Breast cancer is the most common type of malignancy in women worldwide.
There are several factors associated with breast cancer for manifesting a heterogeneous
disease in nature. Chemotherapeutic drugs significantly reduce the mortality rate of
breast cancer. The recent development of chemotherapeutic drugs is targeting
heterogeneity by including hormone receptors, expression of genes, epidermal growth
factors, etc. The therapeutic response is dependent on a variety of factors, including
stages, subtypes, metastasis, etc. For example,- endocrine therapy is preferred for
positive hormone response in luminal breast cancer. In the recent therapeutic regimens,
CDK4/6 quenchers are emerged, which regulate cell cycle by interacting with cyclin
D1. It is also because, in the case of resistant hormonal therapy, tumors still showed its
dependency on CDK4/6- cyclin D1 for proliferation. Apart from chemotherapy,
immunotherapy is one of the emerging therapeutical regimens for breast cancer. There
are also a number of vaccination approaches against breast cancer, including
Nelipepimut–S, derived from the extracellular domain of the human epidermal factor
receptor, which is used as a vaccine to prevent the reoccurrence of refractory breast
cancer. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial mechanism for breast
cancer progression. Currently, EMT inhibitor is used for preclinical testing to further
used as a drug molecule to treat breast cancer. Thus, the advancement of chemo- or
immunotherapy can substitute over invasive treatment strategies such as the surgical
method for the treatment of breast cancer.
Keywords: Breast cancer, Cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 inhibitors,
Chemotherapy, Human epidermal growth factor receptor, Immunotherapy.
