Abstract
Introduction: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk associate with ferritin and percent transferrin saturation (%TS) levels. However, increased risk has been observed at levels considered within the “normal range” for these markers.
Objective: To define normative ferritin and %TS levels associated with T2D and CVD risk. Methods: Six-monthly ferritin, %TS and hemoglobin levels from 1,277 iron reduction clinical trial participants with CVD (peripheral arterial disease, 37% diabetic) permitted pair-wise analysis using Loess Locally Weighted Smoothing plots. Curves showed continuous quantitative ferritin, hemoglobin (reflecting physiologic iron requirements), and %TS (reflecting iron transport and sequestration) levels over a wide range of values. Inflection points in the curves were compared to ferritin and %TS levels indicating increased T2D and CVD risk in epidemiologic and intervention studies. Results: Increasing ferritin up to about 80 ng/mL and %TS up to about 25% TS corresponded to increasing hemoglobin levels, and minimal T2D and CVD risk. Displaced Loess trajectories reflected lower hemoglobin levels in diabetics compared to non-diabetics. Ferritin levels up to about 100 ng/mL paralleled proportionately increasing %TS levels up to about 55%TS corresponding to further limitation of T2D and CVD risk. Ferritin levels over 100 ng/mL did not associate with hemoglobin levels and coincided with increased T2D and CVD risk. Conclusions: Recognition of modified normal ranges for ferritin from about 15 ng/mL up to about 80- 100 ng/mL and %TS from about 15% up to about 25-55% may improve the value of iron biomarkers to assess and possibly lower T2D and CVD risk.Keywords: Iron, ferritin, transferrin, diabetes, normal values, cardiovascular.
Current Diabetes Reviews
Title:Ferritin and Percent Transferrin Saturation Levels Predict Type 2 Diabetes Risk and Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes
Volume: 13 Issue: 4
Author(s): Leo R. Zacharski*, Galina Shamayeva , Bruce K. Chow and Ralph G. DePalma
Affiliation:
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, White River Jct., Vermont,United States
Keywords: Iron, ferritin, transferrin, diabetes, normal values, cardiovascular.
Abstract: Introduction: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk associate with ferritin and percent transferrin saturation (%TS) levels. However, increased risk has been observed at levels considered within the “normal range” for these markers.
Objective: To define normative ferritin and %TS levels associated with T2D and CVD risk. Methods: Six-monthly ferritin, %TS and hemoglobin levels from 1,277 iron reduction clinical trial participants with CVD (peripheral arterial disease, 37% diabetic) permitted pair-wise analysis using Loess Locally Weighted Smoothing plots. Curves showed continuous quantitative ferritin, hemoglobin (reflecting physiologic iron requirements), and %TS (reflecting iron transport and sequestration) levels over a wide range of values. Inflection points in the curves were compared to ferritin and %TS levels indicating increased T2D and CVD risk in epidemiologic and intervention studies. Results: Increasing ferritin up to about 80 ng/mL and %TS up to about 25% TS corresponded to increasing hemoglobin levels, and minimal T2D and CVD risk. Displaced Loess trajectories reflected lower hemoglobin levels in diabetics compared to non-diabetics. Ferritin levels up to about 100 ng/mL paralleled proportionately increasing %TS levels up to about 55%TS corresponding to further limitation of T2D and CVD risk. Ferritin levels over 100 ng/mL did not associate with hemoglobin levels and coincided with increased T2D and CVD risk. Conclusions: Recognition of modified normal ranges for ferritin from about 15 ng/mL up to about 80- 100 ng/mL and %TS from about 15% up to about 25-55% may improve the value of iron biomarkers to assess and possibly lower T2D and CVD risk.Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Zacharski R. Leo *, Shamayeva Galina , Chow K. Bruce and DePalma G. Ralph , Ferritin and Percent Transferrin Saturation Levels Predict Type 2 Diabetes Risk and Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes, Current Diabetes Reviews 2017; 13 (4) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573399813666170504163138
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573399813666170504163138 |
Print ISSN 1573-3998 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-6417 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Advancing Diabetic Wound Healing: Mechanisms and Interventions
In recent years, diabetic wounds have become a global health concern with the increase in the incidence of diabetes. Diabetic wounds are a kind of chronic and refractory ulcer. It is generally due to the microcirculatory disturbances and the reduced levels of endogenous growth factors. Delayed cutaneous wound healing is ...read more
Oxidative and inflammatory responses in the development of secondary diabetic complications
Diabetes, along with its associated secondary complications, represents a significant global health challenge, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality. Unhealthy lifestyle habits, reduced physical activity, environmental pollutants, and stress are pivotal factors in the onset of diabetes, particularly type-2 diabetes. Poorly managed hyperglycemia can lead to various complications, including neuropathy, ...read more
![](/images/wayfinder.jpg)
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Molecular Imaging of Vascular Thrombosis
Current Molecular Imaging (Discontinued) Modulation of Ion Channels in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Current Pharmaceutical Design Xuesaitong May Protect Against Ischemic Stroke by Modulating Microglial Phenotypes and Inhibiting Neuronal Cell Apoptosis via the STAT3 Signaling Pathway
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Targets for Medical Therapy to Limit Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Progression
Current Drug Targets Angiotensins and Their Receptors in Cardiac and Vascular Injury
Current Hypertension Reviews 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl Substituted 3-methyl-tetrahydroquinoline Derivatives Obtained Through Imino Diels-Alder Reactions as Potential Antitumoral Agents
Letters in Drug Design & Discovery Nitric Oxide-Derived Oxidants with a Focus on Peroxynitrite: Molecular Targets,Cellular Responses and Therapeutic Implications
Current Pharmaceutical Design Can microRNAs be Biomarkers or Targets for Therapy of Ischemic Coronary Artery Disease in Metabolic Syndrome?
Current Drug Targets The Atherogenic Dyslipidemia of Metabolic Syndrome- Are there New Effective Therapeutic Options Beyond Statins?
Current Drug Therapy Heterocyclic Compounds: Effective α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase Inhibitors
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Use of Insulin and Insulin Analogs and Risk of Cancer — Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies
Current Drug Safety Perinatal and Neonatal Outcomes of Lithium-Treated and Untreated Bipolar Women During Pregnancy: A Review of Present Literature
Current Psychopharmacology Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcer: An Overview Strategies for Clinical Approach
Current Diabetes Reviews Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Update
Current Cardiology Reviews The Lung Disease of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews Mitochondria-Associated Membranes (MAMs): A Novel Therapeutic Target for Treating Metabolic Syndrome
Current Medicinal Chemistry New Pharmacological Approaches in Infants with Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
Current Pharmaceutical Design Gender Differences in Aminoglycoside Induced Nephrotoxicity: A Prospective, Hospital - Based Study
Current Clinical Pharmacology Clinical Applications of Transcranial Doppler Sonography
Reviews on Recent Clinical Trials The Role of T and B Cells in Atherosclerosis: Potential Clinical Implications
Current Pharmaceutical Design