Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is widely considered to be the result of an aggressive autoreactive T cell attack on myelin. How these autoimmune responses arise in MS is unclear, but they could result from virus infections. Thus, viral and autoimmune diseases in animals have been used to investigate the possible pathogenic mechanisms operating in MS. The autoimmune model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, is the most widely-used animal model and has greatly influenced therapeutic approaches targeting autoimmune responses. To investigate demyelination and remyelination in the absence of the adaptive immune response, toxin-induced demyelination models are used. These include using cuprizone, ethidium bromide and lysolecithin to induce myelin damage, which rapidly lead to remyelination when the toxins are withdrawn. The virus models include natural and experimental infections such as canine distemper, visna infection of sheep, and infection of non-human primates. The most commonly used viral models in rodents are Semliki Forest virus and Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus. The viral and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis models have been instrumental in the understanding of how viruses trigger inflammation, demyelination and neurodegeneration in the central nervous system. However, due to complexity of the animal models, pathological mechanisms are also examined in central nervous system cell culture systems including co-cultures, aggregate cultures and brain slice cultures.
Here we critically review in vitro and in vivo models used to investigate MS. Since knowledge gained from these models forms the basis for the development of new therapeutic approaches for MS, we address the applicability of the models. Finally, we provide guidance for using and reporting animal studies with the aim of improving translational studies to the clinic.
Keywords: Experimental models, multiple sclerosis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, demyelination, neurodegeneration, in vitro, in vivo, cuprizone, central nervous system.
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets
Title:In Vitro and In Vivo Models of Multiple Sclerosis
Volume: 11 Issue: 5
Author(s): Baukje J. van der Star, Daphne Y.S. Vogel, Markus Kipp, Fabiola Puentes, David Baker and Sandra Amor
Affiliation:
Keywords: Experimental models, multiple sclerosis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, demyelination, neurodegeneration, in vitro, in vivo, cuprizone, central nervous system.
Abstract: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is widely considered to be the result of an aggressive autoreactive T cell attack on myelin. How these autoimmune responses arise in MS is unclear, but they could result from virus infections. Thus, viral and autoimmune diseases in animals have been used to investigate the possible pathogenic mechanisms operating in MS. The autoimmune model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, is the most widely-used animal model and has greatly influenced therapeutic approaches targeting autoimmune responses. To investigate demyelination and remyelination in the absence of the adaptive immune response, toxin-induced demyelination models are used. These include using cuprizone, ethidium bromide and lysolecithin to induce myelin damage, which rapidly lead to remyelination when the toxins are withdrawn. The virus models include natural and experimental infections such as canine distemper, visna infection of sheep, and infection of non-human primates. The most commonly used viral models in rodents are Semliki Forest virus and Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus. The viral and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis models have been instrumental in the understanding of how viruses trigger inflammation, demyelination and neurodegeneration in the central nervous system. However, due to complexity of the animal models, pathological mechanisms are also examined in central nervous system cell culture systems including co-cultures, aggregate cultures and brain slice cultures.
Here we critically review in vitro and in vivo models used to investigate MS. Since knowledge gained from these models forms the basis for the development of new therapeutic approaches for MS, we address the applicability of the models. Finally, we provide guidance for using and reporting animal studies with the aim of improving translational studies to the clinic.
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Cite this article as:
J. van der Star Baukje, Y.S. Vogel Daphne, Kipp Markus, Puentes Fabiola, Baker David and Amor Sandra, In Vitro and In Vivo Models of Multiple Sclerosis, CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets 2012; 11 (5) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/187152712801661284
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/187152712801661284 |
Print ISSN 1871-5273 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1996-3181 |
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