environment, Behavior, Determinants, Energy
imbalance, Inflammation, Metabolically healthy obesity, Microbiome, Obesity,
Risk factors.
