Abstract
Innate immunity is the first line of defence elicited by the host immune system to fight against invading pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. From this elementary immune response, the more complex antigen-specific adaptive responses are recruited to provide a long-lasting memory against the pathogens. Innate immunity gets activated when the host cell utilizes a diverse set of receptors known as pattern recognition receptors (PRR) to recognize the viruses that have penetrated the host and responds with cellular processes like complement system, phagocytosis, cytokine release and inflammation and destruction of NK cells. Viral RNA or DNA or viral intermediate products are recognized by receptors like toll-like receptors(TLRs), nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) thereby, inducing type I interferon response (IFN) and other proinflammatory cytokines in infected cells or other immune cells. But certain viruses can evade the host innate immune response to replicate efficiently, triggering the spread of the viral infection. The present review describes the similarity in the mechanism chosen by viruses from different families -HIV, SARSCoV- 2 and Nipah viruses to evade the innate immune response and how efficiently they establish the infection in the host. The review also addresses the stages of developments of various vaccines against these viral diseases and the challenges encountered by the researchers during vaccine development.
Keywords: Innate immunity, HIV, SARS-CoV-2 virus, Nipah virus, RNA sensors, NOD-like receptors.
Current Protein & Peptide Science
Title:RNA Sensors as a Mechanism of Innate Immune Evasion among SARSCoV2, HIV and Nipah Viruses
Volume: 22 Issue: 4
Author(s): Dalia Cicily Kattiparambil Dixon, Chameli Ratan, Bhagyalakshmi Nair, Sabitha Mangalath, Rachy Abraham*Lekshmi. R. Nath*
Affiliation:
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205,United States
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P.O., Kochi, Kerala, 682041,India
Keywords: Innate immunity, HIV, SARS-CoV-2 virus, Nipah virus, RNA sensors, NOD-like receptors.
Abstract: Innate immunity is the first line of defence elicited by the host immune system to fight against invading pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. From this elementary immune response, the more complex antigen-specific adaptive responses are recruited to provide a long-lasting memory against the pathogens. Innate immunity gets activated when the host cell utilizes a diverse set of receptors known as pattern recognition receptors (PRR) to recognize the viruses that have penetrated the host and responds with cellular processes like complement system, phagocytosis, cytokine release and inflammation and destruction of NK cells. Viral RNA or DNA or viral intermediate products are recognized by receptors like toll-like receptors(TLRs), nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) thereby, inducing type I interferon response (IFN) and other proinflammatory cytokines in infected cells or other immune cells. But certain viruses can evade the host innate immune response to replicate efficiently, triggering the spread of the viral infection. The present review describes the similarity in the mechanism chosen by viruses from different families -HIV, SARSCoV- 2 and Nipah viruses to evade the innate immune response and how efficiently they establish the infection in the host. The review also addresses the stages of developments of various vaccines against these viral diseases and the challenges encountered by the researchers during vaccine development.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Dixon Cicily Kattiparambil Dalia, Ratan Chameli , Nair Bhagyalakshmi , Mangalath Sabitha , Abraham Rachy *, Nath R. Lekshmi.*, RNA Sensors as a Mechanism of Innate Immune Evasion among SARSCoV2, HIV and Nipah Viruses, Current Protein & Peptide Science 2021; 22 (4) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389203722666210322142725
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389203722666210322142725 |
Print ISSN 1389-2037 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-5550 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Advancements in Proteomic and Peptidomic Approaches in Cancer Immunotherapy: Unveiling the Immune Microenvironment
The scope of this thematic issue centers on the integration of proteomic and peptidomic technologies into the field of cancer immunotherapy, with a particular emphasis on exploring the tumor immune microenvironment. This issue aims to gather contributions that illustrate the application of these advanced methodologies in unveiling the complex interplay ...read more
Artificial Intelligence for Protein Research
Protein research, essential for understanding biological processes and creating therapeutics, faces challenges due to the intricate nature of protein structures and functions. Traditional methods are limited in exploring the vast protein sequence space efficiently. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) offer promising solutions by improving predictions and speeding up ...read more
Nutrition and Metabolism in Musculoskeletal Diseases
The musculoskeletal system consists mainly of cartilage, bone, muscles, tendons, connective tissue and ligaments. Balanced metabolism is of vital importance for the homeostasis of the musculoskeletal system. A series of musculoskeletal diseases (for example, sarcopenia, osteoporosis) are resulted from the dysregulated metabolism of the musculoskeletal system. Furthermore, metabolic diseases (such ...read more
Protein Folding, Aggregation and Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation
Protein folding, misfolding and aggregation remain one of the main problems of interdisciplinary science not only because many questions are still open, but also because they are important from the point of view of practical application. Protein aggregation and formation of fibrillar structures, for example, is a hallmark of a ...read more
Related Journals
![](/images/wayfinder.jpg)
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
Related Articles
-
Paroxetine Use During Pregnancy and Perinatal Outcomes Including Types of Cardiac Malformations in Quebec and France: A Short Communication
Current Drug Safety Tetracyclines and Neuromuscular Disorders
Current Neuropharmacology Present Insights on Cardiomyopathy in Diabetic Patients
Current Diabetes Reviews Histone Acetylation as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Motor Neuron Degenerative Diseases
Current Pharmaceutical Design Effects of Iron Polymaltose Complex, Ferrous Fumarate and Ferrous Sulfate Treatments in Anemic Pregnant Rats, Their Fetuses and Placentas
Inflammation & Allergy - Drug Targets (Discontinued) Nitric Oxide is a Central Common Metabolite in Vascular Dysfunction Associated with Diseases of Human Pregnancy
Current Vascular Pharmacology Micronutrient Biofortification in Rice through New Breeding Techniques (NBTs): Bangladesh Perspective
Current Nutraceuticals Extending Life Using Tissue and Organ Replacement
Current Aging Science Chaperone-like Activity of alpha-Crystallin and Other Small Heat Shock Proteins
Current Protein & Peptide Science Recent Patents and Advances in Hepatocyte-Like Cells Differentiation by Perinatal Stem Cells
Recent Patents on Regenerative Medicine Cellular Mechanisms for Diastolic Dysfunction in the Human Heart
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Modulators of Networks: Molecular Targets of Arterial Calcification Identified in Man and Mice
Current Pharmaceutical Design Pharmacogenetics of Antihypertensive Therapies: Can this be Applied in the Clinic?
Current Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine Pulmonary Valve Endocarditis: A Case Report
Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets Current Concepts on Prenatal Diagnosis and Management of Fetal Tachyarrythmias
Current Cardiology Reviews Developing Novel Therapeutic Approaches to Frailty
Current Pharmaceutical Design Management of Incidental Findings in the Era of Next-generation Sequencing
Current Genomics Autoantibodies for Cardiac Channels and Sudden Cardiac Death and its Relationship to Autoimmune Disorders
Current Cardiology Reviews New Insights into the Surgical Management of Tetralogy of Fallot: Physiological Fundamentals and Clinical Relevance
Current Pediatric Reviews Epigenetics in Vascular Disease – Therapeutic Potential of New Agents
Current Vascular Pharmacology