Abstract
Background: In order to optimize outcomes of novel therapies for cerebellar ataxias (CAs), it is desirable to start these therapies while declined functions are restorable: i.e. while the so-called cerebellar reserve remains.
Objective: In this mini-review, we tried to define and discuss the cerebellar reserve from physiological and morphological points of view.
Method: The cerebellar neuron circuitry is designed to generate spatiotemporally organized outputs, regardless of the region. Therefore, the cerebellar reserve may be defined as a mechanism to restore its proper input-output organization of the cerebellar neuron circuitry, when it is damaged. Then, the following four components are essential for recruitment of the cerebellar reserve: operational local neuron circuitry; proper combination of mossy fiber inputs to be integrated; climbing fiber inputs to instruct favorable reorganization of the integration; deep cerebellar nuclei to generate reorganized outputs.
Results: We discussed three topics related to these resources, 1) principles of generating organized cerebellar outputs, 2) redundant mossy fiber inputs to the cerebellum, 3) plasticity of the cerebellar neuron circuitry.
Conclusion: To make most of the cerebellar reserve, it is desirable to start any intervention as early as possible when the cerebellar cell loss is minimal or even negligible. Therefore, an ideal future therapy for degenerative cerebellar diseases should start before consuming the cerebellar reserve at all. In the meantime, our real challenge is to establish a reliable method to identify the decrease in the cerebellar reserve as early as possible.
Keywords: Adventitiousness, asthenia, B/K ratio, cerebellar reserve, direct pathway, error-related potential, indirect pathway, redundancy.
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets
Title:Physiological and Morphological Principles Underpinning Recruitment of the Cerebellar Reserve
Volume: 17 Issue: 3
Author(s): Shinji Kakei*, Takahiro Ishikawa, Jongho Lee, Takeru Honda and Donna S. Hoffman
Affiliation:
- Movement Disorders Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506,Japan
Keywords: Adventitiousness, asthenia, B/K ratio, cerebellar reserve, direct pathway, error-related potential, indirect pathway, redundancy.
Abstract: Background: In order to optimize outcomes of novel therapies for cerebellar ataxias (CAs), it is desirable to start these therapies while declined functions are restorable: i.e. while the so-called cerebellar reserve remains.
Objective: In this mini-review, we tried to define and discuss the cerebellar reserve from physiological and morphological points of view.
Method: The cerebellar neuron circuitry is designed to generate spatiotemporally organized outputs, regardless of the region. Therefore, the cerebellar reserve may be defined as a mechanism to restore its proper input-output organization of the cerebellar neuron circuitry, when it is damaged. Then, the following four components are essential for recruitment of the cerebellar reserve: operational local neuron circuitry; proper combination of mossy fiber inputs to be integrated; climbing fiber inputs to instruct favorable reorganization of the integration; deep cerebellar nuclei to generate reorganized outputs.
Results: We discussed three topics related to these resources, 1) principles of generating organized cerebellar outputs, 2) redundant mossy fiber inputs to the cerebellum, 3) plasticity of the cerebellar neuron circuitry.
Conclusion: To make most of the cerebellar reserve, it is desirable to start any intervention as early as possible when the cerebellar cell loss is minimal or even negligible. Therefore, an ideal future therapy for degenerative cerebellar diseases should start before consuming the cerebellar reserve at all. In the meantime, our real challenge is to establish a reliable method to identify the decrease in the cerebellar reserve as early as possible.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Kakei Shinji *, Ishikawa Takahiro , Lee Jongho , Honda Takeru and Hoffman S. Donna , Physiological and Morphological Principles Underpinning Recruitment of the Cerebellar Reserve, CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets 2018; 17 (3) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871527317666180315164429
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871527317666180315164429 |
Print ISSN 1871-5273 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1996-3181 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Heart and Brain Axis Targets in CNS Neurological Disorders
Recently there has been a surge of interest in delving deeper into the complex interplay between the heart and brain. This fascination stems from a growing recognition of the profound influence each organ holds over the other, particularly in the realm of central nervous system (CNS) neurological disorders. The purpose ...read more
Lifestyle Interventions to Prevent and Treat Cognitive Impairment and Dementia
More than 55 million people live with dementia worldwide. By 2050, the population affected by dementia will exceed 139 million individuals. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a pre-dementia stage, also known as prodromal dementia, affecting older adults. MCI emerges years before the manifestation of dementia but can be avoidable and ...read more
Pathogenic Proteins in Neurodegenerative Diseases: From Mechanisms to Treatment Modalities
The primary objective of this thematic issue is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which pathogenic proteins contribute to neurodegenerative diseases and to highlight current and emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at mitigating their effects. By bringing together cutting-edge research and reviews, this issue aims to: 1.Enhance Understanding: Provide a comprehensive ...read more
Role of glial cells in autism spectrum disorder: Molecular mechanism and therapeutic approaches
Emerging evidence suggests that glial cells may play a pivotal role in neuroanatomical and behavioral changes found in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Many individuals with ASD experience a neuro-immune system abnormalities throughout life, which implicates a potential role of microglia in the pathogenesis of ASD. Dysfunctional astrocytes and oligodendrocytes were ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
Related Articles
-
Neuroimaging of Narcolepsy
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Treatment with Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide: A Case Report
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets The Effect of CB1 Antagonism on Hepatic Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress and Inflammation in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Current Medicinal Chemistry Organelle Stress Sensors and Cell Death Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Diseases
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Endocannabinoid System: A Multi-Facet Therapeutic Target
Current Clinical Pharmacology An Ion Channel Chip for Diagnosis and Prognosis of Autoimmune Neurological Disorders
Recent Patents on CNS Drug Discovery (Discontinued) Viral Encephalitis: Current Treatments and Future Perspectives
Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Clinical Application of the Vestibular Stimulation Effect on Balance Disorders with Dementia
Current Alzheimer Research Targeting NO/cGMP Signaling in the CNS for Neurodegeneration and Alzheimer’s Disease
Current Medicinal Chemistry Mechanisms Involved in Neuroprotective Effects of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Targeted Delivery for Neurodegenerative Disorders Using Gene Therapy Vectors: Gene Next Therapeutic Goals
Current Gene Therapy Aggregation State and Neurotoxic Properties of Alzheimer β-Amyloid Peptide
Current Protein & Peptide Science Cardiovascular Effects of EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor) Monoclonal Antibodies
Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF): Neurotrophic Functions and Therapeutic Implications for Neuronal Injury/Diseases
Current Signal Transduction Therapy Lipid Raft Alterations in Aged-Associated Neuropathologies
Current Alzheimer Research Recent Evidence of the Regulatory Role of PPARs in Neural Stem Cells and Their Underlying Mechanisms for Neuroprotective Effects
Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy Microglia-Neuron Interaction in Inflammatory and Degenerative Diseases: Role of Cholinergic and Noradrenergic Systems
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Physiological Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors Type Alpha on Dopamine Systems
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Functional Neuroimaging of Sleep Disorders
Current Pharmaceutical Design Discovery of Neurogenic, Alzheimers Disease Therapeutics
Current Alzheimer Research