A wide range of experimental techniques has been developed and applied for
investigating matter at high resolution. Scattering experiments are considered as
powerful tools for structure elucidation of liquids including normal water and
supercooled water. Employing techniques such as Differential Scanning Calorimetry
(DSC), one can record the temperature of phase changes, the glass transition
temperature. Quasi Elastic Neutron Scattering (QENS) spectral analysis suggests
distinct relaxation behaviour of diffusive motions of water molecules. Nuclear
Magnetic Spectroscopy (NMR) is very useful tool in elucidating molecular structures
of systems including liquids and aqueous solutions. By Compton Scattering and NMR
techniques, estimation of average number of hydrogen bonds has been achieved to a
considerable level of accuracy. Extensive studies have been made on water clusters
using a sophisticated spectroscopic technique namely Far Infra−Red
Vibration−Rotation−Tunneling (VRT) spectroscopy. Optical Kerr Spectroscopy has
been employed to investigate the relaxation process at femtosecond and picosecond
levels. Properties such as compressibility and diffusion coefficient have been
experimentally measured by simple capillary tube techniques. Electron microscopic
techniques have become invaluable tools to obtain high resolution of molecular
structure materials. Electron microscopic techniques equipped with better resolution
can yield further information regarding the microstructure of materials including
liquids.
Keywords: Bragg, Compton scattering, Density, Diffraction, DSC, Infra−Red,
NMR, QENS, SANS, SEM, Spectroscope, TEM, X−ray, Zeeman.
