Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Pharmaceutical Analysis

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1573-4129
ISSN (Online): 1875-676X

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Research Article

Identification of Methamphetamine and Amphetamine in Drug Abuse Urine Sample using Multi-drug Rapid Test and Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) at the Centre of Drug Testing Laboratory, National Narcotics Board Republic of Indonesia

Author(s): Kurnia Sandy, Tesia Aisyah Rahmania* and Eri Arfiyani

Volume 19, Issue 7, 2023

Published on: 10 August, 2023

Page: [533 - 539] Pages: 7

DOI: 10.2174/1573412919666230803102859

Price: $65

Abstract

Introduction: Drug abuse is a real threat that threatens the Indonesian nation in the form of non-military threats. The second most abused illicit substance in the world is methamphetamine (MA). Most of the methamphetamine users in the world live in East and Southeast Asia. Methamphetamine is a powerful stimulant of the central nervous system (CNS) that can make someone feel an increase in sympathomimetic.

Methods: First, the preliminary test was conducted using a BioCare multi-drug rapid test and a specific methamphetamine rapid test that works based on the Lateral Flow Assay (LFA) principle. Second, the sample preparation used Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE). Third, GC-MS confirmed the test using GCMS Shimadzu-QP2020NX-GC-2030 (HP-5MS column, Length 30 m, diameter 0.25 m, film 0.25).

Results and Discussion: The Preliminary test shows that the urine is positive and contains methamphetamine and amphetamine. Based on the sample chromatogram, There are 2 peaks, which are methamphetamine and amphetamine compounds it can be seen by the retention time is 5.560 minutes (methamphetamine) a similarity index of 98% to methamphetamine compounds, and 4.885 minutes (amphetamine) with a similarity index of 96% to amphetamine compounds.

Conclusion: The urine samples with code 210DGB from methamphetamine users were detected due to the presence of methamphetamine and amphetamine, which is the metabolite of methamphetamine.

Keywords: Methamphetamine, amphetamine, GC-MS, drug abuse urine, multi-drug rapid test, chromatogram.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Indonesia. Indonesian Defense White Paper 2015.
[2]
Novita, F. The Dangers of Drug Abuse. In: Not only addictive, these are 5 dangers of drugs; , 2011; p. 439-452.
[3]
Maudy, P.A.S.; Humaedi, M.B.S. Causes of drug abuse among adolescents and solutions., 2017, 4, 339-345.
[4]
Pusat Penelitian Data dan Informasi Badan Narkotika Nasional Indonesia Drugs Report, 2022.
[5]
Rama, Y.; Saadabadi, A. Methamphetamine; StatPearls, 2022.
[6]
Badan, N.N. BNN Musnahkan 78,2 Kg Sabu Dan 61,9 KG Ganja., 2022. Available From: https://bnn.go.id/bnn-musnahkan-782-kg-sabu-619-kg-ganja/ accessed on Oct 22, 2022
[7]
Radfar, S.R.; Rawson, R.A. Current research on methamphetamine: epidemiology, medical and psychiatric effects, treatment, and harm reduction efforts. Addict. Health, 2014, 6(3-4), 146-154.
[8]
Kish, S.J. Pharmacologic mechanisms of crystal meth. In: CMAJ; , 2008; 178, p. (13)1679-1682.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.071675]
[9]
Godrati, S.; Pezeshgi, A.; Valizadeh, R.; James, K.S.; Radfar, S.R. Acute and delayed nephropathy due to methamphetamine abuse. J. Nephropathol., 2019, 9(3), e22-e22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/jnp.2020.22]
[10]
Suaniti, N.M.; Wirajana, I.N.; Ariati, N.K.; Manurung, M. Pengetahuan dan pemahaman dini narkoba dan zat aditif pada generasi muda sebagai aset bangsa di desa mengwi badung. Buletin Udayana Mengabdi, 2018, 17(4), 67-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/BUM.2018.v17.i04.p11]
[11]
Petit, A.; Karila, L.M. Methamphetamine addiction: A review of the literature. J. Addict. Res. Ther., 2012, 01(S1)
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.S1-006]
[12]
Bahadır, E.B.; Sezgintürk, M.K. Lateral flow assays: Principles, designs and labels. Trends Analyt. Chem., 2016, 82, 286-306.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2016.06.006]
[13]
Sajid, M.; Daud, M. Designs, formats and applications of lateral flow assay  A literature review. J. Saudi Chem. Soc., 2014, 19(6), 689-705.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2014.09.001]
[14]
Koczula, K.M.; Gallotta, A. Lateral flow assays; , 2016, p. 111-120.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/EBC20150012]
[15]
Al-bayati, Y.K.; Abd, M.F. Determination of methamphetamine drug by gc-ms based on molecularly imprinted solid-phase used meth acrylic acid and acryl amide as functional monomers. Iraqi J. Sci., 2017, 58(4), 2022-2034.
[16]
Jaffee, W.B. Is this urine really negative? A systematic review of tampering methods in urine drug screening and testing In. J. Subst. Abuse Treat., 2007, 33, 33-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2006.11.008]
[17]
Fu, S. Adulterants in Urine Drug Testing. Adv. Clin. Chem., 2016, 76, 123-163.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.acc.2016.05.003]
[18]
Kanamori, T. A study of the metabolism of methamphetamine and in isolated rat hepatocytes. In: Forensic Sci. Int; , 2005; 148, pp. 131-137.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.04.084]
[19]
Kumari, C.; Varughese, B.; Ramji, S.; Kapoor, S. Liquid–liquid extraction and solid phase extraction for urinary organic acids: A comparative study from a resource constraint setting. Indian J. Clin. Biochem., 2016, 31(4), 414-422.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12291-016-0557-x] [PMID: 27605738]
[20]
Ahadi, A.; Partoazar, A. Comparison of liquid-liquid extraction-thin layer chromatography with solid-phase extraction-high-performance thin layer chromatography in detection of urinary morphine. In: J. Biomed. Res; , 2011; 25, pp. (5)362-367.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1674-8301(11)60048-1]
[21]
Mulyadi, F.H. Kuswardani, Dalam tablet metamfetamin yang beredar ilegal di indonesia dengan kromatografi gas – spektrometri; , 2013.
[22]
Xu, L. 3. 30 Chemical Warfare Agents . Development and Applications of Sample Preparation Approaches., 2012, 3, 603-613.
[23]
Tshepelevitsh, S.; Hernits, K.; Jenc, J. Systematic optimization of liquid − liquid extraction for isolation of unidenti fi ed components In: ACS Omega; , 2017; p. 7772-7776.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.7b01445]
[24]
Honour, J.W. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In: Methods Mol. Biol; , 2006; 324, pp. 53-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-986-9:53]
[25]
Teonata, N.; Wijaya, V.A.; Vithaloka, V.S.; Thariq, M. An introduction to different types of gas chromatography. Teonata, 2021, 15(1)
[http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jstk.v15i1.8621]
[26]
Sachs, S.B.; Woo, F. A detailed mechanistic fragmentation analysis of methamphetamine and select regioisomers by GC / MS In: J. Forensic. Sci; , 2007; 52, pp. (2)308-319.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2007.00401.x]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
20
2
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy