Generic placeholder image

Current Rheumatology Reviews

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1573-3971
ISSN (Online): 1875-6360

Systematic Review Article

Efficacy of Rituximab on Refractory Organ Involvements in Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis: A Systematic Review of Case Reports

Author(s): Hamed Hajishah, Mohammad Javad Amini, Amir Shayan Chadeganipour, Seyyed Amirhossein Salehi and Danial Kazemi*

Volume 20, Issue 3, 2024

Published on: 27 October, 2023

Page: [270 - 283] Pages: 14

DOI: 10.2174/0115733971263964231020072640

Price: $65

conference banner
Abstract

Introduction: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a type of Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) characterized by necrotizing vasculitis affecting small and medium-sized blood vessels. GPA affects various organs, with respiratory tract, vasculitis and glomerulonephritis being the most common triad. Remission induction and maintenance therapy for GPA traditionally involves corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide. However, treatment with rituximab, a monoclonal antibody that depletes B-cells involved in autoimmune disease, has been successful in inducing remission in several studies. The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the efficacy of rituximab in treating various clinical manifestations of GPA.

Methods: In adherence to PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews and meta-analyses, we carried out a comprehensive review to investigate the effectiveness of rituximab on particular organ involvement in GPA. We searched three databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Embase) up until November 6, 2022, for case reports on the topic. To ensure all relevant studies were included, we manually screened the first 50 pages of Google Scholar's search results.

Results: The review identified a total of 64 case reports and a case series of 113 cases, highlighting the effectiveness of rituximab in treating refractory organ involvement in GPA. The review also analyzed the effectiveness of rituximab in treating ocular, CNS, cardiac, pulmonary, cutaneous, gastrointestinal, renal, and other organ involvements in GPA.

Conclusions: Our results indicated that rituximab can be a promising therapy for treating specific clinical manifestations of several organ involvements. However, more research is needed to determine the long-term efficacy of rituximab in treating GPA.

Keywords: ANCA, granulomatosis, polyangiitis, vasculitis, rituximab, AAV, rituxan.

Graphical Abstract
[1]
Geetha D, Jefferson JA. ANCA-associated vasculitis: Core curriculum 2020. Am J Kidney Dis 2020; 75(1): 124-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.04.031] [PMID: 31358311]
[2]
Kubaisi B, Abu Samra K, Foster CS. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s disease): An updated review of ocular disease manifestations. Intractable Rare Dis Res 2016; 5(2): 61-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5582/irdr.2016.01014] [PMID: 27195187]
[3]
Hunter RW, Welsh N, Farrah TE, Gallacher PJ, Dhaun N. ANCA associated vasculitis. BMJ 2020; 369: m1070.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1070] [PMID: 32291255]
[4]
Garlapati P, Qurie A. Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis. 2023.
[5]
Emer JJ, Claire W. Rituximab: a review of dermatological applications. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2009; 2(5): 29-37.
[PMID: 20729962]
[6]
Raffray L, Guillevin L. Rituximab treatment of ANCA-associated vasculitis. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 20(8): 899-910.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14712598.2020.1748597] [PMID: 32293192]
[7]
McKinney EF, Willcocks LC, Broecker V, Smith KGC. The immunopathology of ANCA-associated vasculitis. Semin Immunopathol 2014; 36(4): 461-78.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00281-014-0436-6] [PMID: 25056155]
[8]
Bellos I, Boletis I, Lionaki S. A meta-analysis of the safety and efficacy of maintenance therapies for antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody small-vessel vasculitis. Kidney Int Rep 2022; 7(5): 1074-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ekir.2022.02.020] [PMID: 35570996]
[9]
Hassan RI, Gaffo AL. Rituximab in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2017; 19(2): 6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11926-017-0632-1] [PMID: 28155022]
[10]
Keogh KA, Ytterberg SR, Fervenza FC, Carlson KA, Schroeder DR, Specks U. Rituximab for refractory Wegener’s granulomatosis: report of a prospective, open-label pilot trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 173(2): 180-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200507-1144OC] [PMID: 16224107]
[11]
Luqmani RA, Bacon PA, Moots RJ, et al. Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS) in systemic necrotizing vasculitis. QJM 1994; 87(11): 671-8.
[PMID: 7820541]
[12]
Seo P, Specks U, Keogh KA. Efficacy of rituximab in limited Wegener’s granulomatosis with refractory granulomatous manifestations. J Rheumatol 2008; 35(10): 2017-23.
[PMID: 18688911]
[13]
Stasi R, Stipa E, Del Poeta G, Amadori S, Newland AC, Provan D. Long-term observation of patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis treated with rituximab. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006; 45(11): 1432-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kel098] [PMID: 16632482]
[14]
Lovric S, Erdbruegger U, Kümpers P, et al. Rituximab as rescue therapy in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: a single-centre experience with 15 patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; 24(1): 179-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfn430] [PMID: 18685144]
[15]
Taylor SRJ, Salama AD, Joshi L, Pusey CD, Lightman SL. Rituximab is effective in the treatment of refractory ophthalmic Wegener’s granulomatosis. Arthritis Rheum 2009; 60(5): 1540-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.24454] [PMID: 19404964]
[16]
Khan A, Lawson CA, Quinn MA, Isdale AH, Green MJ. Successful Treatment of ANCA-Negative Wegener’s Granulomatosis with Rituximab. Int J Rheumatol 2010; 2010: 1-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/846063] [PMID: 21049001]
[17]
FDA approves first treatment for children with rare diseases that cause inflammation of small blood vessels 2019. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-treatment-children-rare-diseases-cause-inflammation-small-blood-vessels
[19]
Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 2021; 372(71): n71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71] [PMID: 33782057]
[20]
Munn Z, Moola S, Lisy K, Riitano D, Tufanaru C. Methodological guidance for systematic reviews of observational epidemiological studies reporting prevalence and cumulative incidence data. Int J Evid-Based Healthc 2015; 13(3): 147-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/XEB.0000000000000054] [PMID: 26317388]
[21]
Kenny GM, Holl-Ulrich K, Fulcher T, et al. Successful reconstruction of an ocular defect resulting from granulomatosis with polyangiitis, following treatment with rituximab. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 2018; 10: 240-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajoc.2018.03.014] [PMID: 29780942]
[22]
Avshovich N, Boulman N, Slobodin G, Zeina AR, Rosner I, Rozenbaum M. Refractory Wegener’s granulomatosis: Effect of rituximab on granulomatous bilateral orbital involvement. Isr Med Assoc J 2009; 11(9): 566-8.
[PMID: 19960854]
[23]
Baslund B, Wiencke AK, Rasmussen N, Faurschou M, Toft PB. Treatment of orbital inflammation with rituximab in Wegener’s granulomatosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2012; 30(1) (Suppl. 70): S7-S10.
[PMID: 22272561]
[24]
Cheung CMG, Murray PI, Savage CO. Successful treatment of Wegener’s granulomatosis associated scleritis with rituximab. Br J Ophthalmol 2005; 89(11): 1542.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2005.075689] [PMID: 16234479]
[25]
Dalkilic E, Alkis N, Kamali S. Rituximab as a new therapeutic option in granulomatosis with polyangiitis: A report of two cases. Mod Rheumatol 2012; 22(3): 463-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/s10165-011-0507-7] [PMID: 21847703]
[26]
Díez-Morrondo C, Pantoja L, Fernández R, Brañanova P, López A, Alexis D. Good response to rituximab in a patient with granulomatosis with polyangiitis and pulmonary, renal manifestations and ophthalmoplegia. Acta Reumatol Port 2016; 41(1): 74-7.
[PMID: 27115111]
[27]
Fujita Y, Fukui S, Endo Y, et al. Peripheral ulcerative keratitis associated with granulomatosis with polyangiitis emerging despite cyclophosphamide, successfully treated with rituximab. Intern Med 2018; 57(12): 1783-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.0215-17] [PMID: 29321417]
[28]
Huerva V, Sanchez MC, Traveset A, Jurjo C, Ruiz A. Rituximab for peripheral ulcerative keratitis with wegener granulomatosis. Cornea 2010; 29(6): 708-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0b013e3181c296ed] [PMID: 20458228]
[29]
Murthy S, Shah S, Bagga B, Dudam R. Rituximab therapy combined with methotrexate for severe necrotizing scleritis in a case of granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Indian J Ophthalmol 2020; 68(9): 1981-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_2249_19] [PMID: 32823449]
[30]
Onal S, Kazokoglu H, Koç A, Yavuz S. Rituximab for remission induction in a patient with relapsing necrotizing scleritis associated with limited Wegener’s granulomatosis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2008; 16(5-6): 230-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09273940802331643] [PMID: 19065418]
[31]
Ooka S, Maeda A, Ito H, Omata M, Yamada H, Ozaki S. Treatment of refractory retrobulbar granuloma with rituximab in a patient with ANCA-negative Wegener’s granulomatosis: A case report. Mod Rheumatol 2009; 19(1): 80-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/s10165-008-0119-z] [PMID: 18806927]
[32]
Trujillo JD, Turizo JC. Uso de rituximab en queratopatía ulcerativa periférica y uveítis secundaria a granulomatosis con poliangeítis. Revista Colombiana de Reumatología 2017; 24(1): 44-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rcreu.2016.08.003]
[33]
Riancho-Zarrabeitia L, Peiró Callizo E, Drake-Pérez M, García Montesinos B, Terán N, Martínez-Taboada VM. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis with isolated orbital involvement in children: a case report successfully treated with Rituximab and review of literature. Acta Reumatol Port 2019; 44(3): 258-63.
[PMID: 31484916]
[34]
Joshi L, Lightman SL, Salama AD, Shirodkar AL, Pusey CD, Taylor SRJ. Rituximab in refractory ophthalmic Wegener’s granulomatosis: PR3 titers may predict relapse, but repeat treatment can be effective. Ophthalmology 2011; 118(12): 2498-503.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.06.009] [PMID: 21907416]
[35]
Freidlin J, Wong IG, Acharya N. Rituximab treatment for peripheral ulcerative keratitis associated with Wegener’s granulomatosis. Br J Ophthalmol 2007; 91(10): 1414.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2006.113316] [PMID: 17895422]
[36]
Recillas-Gispert C, Serna-Ojeda JC, Flores-Suárez LF. Rituximab in the treatment of refractory scleritis in patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s). Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2015; 253(12): 2279-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00417-015-3198-5] [PMID: 26507398]
[37]
Benucci M, Li Gobbi F, Panconesi P, Manfredi M, Sarzi-Puttini P, Atzeni F. Granulomatosis polyangiitis associated with meningeal involvement: response to rituximab therapy after failure of cyclophosphamide. Reumatismo 2013; 65(2): 90-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/reumatismo.2013.90] [PMID: 23877415]
[38]
Horiuchi K, Oshima Y, Kudo A. Successful treatment with rituximab for granulomatosis with polyangiitis and multiple cranial neuropathies. Intern Med 2021; 60(7): 1095-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.4881-20] [PMID: 33132328]
[39]
Just SA, Knudsen JB, Nielsen MK, Junker P. Wegener’s granulomatosis presenting with pachymeningitis: Clinical and imaging remission by rituximab. ISRN Rheumatol 2011; 2011: 1-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/608942] [PMID: 22389798]
[40]
Kobayashi K, Nakagomi D, Furuta S, et al. Efficacy of rituximab for anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated hypertrophic pachymeningitis: A case series. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2020; 38 (124)(2): 176-81.
[41]
Lutalo PM, Scott IC, Sangle S, D’Cruz DP. Rituximab in the management of refractory neurological manifestations of wegener’s granulomatosis. Case Rep Rheumatol 2011; 50 (3): iii43-50.
[42]
Memet B, Rudinskaya A, Krebs T, Oelberg D. Wegener granulomatosis with massive intracerebral hemorrhage: Remission of disease in response to rituximab. J Clin Rheumatol 2005; 11(6): 314-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.rhu.0000191217.11688.3c] [PMID: 16371801]
[43]
Ruiz N, Rodriguez M, Flores-Suarez LF. Disseminated encephalic nodular lesions in granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) responsive to rituximab (RTX). Rheumatology 2017; 56 (3): iii65-81.
[44]
Sharma A, Kumar S, Wanchu A, et al. Successful treatment of hypertrophic pachymeningitis in refractory Wegener’s granulomatosis with rituximab. Clin Rheumatol 2010; 29(1): 107-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10067-009-1291-z] [PMID: 19802640]
[45]
Hughes J, Barkhoudarian G, Pedro P, et al. Refractory pituitary granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s) treated with rituximab. Endocr Pract 2013; 19(1): e1-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4158/EP12181.CR] [PMID: 23186961]
[46]
Yin LS, Kumar G, Vijayananthan A. Diffuse intracranial meningeal enhancement in Wegener’s granulomatosis : A rare finding. Eur J Radiol Extra 2008; 67(1): 5-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrex.2008.04.019]
[47]
Nakazawa M, Suzuki K, Yasuoka H, Yamaoka K, Takeuchi T. Successful rituximab treatment of granulomatosis with polyangiitis with cranial neuropathies. Inflamm Regen 2018; 38(1): 20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41232-018-0079-4] [PMID: 30473736]
[48]
Ozaki T, Maeshima K, Kiyonaga Y, et al. Large-vessel involvement in granulomatosis with polyangiitis successfully treated with rituximab: A case report and literature review. Mod Rheumatol 2017; 27(4): 699-704.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/14397595.2015.1021950] [PMID: 25736357]
[49]
Bernal L, Bitencourt N, Batra K, Solow EB. Successful use of rituximab in granulomatosis with polyangiitis with aortic inflammation. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2019; 37 (117)(2): 144-7.
[50]
Sikorska D, Tykarski A, Radziemski A, Mojs E, Samborski W. Atypical location of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s) with heart involvement :Effectiveness of treatment with rituximab. Kardiol Pol 2015; 73(12): 1338.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5603/KP.2015.0248] [PMID: 26727676]
[51]
Sultan N, Mushtaq F, Noor N, Ullah Z, Saleem AA. Role of Rituximab in miraculous cessation of ventricular tachycardia in Granulomatosis with polyangiitis: A case report. J Pak Med Assoc 2022; 72(1): 158-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.47391/JPMA.11-1701] [PMID: 35099458]
[52]
Toujani S, Daoud F, Aydi Z, et al. PP.27.18.granulomatosis with polyangiitis revealed by malignant hypertension and treated with rituximab. J Hypertens 2015; 33 (1): e370-1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hjh.0000468529.29051.f1]
[53]
Cimino G, Colombo G, Bellicini MG, et al. 278 Cardiac involvement in a 23 years old patient with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA). Eur Heart J Suppl 2021; 23 (Suppl. G): suab148.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/suab148]
[54]
Brihaye B, Aouba A, Pagnoux C, Vignaux O, Le Hello C, Guillevin L. Rituximab reversed cardiac involvement of Wegener’s granulomatosis: Magnetic resonance imaging assessment. Presse Med 2008; 37(3): 412-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lpm.2007.08.019] [PMID: 18276102]
[55]
Baeza-Trinidad R, Rosel-Rioja L. Wegener’s intra-alveolar hemorrhage remission with rituximab. QJM 2014; 107(9): 773-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcu022] [PMID: 24472733]
[56]
Caetano J. Refractory Wegener's granulomatosis presenting with alveolar haemorrhage, treated with rituximab. BMJ Case Rep 2014; 2014
[57]
Kosałka J, Bazan-Socha S, Zugaj A, et al. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s granulomatosis) with hard palate and bronchial perforations treated with rituximab : A case report. Pneumonol Alergol Pol 2014; 82(5): 454-7.
[PMID: 25133814]
[58]
Masiak A, Zdrojewski Z. Relapsing granulomatosis with polyangiitis with severe lung and upper respiratory tract involvement successfully treated with rituximab. Reumatologia 2017; 55(4): 208-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/reum.2017.69783] [PMID: 29056777]
[59]
Pandya S, Vashi M, Balk R. Rituximab therapy in refractory diffuse alveolar hemorrhage associated with anca vasculitis. Crit Care Med 2016; 44(12)
[60]
Silva-Carmona M, Sayad E, Vogel TP. Subclinical pulmonary granulomatosis with polyangiitis with dramatic response to treatment. J Clin Rheumatol 2021; 27(6): e243-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/RHU.0000000000001378] [PMID: 32251052]
[61]
Kalinova D, Kopchev A, Ivanova-Todorova E, et al. Response of chronic, relapsing Wegener’s granulomatosis with severe pulmonary involvement to anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (Rituximab). Revmatologiia 2014; 22: 51-63.
[62]
Mishra B. Rituximab for diffusealveolar hemorrhage in granulomatosis with polyangiitis: A case report. Chest 2016; 150(4): 1101A.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2016.08.1208]
[63]
Aitmehdi R, Moguelet P, Godot S, et al. Response to rituximab of pseudotumoral digital nodules in a patient with granulomatosis with polyangiitis with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: A case report. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33(4): e13479.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dth.13479] [PMID: 32359128]
[64]
Donmez S, Pamuk ON, Gedik M, Ak R, Bulut G. A case of granulomatosis with polyangiitis and pyoderma gangrenosum successfully treated with infliximab and rituximab. Int J Rheum Dis 2014; 17(4): 471-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1756-185X.12274] [PMID: 24460826]
[65]
Kindle S, Fanciullo J. Healing of leg ulcers associated with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener granulomatosis) after rituximab therapy. Cutis 2017; 99(1): E12-5.
[PMID: 28207017]
[66]
Murthy RK, Jackson J, Chatham WW, Sami N. Extensive pyoderma gangrenosum associated with granulomatosis with polyangiitis with both responsive to rituximab. J Clin Rheumatol 2016; 22(7): 393-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/RHU.0000000000000447] [PMID: 27660945]
[67]
Riera J, Musuruana J, Costa C, Cavallasca J. Efficacy of rituximab for refractory pyoderma gangrenosum-like ulcers in granulomatosis with polyangiitis associated to antiphospholipid antibodies. Arch Rheumatol 2020; 35(3): 449-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.46497/ArchRheumatol.2020.7498] [PMID: 33458671]
[68]
Sen M, Dogra S, Rathi M, Sharma A. Successful treatment of large refractory pyoderma gangrenosum-like presentation of granulomatosis with polyangiitis by rituximab. Int J Rheum Dis 2017; 20(12): 2200-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1756-185X.12882] [PMID: 27126548]
[69]
Bruce E, Gray L, Krutikov M, Wig S, Bruce I. An unusual case of bilateral parotid and submandibular gland involvement in anca associated vasculitis, refractory to cyclophosphamide but successfully treated with rituximab. Rheumatology 2013; 52 (1): i56-94.
[70]
Çakar M, Yilmaz S, Çinar M. Successful treatment of PR3-ANCA positive vasculitis with pancreatitis as the first manifestation with rituximab. Int J Rheum Dis 2017; 20(12): 2209-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1756-185X.12850] [PMID: 26929047]
[71]
Dag MS, Pehlivan Y, Tutar E, Kisacik B. Rituximab seems a promising therapeutic option in granulomatosis with polyangiitis with intestinal perforation: A case report and literature review. BMJ Case Rep 2013; 2013.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2012-007518]
[72]
Ko MS, Fisher C, Uribe L, Cascino M, Velayos F. In the knick of time: A case of bowel perforation in granulomatosis with polyangiitis and the use of rituximab 408. Am J Gastroent 2015; 110: S176-7.
[73]
Malik M, Ismail M, Pattanaik D. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis presenting as gastric ulcer: An unusual initial manifestation successfully treated with rituximab. Am J Med Sci 2015; 350(4): 338-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAJ.0000000000000536] [PMID: 26191640]
[74]
Sato H, Shima K, Sakata H, Ohtoh T. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis with intestinal involvement successfully treated with rituximab and surgery. BMJ Case Rep 2019; 12(8): e230355.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2019-230355] [PMID: 31401575]
[75]
Caroti L, Cirami CL, Di Maria L, et al. Rituximab in relapsing and de novo MPO ANCA-associated vasculitis with severe renal involvement: A case series. BMC Nephrol 2019; 20(1): 162.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12882-019-1350-x] [PMID: 31088509]
[76]
Lo Gullo A, Bajocchi G, Cassone G, Cavazza A, Zanichelli M, Salvarani C. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis presenting as a renal mass successfully treated with rituximab. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2014; 32(3) (82): S138.
[PMID: 24021545]
[77]
Malina M, Schaefer B, Waldherr R, Wühl E, Schaefer F, Schmitt CP. Late recovery of renal function by rituximab in a patient with Wegener’s granulomatosis. Pediatr Nephrol 2013; 28(3): 511-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00467-012-2332-4] [PMID: 23124537]
[78]
Kolitz T, Tanay A, Biro A, Zandman-Goddard G. Rituximab induction without maintenance for granulomatosis with polyangiitis and dialysis: Case report and literature review. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2018; 32(4): 535-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.berh.2019.01.004] [PMID: 31174822]
[79]
Ali Y, Khudadah M, Alali M, George S, Abdulsalam A. Treating granulomatosis with polyangiitis presenting as mastitis with rituximab. Arch Rheumatol 2019; 34(2): 241-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5606/ArchRheumatol.2019.6960] [PMID: 31497774]
[80]
Bastone P, Squifflet JL, Marbaix E, Houssiau F. Successful treatment of gynaecological involvement of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s granulomatosis) by rituximab. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2015; 33(2) (89): S-142-4.
[PMID: 26016766]
[81]
Paxton L, Champion De Crespigny P, Nicholls K. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis complicated by genital involvement: Sustained response to rituximab. Intern Med J 2021; 51(3): 444-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imj.15224] [PMID: 33738952]
[82]
Pruthi P, Vaishnav B, Meghnathi B, Dhindsa A, Mitra S. Successful treatment with rituximab in relapse of granulomatosis with polyagiitis presenting with diabetes insipidus. Indian J Rheumatol 2015; 10(2): 99-101.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injr.2015.03.007]
[83]
Shaukat MS, Ocon AJ, Peredo RA, Bhatt BD. Prostatitis, a rare presentation of granulomatosis with polyangiitis, successfully treated with rituximab and prednisone. BMJ Case Rep 2018; 2018: bcr-2018.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2018-225379]
[84]
Staines KS, Higgins B. Recurrence of Wegener’s granulomatosis with de novo intraoral presentation treated successfully with rituximab. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2009; 108(1): 76-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.02.025] [PMID: 19451001]
[85]
De Groot K, Rasmussen N, Bacon PA, et al. Randomized trial of cyclophosphamide versus methotrexate for induction of remission in early systemic antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52(8): 2461-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.21142] [PMID: 16052573]
[86]
Calich AL, Puéchal X, Pugnet G, et al. Rituximab for induction and maintenance therapy in granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s). Results of a single-center cohort study on 66 patients. J Autoimmun 2014; 50: 135-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2014.03.002] [PMID: 24703438]
[87]
Jones RB, Ferraro AJ, Chaudhry AN, et al. A multicenter survey of rituximab therapy for refractory antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum 2009; 60(7): 2156-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.24637] [PMID: 19565480]
[88]
Habibi MA, Alesaeidi S, Zahedi M, Rahmani S, Piri SM, Tavakolpour S. The efficacy and safety of rituximab in ANCA-associated vasculitis: A systematic review. Biology 2022; 11(12): 1767.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11121767] [PMID: 36552276]
[89]
Ayan G, Esatoglu SN, Hatemi G, et al. Rituximab for anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies-associated vasculitis: Experience of a single center and systematic review of non-randomized studies. Rheumatol Int 2018; 38(4): 607-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00296-018-3928-1] [PMID: 29322343]
[90]
Bala MM, Malecka-Massalska TJ, Koperny M, Zajac JF, Jarczewski JD, Szczeklik W. Anti-cytokine targeted therapies for ANCA-associated vasculitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 9(9): CD008333.
[PMID: 32990324]
[91]
Tarabishy AB, Schulte M, Papaliodis GN, Hoffman GS. Wegener’s granulomatosis: Clinical manifestations, differential diagnosis, and management of ocular and systemic disease. Surv Ophthalmol 2010; 55(5): 429-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.survophthal.2009.12.003] [PMID: 20638092]
[92]
Asín MA, Charles P, Rothschild PR, et al. Ocular involvement in granulomatosis with polyangiitis: A single-center cohort study on 63 patients. Autoimmun Rev 2019; 18(5): 493-500.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2019.03.001] [PMID: 30844550]
[93]
Seror R, Mahr A, Ramanoelina J, Pagnoux C, Cohen P, Guillevin L. Central nervous system involvement in Wegener granulomatosis. Medicine 2006; 85(1): 53-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.md.0000200166.90373.41] [PMID: 16523054]
[94]
Fragoulis GE, Lionaki S, Venetsanopoulou A, Vlachoyiannopoulos PG, Moutsopoulos HM, Tzioufas AG. Central nervous system involvement in patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis: A single-center retrospective study. Clin Rheumatol 2018; 37(3): 737-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10067-017-3835-y] [PMID: 28914375]
[95]
Holle JU, Gross WL. Neurological involvement in Wegener’s granulomatosis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2011; 23(1): 7-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/BOR.0b013e32834115f9] [PMID: 21124081]
[96]
McGeoch L, Carette S, Cuthbertson D, et al. Cardiac involvement in granulomatosis with polyangiitis. J Rheumatol 2015; 42(7): 1209-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.141513] [PMID: 25934819]
[97]
Sharma A, Naidu GSRSNK, Rathi M, et al. Clinical features and long-term outcomes of 105 granulomatosis with polyangiitis patients: A single center experience from north India. Int J Rheum Dis 2018; 21(1): 278-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1756-185X.13071] [PMID: 28337860]
[98]
Derhovanessian A, Tazelaar H, Belperio J, Lynch J III. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s Granulomatosis): Evolving concepts in treatment. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2018; 39(4): 434-58.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1660874] [PMID: 30404111]
[99]
Henderson SR, Copley SJ, Pusey CD, Ind PW, Salama AD. Prolonged B cell depletion with rituximab is effective in treating refractory pulmonary granulomatous inflammation in granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA). Medicine 2014; 93(27): e229.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000000229] [PMID: 25501085]
[100]
Copley S, Ind PW, Salama A, Henderson SR. Rituximab is beneficial and safe in treatment of persistent pulmonary nodules in wegener's granulomatosis. D47 Interstitial Lung Disease: Collagen- Vascular Disease, Sarcoidosis And Other Diffuse Lung Diseases. American Thoracic Society International Conference Abstracts: American Thoracic Society.
[101]
Micheletti RG, Chiesa Fuxench Z, Craven A, Watts RA, Luqmani RA, Merkel PA. Cutaneous manifestations of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody–associated vasculitis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2020; 72(10): 1741-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.41310] [PMID: 32419292]
[102]
Mahr A, Katsahian S, Varet H, et al. Revisiting the classification of clinical phenotypes of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: A cluster analysis. Ann Rheum Dis 2013; 72(6): 1003-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-201750] [PMID: 22962314]
[103]
Comarmond C, Cacoub P. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener): Clinical aspects and treatment. Autoimmun Rev 2014; 13(11): 1121-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2014.08.017] [PMID: 25149391]
[104]
Sinico RA, Di Toma L, Radice A. Renal involvement in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody associated vasculitis. Autoimmun Rev 2013; 12(4): 477-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2012.08.006] [PMID: 22921791]
[105]
Charles P, Terrier B, Perrodeau É, et al. Comparison of individually tailored versus fixed-schedule rituximab regimen to maintain ANCA-associated vasculitis remission: Results of a multicentre, randomised controlled, phase III trial (MAINRITSAN2). Ann Rheum Dis 2018; 77(8): 1143-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-212878] [PMID: 29695500]
[106]
Endo Y, Koga T, Ishida M, et al. Rituximab-induced acute thrombocytopenia in granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Intern Med 2018; 57(15): 2247-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.0335-17] [PMID: 29526948]
[107]
Alahmari HS, Alhowaish NY, Omair MA. Rituximab-induced psoriasis in a patient with granulomatosis with polyangitis treated with adalimumab. Case Rep Rheumatol 2019; 2019: 1-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5450863] [PMID: 31781463]
[108]
Ozen G, Ergun T, Oner SY, Demirkesen C, Inanc N. Widespread psoriasis induced by rituximab in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis: An unexpected adverse reaction. Joint Bone Spine 2013; 80(5): 545-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2013.02.001] [PMID: 23931851]
[109]
Guillevin L, Pagnoux C, Karras A, et al. Rituximab versus azathioprine for maintenance in ANCA-associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med 2014; 371(19): 1771-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1404231] [PMID: 25372085]
[110]
Smith RM, Jones RB, Specks U, et al. Rituximab versus azathioprine for maintenance of remission for patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis and relapsing disease: An international randomised controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2023; 82(7): 937-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ard-2022-223559] [PMID: 36958796]
[111]
Merkel PA, Niles JL, Mertz LE, Lehane PB, Pordeli P, Erblang F. Long-term safety of rituximab in granulomatosis with polyangiitis and in microscopic polyangiitis. Arthritis Care Res 2021; 73(9): 1372-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acr.24332] [PMID: 32475029]
[112]
Thietart S, Karras A, Augusto JF, et al. Evaluation of rituximab for induction and maintenance therapy in patients 75 years and older with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody–associated vasculitis. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5(7): e2220925.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.20925] [PMID: 35802372]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy