The purpose of Chapter four is to inform nurses to learn how to respect
differences in opinions through the process of values clarification. When a nurse is
unaware of their values, especially when it comes to precarious subject matter, they
may inadvertently impose their point of view onto others. From an ethical perspective,
this type of response can be extremely problematic. It is recommended that nurses go
through the process of uncovering their hidden values by increasing self-awareness.
Nurses are also encouraged to use empathetic listening to respect client beliefs that
differ from their own. Moral agency, moral residue and moral disengagement are
explained. Unresolved moral conflicts can sometimes lead to moral residue that causes
a nurse to become morally disengaged. Nurses are advised to get help before this
occurs. Self-care strategies are highly recommended. In the Case in Point a client’s
right to choose results in moral residue for the nurse.
Keywords: Attitudes, Beliefs, Empathetic listening, Respect, Moral agency,
Moral disengagement, Moral residue, Moral outrage, Reflective journaling, Selfawareness,
Values clarification, Values.