ONLINE MANUSCRIPT SUBMISSION
An online submission and tracking service via Internet facilitates a speedy and cost-effective submission
of manuscripts. Manuscripts and the full thematic issues must be submitted online via Bentham's
Manuscript Processing System (MPS) at https://bentham.manuscriptpoint.com/journals/cir
/ View Submission Instructions
Manuscripts must be submitted by one of the authors of the manuscript, and should not be submitted by
anyone on their behalf. The principal/corresponding author will be required to submit a Copyright Letter
along with the manuscript, on behalf of all the co-authors (if any). The author(s) will confirm that the
manuscript (or any part of it) has not been published previously or is not under consideration for
publication elsewhere. Furthermore, any illustration, structure or table that has been published
elsewhere must be reported, and copyright permission for reproduction must be obtained.
For all online submissions, please provide soft copies of all the materials (main text in MS Word or
Tex/LaTeX), figures/illustrations in TIFF, PDF or JPEG, and chemical structures drawn in ChemDraw
(CDX) / ISISDraw (TGF) as separate files, while a PDF version of the entire manuscript must also be
included, embedded with all the figures/illustrations/tables/chemical structures etc. It is
advisable that the document files related to a manuscript submission should always have the name of the
corresponding author as part of the file name, i.e., Cilli MS text.doc”, Cilli MS Figure 1” etc.
It is imperative that before submission, authors should carefully proofread the files for special
characters, mathematical symbols, Greek letters, equations, tables, references and images, to ensure
that they appear in proper format.
References, figures, tables, chemical structures etc. should be referred to in the text at the
appropriate place where they are first discussed. Figure legends/captions should also be provided.
A successful electronic submission of the manuscript will be confirmed by a system-generated email
acknowledgement to the principal/corresponding author immediately. Any queries therein should be
addressed at: info@benthamscience.net
COPYRIGHT
Authors who publish in Bentham Science print & online journals will transfer copyright to their work to Bentham Science Publishers. Submission of a manuscript to the respective journals implies that all authors have read and agreed to the content of the Copyright Letter or the Terms and Conditions. It is a condition of publication that manuscripts submitted to this journal have not been published and will not be simultaneously submitted or published elsewhere. Plagiarism is strictly forbidden, and by submitting the article for publication the authors agree that the publishers have the legal right to take appropriate action against the authors, if plagiarism or fabricated information is discovered. By submitting a manuscript, the authors agree that the copyright of their article is transferred to the publishers if and when the article is accepted for publication. Once submitted to the journal, the author will not withdraw their manuscript at any stage prior to publication.
It is mandatory that a signed copyright letter also be submitted along with the manuscript by the author to whom correspondence is to be addressed. The article should not contain any such material or information that may be unlawful, defamatory, fabricated, plagiarized, or which would, if published, in any way whatsoever, violate the terms and conditions as laid down in the copyright agreement. Copyright letter can be downloaded from the journal's Web site. Download the Copyright letter.
PERMISSION FOR REPRODUCTION
Permission to Reuse Bentham Content
Bentham Science has collaborated with the Copyright Clearance Center to meet our customer’s
licensing, besides rights & permission needs.
The Copyright Clearance Center’s RightsLink® service makes it faster and easier to secure
permission from Bentham Science’s journal titles. Visit
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rights they need, please contact us at
permissions@benthamscience.net
Third-Party Permissions
Authors are responsible for managing the inclusion of third-party content as an author/editor of
a work. We refer to 'third party content' as any work that authors haven't developed themselves
and have copied or adapted from other sources. Text, figures, photographs, tables, screenshots,
and other items may be included.
Unless the figure is in the public domain (copyright-free) or permitted for use under Creative
Commons or other open licences, the author must get permission from the copyright holder(s).
Published/reproduced material should not be included unless written permission has been obtained
from the copyright holder, which should be forwarded to the Editorial Office in case of
acceptance of the article for publication.
Open Access Articles
Articles are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode), which permits unrestricted distribution and reproduction in any medium, as long as the work is properly credited/attributed. For more details, please visit Open Access Policy
ARCHIVING POLICIES
SELF-ARCHIVING
By signing the Copyright Letter the authors retain the rights of self-archiving. Following are the
important features of self-archiving policy of Bentham Science journals
Authors can deposit the first draft of a submitted article on their personal websites, their
institution’s repositories or any non-commercial repository for personal use, internal
institutional use or for permitted scholarly posting.
Authors may deposit the ACCEPTED VERSION of the peer-reviewed article on their personal
websites, their institution’s repository or any non-commercial repository such as PMC, arXiv
after 12 MONTHS of publication on the journal website. In addition, an
acknowledgement must be given to the original source of publication and a link should be
inserted to the published article on the journal's/publisher’s website.
If the research is funded by NIH, Wellcome Trust or any other Open Access Mandate, authors
are allowed the archiving of published version of manuscripts in an institutional repository
after the mandatory embargo period. Authors should first contact the Editorial Office of the
journal for information about depositing a copy of the manuscript to a repository.
Consistent with the copyright agreement, Bentham Science does not allow archiving of FINAL
PUBLISHED VERSION of manuscripts.
The link to the original source of publication should be provided by inserting the DOI number
of the article in the following sentence: “The published manuscript is available at
EurekaSelect via https://www.eurekaselect.com/openurl/content.php?genre=article&doi=.
There is no embargo on the archiving of articles published under the OPEN ACCESS PLUS (GOLD
OPEN ACCESS) category. Authors are allowed deposition of such articles on institutional,
non-commercial repositories and personal websites immediately after publication on the
journal website.
LONG-TERM ARCHIVING OF BENTHAM SCIENCE CONTENT
To ensure permanent access to our publications, Bentham Science has an agreement with Portico to have
a long-term preservation of the content published in its journals.
MANUSCRIPTS PUBLISHED
The Journal publishes peer reviewed full-length/mini-review articles and drug clinical trial studies
written in English. Single topic/thematic issues may also be considered for publication.
Single Topic Issues
These peer-reviewed issues will either contain invited review/uninvited review/mini-review articles.
A Single Topic Issue Editor will offer a short perspective and co-ordinate the solicitation of
manuscripts between 3-5 (for a mini-thematic issue) to 6-10 (for a full-length thematic issue) from
leading scientists. Authors interested in editing a single topic issue in an emerging topic on
Clinical Immunology may submit their proposal to the Editor-in-Chief at cir@benthamscience.net for consideration.
Conference Proceedings
For proposals to publish conference proceedings in this journal, please contact us at email: proceedings@benthamscience.net
MANUSCRIPT LENGTH
Review Articles
The length of a published comprehensive review article is from 6000-10000 words with 100 or
more references excluding figures, structures, photographs, schemes, tables, etc.
Mini-Reviews
Mini-reviews should be 3000- 6000 words with 75 or more references excluding figures, structures,
photographs, schemes, tables etc.
Systematic Reviews
Systematic Reviews include systematic updates on review protocols, methods, research and results
from all relevant fields for any studies and updates on already published issues. The total
number of words for a published systematic review is from 4000 to 6000 words with 100 or more
references excluding figures, structures, photographs, schemes, tables etc.
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses must be reported according to PRISMA guidelines; (www.prisma-statement.org).
Registration of Systematic Reviews
Bentham Science Publishers supports retrospective registration of systematic reviews, in a
suitable registry (such as PROSPERO). The
registered systematic review must include the registration number as the last line of the
manuscript abstract.
Research Articles
Research articles should be of 4000-6000 words with 75 or more references excluding figures,
structures, photographs, schemes, tables, etc.
Randomized Drug Clinical Trial Studies
Trial studies should be 4000 to 6000 words with 50 or more references excluding figures,
structures, photographs, schemes, tables etc.
Case Reports
Case reports should describe new observations of findings or novel/unique outcomes relevant to
the field. The total number of words for a published case report is 1500 to 2500 words with 40
or more references excluding figures, structures, photographs, schemes, tables etc.
Current Frontiers
The articles should be contributed by eminent experts on cutting-edge recent developments. They
should be written in the format of mini-reviews (about 4 to 5 pages, approximately 800 to 850
words per composed page excluding tables, structures, graphics, figures and captions) with about
70 references to recent literature. All pages should be numbered sequentially.
Perspectives
A perspective should provide a short overview of a research topic relevant to the field. The
length of a published perspective ranges from 1500 to 1800 words with 20 or more references
excluding figures, structures, photographs, schemes, tables, etc.
Industry News
Industry News should provide important developments in industries related to the scope of the Journal, that could be of interest to the readers. The length of the submission should be about 1000 words, and it should ideally have 10 or more references (abstract is not required).
Patent News
Patent News may present important information about recent important patents that have been granted, relevant to the scope of this journal. The length should be about 1000 words, and it should ideally have 10 or more references (abstract is not required).
There is no restriction on the number of figures, tables or additional files e.g. video clips, animation and datasets, that can be included with each article online. Authors should include all relevant supporting data with each article (Refer to Supplementary Material section).
MANUSCRIPT PREPARATION
The manuscript should be written in English in a clear, direct and active style. All pages must be
numbered sequentially, facilitating in the reviewing and editing of the manuscript.
MICROSOFT WORD TEMPLATE
It is advisable that authors prepare their manuscript using the template available on the Web, which
will assist in preparation of the manuscript according to journal’s format. Download the
Template.
SECTIONS IN MANUSCRIPTS
Manuscripts submitted for research and review articles in the journal should be divided into the
following sections:
Title
Title Page
Structured Abstract
Graphical Abstract
Keywords
Text Organization
Conclusion
List of Abbreviations (if any)
Consent for Publication
Conflict of Interest
Acknowledgements
References
Appendices
Figures/Illustrations (if any)
Chemical Structures (if any)
Tables (if any)
Supportive/Supplementary Material (if any)
Title
The title of the article should be precise and brief and must not be more than 120 characters.
Authors should avoid the use of non-standard abbreviations and question marks in titles. The
first letter of each word should be in capital letters except for articles, conjunctions and
prepositions.
As recommended by the Reporting guidelines information about the study should be a part of the
title (particularly for randomized or clinical trials, systematic reviews and meta analyses).
Authors should also provide a short 'running title'. Title, running title, byline, correspondent
footnote and keywords: should be written as presented in original manuscripts.
Title Page
Title page should include paper title, author(s) full name and affiliation, corresponding
author(s) names complete affiliation/address, along with phone, fax and email.
Structured Abstract
The abstract of an article should be its clear, concise and accurate summary, having no more than
250 words, and including the explicit sub-headings (as in-line or run-in headings in bold). Use
of abbreviations should be avoided and the references should not be cited in the abstract.
All the original research articles, systematic reviews and meta analyses must be accompanied with
a structured abstract. Ideally, each abstract should include the following sub-headings, but
these may vary according to requirements of the article.
Background
Objective
Methods
Results
Conclusion
The headings can vary, but must state the purpose of the study, details of the participants,
measurements, methods, main findings and conclusion.
The clinical trial studies should have the registration number at the end of the study.
Graphical Abstract
A graphic must be included with each manuscript for use in the Table of Contents (TOC). This must
be submitted separately as an electronic file (preferred file types are EPS, PDF, TIFF,
Microsoft Word, PowerPoint and CDX etc.). A graphical abstract, not exceeding 30 words along
with the illustration, helps to summarize the contents of the manuscript in a concise pictorial
form. It is meant as an aid for the rapid viewing of the journals' contents and to help capture
the readers’ attention. The graphical abstract may feature a key structure, reaction, equation,
etc. that the manuscript elucidates upon. It will be listed along with the manuscript title,
authors’ names and affiliations in the contents page, typeset within an area of 5 cm by 17 cm,
but it will not appear in the article PDF file or in print.
Graphical Abstracts should be submitted as a separate file (must clearly mention graphical
abstract within the file) online via Bentham's Manuscript Processing System.
You can view a few examples of the Graphical Abstracts on our
website.
Keywords
6 to 8 keywords must be provided. Choose important and relevant keywords that researchers in your
field will be searching for so that your paper will appear in a database search. The keywords
should be contained in the title and they should appear several times in the article. In
biomedical fields, MeSH terms are a good ‘common vocabulary’ source to draw keywords from https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/meshhome.html.
Text Organization
The main text should begin on a separate page and should be divided into title page, abstract and
the main text. The text may be subdivided further according to the areas to be discussed, which
should be followed by the Acknowledgements, List of Abbreviations, Conflict of Interest and
Reference sections. The Review article should mention any previous important reviews in the
field and contain a comprehensive discussion starting with the general background of the field.
It should then go on to discuss the salient features of recent developments. The authors should
avoid presenting material which has already been published in a previous review. The authors are
advised to present and discuss their observations in brief.
All randomized clinical trials must include a flow diagram and authors should provide a completed
randomized trial checklist (see CONSORT Flow Diagram and Checklist; www.consort-statement.org) and a trial
protocol.
For case reports, the authors should follow the CARE
guidelines. The CARE
checklist should be submitted as a separate file.
The manuscript style must be uniform throughout the text and 10 pt Times New Roman font should be
used. The full term for an abbreviation should precede its first appearance in the text unless
it is a standard unit of measurement. The reference numbers should be given in square brackets
in the text. Italics should be used for Binomial names of organisms (Genus and Species), for
emphasis and for unfamiliar words or phrases. Non-assimilated words from Latin or other
languages should also be italicized e.g. in vivo, in vitro, per se, et al. etc.
SECTION HEADINGS
Section headings should be numbered sequentially, left aligned and have the first letter
capitalized, starting with the introduction. Sub-section headings however, should be in
lower-case and italicized with their initials capitalized. They should be numbered as 1.1,
1.2,etc.
INTRODUCTION
The Introduction section should include the background and aims of the research in a
comprehensive manner.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This section provides details of the methodology used along with information on any previous
efforts with corresponding references. Any details for further modifications and research
should be included. Sufficient details should be provided to the reader about the original
data source in order to enable the analysis, appropriateness and verification of the results
reported in the study.
It is important for the Method Section should be sufficiently detailed in respect of the data
presented, and the results produced from it. This section should include all the information
and protocol gathered for the study at the time when it was being written. If the study is
funded or financially supported by an organization to conduct the research, then it should
be mentioned in the Method Section. Methods must be result-oriented. The statement regarding
the approval by an independent local, regional or national review committee (e.g. name of
ethic committee and institutional review board) should be part of the Methods Section.
EXPERIMENTAL
Repeated information should not be reported in the text of an article. A calculation section
must include experimental data, facts and practical development from a theoretical
perspective.
RESULTS
The important and main findings of the study should come first in the Results Section. The
tables, figures and references should be given in sequence to emphasize the important
information or observations related to the research. The repetition of data in tables and
figures should be avoided. Results should be precise.
DISCUSSION
This should explore the significance of the results of the work, present a reproducible
procedure and emphasis the importance of the article in the light of recent developments in
the field. Extensive citations and discussion of published literature should be avoided.
This section of research articles should discuss the implications of the findings in the context of existing research and highlight the study's limitations. The authors should justify the sample size according to the study purpose and methods.
The Results and Discussion may be presented together under one heading of “Results and
Discussion”. Alternatively, they may be presented under two separate sections (“Results”
section and “Discussion” Sections). Short sub-headings may be added in each section if
required.
CONCLUSION
A small paragraph summarizing the contents of the article, presenting the final outcome of
the research or proposing further study on the subject, may be given at the end of the
article under the Conclusion section.
FUNDING
The authors need to declare the funding sources of their manuscripts clearly by providing the
name of the funding agency or financial support along with allotted grant/award number in
round brackets (if applied), for instance, "This work was financially supported by [Name of
the funding agency] (Grant number XXX)".
Similarly, if a paper does not have any specific funding source, and is part of the
employment of the authors, then the name of the employer will be required. Authors will have
to clearly state that the funder was involved in writing, editing, approval, or decision to
publish the article.
Greek Symbols and Special Characters
Greek symbols and special characters often undergo formatting changes and get corrupted or
lost during preparation of manuscript for publication. To ensure that all special characters
used are embedded in the text, these special characters should be inserted as a symbol but
should not be a result of any format styling (Symbol font face) otherwise they will be lost
during conversion to PDF/XML.
Authors are encouraged to consult reporting guidelines. These guidelines provide a set of
recommendations comprising a list of items relevant to their specific research design.
Chemical equations, chemical names, mathematical usage, unit of measurements, chemical and
physical quantity & units must conform to SI and Chemical Abstracts or IUPAC.
All kinds of measurements should be reported only in International System of Units (SI).
Appendices
In case there is a need to present lengthy, but essential methodological details, use
appendices, which can be a part of the article. An appendix must not exceed three pages
(Times New Roman, 10 point font, 900 max. words per page). The information should be
provided in a condensed form, ruling out the need of full sentences. A single appendix
should be titled APPENDIX, while more than one can be titled APPENDIX A, APPENDIX B, and so
on.
Supportive/Supplementary Material
We do encourage to append supportive material, for example a PowerPoint file containing a
talk about the study, a PowerPoint file containing additional screenshots, a Word, RTF, or
PDF document showing the original instrument(s) used, a video, or the original data
(SAS/SPSS files, Excel files, Access Db files etc.) provided it is inevitable or endorsed by
the journal's Editor.
Supportive/Supplementary Material intended for publication must be numbered and referred to
in the manuscript but should not be a part of the submitted paper. In-text citations as well
as a section with the heading "Supportive/Supplementary Material" before the "References"
section should be provided. Here, list all Supportive/Supplementary Material and include a
brief caption line for each file describing its contents.
Any additional files will be linked to the final published article in the form supplied by
the author, but will not be displayed within the paper. They will be made available in
exactly the same form as originally provided only on our website. Please also
make sure that each additional file is a single table, figure or movie (please do not upload
linked worksheets or PDF files larger than one sheet). Supportive/Supplementary material
must be provided in a single zipped file not larger than 4 MB.
Authors must clearly indicate if these files are not for publication but meant for the
reviewers'/editors' perusal only.
List of Abbreviations
If abbreviations are used in the text either they should be defined in the text where first
used, or a list of abbreviations can be provided.
RESEARCH ETHICS AND POLICIES
Conflict of Interest
Financial contributions and any potential conflict of interest must be clearly acknowledged under the
heading ‘Conflict of Interest’. Authors must list the source(s) of funding for the study. This
should be done for each author.
Acknowledgements
Any research assistants or other individuals who assisted with the research but are not listed as authors, such as those who carried out the literature review, produced, computerized, and analyzed the data, or helped with the language, writing, or proofreading of the article, or offered any comments or suggestions, should be acknowledged. Briefly, everyone who has contributed significantly to the improvement of the paper should be acknowledged. It is recommended to mention the "Declared None" if there is no acknowledgement for the study.
Guest or honorary authorship based solely on position (e.g. research supervisor, departmental head)
is discouraged.
The specific requirements for authorship have been defined by the International Committee of Medical
Journal Editors (ICMJE; http://www.icmje.org). Examples of
authors' contributions are: 'designed research/study', 'performed research/study', 'contributed
important reagents', 'collected data', 'analyzed data', 'wrote paper' etc. This information must be included in the submitted manuscript as a separate paragraph under the heading 'Authors' Contribution'.
The corresponding author is responsible for obtaining permission from all co-authors for the
submission of any version of the manuscript and for any changes in the authorship.
HUMAN AND ANIMAL RIGHTS:
Research Involving Humans
All clinical investigations should be conducted according to the Declaration
of Helsinki principles. For all manuscripts reporting data from studies involving human
participants, formal review and approval by an appropriate institutional review board or ethics
committee are required.
Patient Consent:
Compliance with the guidelines of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (www.icmje.org) is recommended, in accordance with the patient’s
consent for research or participation in a study as per the applicable laws and regulations
regarding the privacy and/or security of personal information, including, but not limited to, the
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 ("HIPAA") and other U.S. federal and
state laws relating to confidentiality and security of personally distinguishable evidence, the
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) (EU) 2016/679 and member state implementing legislation,
Canada's Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act, India's Information
Technology Act and related Privacy Rules, (together "Data Protection and Privacy Laws").
It is the responsibility of the author to ensure that:
Patients' names, initials, or hospital numbers are not mentioned anywhere in the manuscript
(including figures).
Authors are responsible for obtaining the patient consent-to-disclose forms for all
recognizable patients in photographs, videos, or other information that may be published in
the Journal, in derivative works, or on the journal’s website and for providing the
manuscript to the recognizable patient for review before submission.
The consent-to-disclose form should indicate specific use (publication in the medical
literature in print and online, with the understanding that patients and the public will
have access) of the patient's information and any images in figures or videos, and must
contain the patient's signature or that of a legal guardian along with a statement that the
patient or legal guardian has been offered the opportunity to review the identifying
materials and the accompanying manuscript.
If the manuscript has an individuals’ data, such as personal details, audio-video material,
etc., consent should be obtained from that individual. In case of children,
consent should be obtained from the parent or the legal guardian.
A specific declaration of such approval and consent-to-disclose form must be made in the
copyright letter and in a stand-alone paragraph at the end of the article especially in the
case of human studies where inclusion of a statement regarding obtaining the written
informed consent from each subject or subject's guardian is a must. The original should be
retained by the guarantor or the corresponding author. Editors may request to provide the
original forms by fax or email.
All such case reports require by a proper consent being obtained prior to publishing. Please refer COPE guidelines available at https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines/journals%E2%80%99-best-practices-ensuring-consent-publishing-medical-case-reports.
Editors may request that authors provide documentation of the formal review and recommendation from
the institutional review board or ethics committee responsible for oversight of the study. The
editors reserve the right to reject manuscripts that do not comply with the above-mentioned
requirements. The author will be held responsible for false statements or failure to fulfill the
above-mentioned requirements.
Non-identifiable Images
Anonymous images, that do not identify the individual directly or indirectly, such as through any
identifying marks or text, do not require formal consent, for example, X-rays, ultrasound
images, pathology slides or laparoscopic images.
In case consent is not obtained, concealing the identity through eye bars or blurring the face
would not be acceptable.
Research Involving Animals:
For research involving animals, the authors should indicate whether the procedures followed were in
accordance with the standards set forth in the eighth edition of “Guide for the Care and Use of
Laboratory Animals” (grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/guide-for-the-care-and-use-of-laboratory-animals_prepub.pdf
published by the National Academy of Sciences, The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C.).
Research work on animals should be carried out in accordance with the NC3Rs ARRIVE Guidelines. For
In Vivo Experiments, please visit https://www.nc3rs.org.uk/arrive-guidelines
Authors should clearly state the name of the approval committee, highlighting that legal and ethical
approvals were obtained prior to initiation of the research work carried out on animals, and that
the experiments were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations stated
below.
US authors should cite compliance with the US National Research Council's "Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory
Animals"
The US Public Health Service's "Policy on Humane Care
and Use of Laboratory Animals" and "Guide
for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals"
UK authors should conform to UK legislation under the
Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 Amendment Regulations (SI 2012/3039).
European authors outside the UK should conform to Directive
2010/63/EU.
Research on animals should adhere to ethical guidelines of The
International Council for Laboratory Animal Science (ICLAS) ethical
guidelines.
The manuscript should clearly include a declaration of compliance with the relevant
guidelines (e.g. the revised Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 in
the UK and Directive 2010/63/EU in Europe) and/or relevant permissions or licenses obtained
by the IUCN Policy
Statement on Research Involving Species at Risk of Extinction and the Convention on the Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna
and Flora.
Research Involving Plants
All experimental research on plants (either cultivated or wild), should comply with international
guidelines. The manuscript should include a declaration of compliance of field studies with relevant
guidelines and/or relevant permissions or licenses obtained by the IUCN Policy Statement on
Research Involving Species at Risk of Extinction and the Convention on the Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
Flora.
Hazard Study
Any unusual risks associated with the use of any chemicals, procedures, or equipment used in the work must be
explicitly stated by the author in the manuscript, preferably in both the materials and methods section and the
declaration section. For more information, visit The World Medical Association (https://www.wma.net/what-we-do/public-health/chemicals)
UNETHICAL BEHAVIOR
Unethical behavior and misconduct may be pointed out by anyone to the Editor and Publisher with
sufficient evidences. The Editor, in consultation with the Publisher, will initiate investigation
against this Unethical misconduct, complete the procedure till an unbiased decision is reached, and
maintain confidentiality throughout the process of the investigation. The Author should be given the
opportunity to reply to all minor or major accusations.
In case of serious breaches, the employer may be informed where appropriate, by the Editor/Publisher,
after reviewing all available information and evidences or after seeking help from experts in that
field.
Conclusion
Author(s) and Reviewers must be informed in case of misinterpretation or mishandling of
International Acceptable Standards
A strict notice should be sent to the author and reviewer to avoid future unethical
misconduct
An Editorial on the reported misconduct should be published or official notice of unethical
behavior should be posted on the website
Official letter about this misconduct should be issued to the Head of Departments, Funding
Agencies of the accused author and the reviewer, as well as Abstracting & Indexing
Agencies.
Where required, retraction and withdrawal of publication may be undertaken from the
Publisher’s journal in discussion with the Head of the Department of the author or reviewer,
and other higher authorities should be informed
The Publisher may impose restrictions for some period on future publications from the accused
author in the journals
Consent for Publication
If the manuscript has an individuals’ data, such as personal detail, audio-video material etc.,
consent should be obtained from that individual. In case of children, consent should be obtained
from the parent or the legal guardian.
A specific declaration of such approval and consent-to-disclose form must be made in the copyright
letter and in a stand-alone paragraph at the end of the Methods section especially in the case of
human studies where inclusion of a statement regarding obtaining the written informed consent from
each subject or subject's guardian is a must. The original should be retained by the guarantor or
corresponding author. Editors may request to provide the original forms by fax or email.
All such case reports should be followed by a proper consent prior to publishing.
RANDOMIZED DRUG CLINICAL TRIAL STUDIES
Randomized drug clinical trial studies are biomedical or health-related interventional and/or
observational research studies conducted in phases in human beings who are randomly allocated to receive
or not receive a preventive, therapeutic, or diagnostic intervention that follows a pre-defined
protocol. The study is intended to determine the safety and efficacy of approaches to disease
prevention, diagnosis and treatment.
Authors of randomized controlled trials are encouraged to submit trial protocols along with their
manuscripts. All clinical trials must be registered (before recruitment of the first participant) at an
appropriate online public trial registry that must be independent of for-profit interest (e.g.,www.clinicaltrials.gov). If you wish the editor(s) to
consider an unregistered trial, please explain briefly why the trial has not been registered.
All randomized clinical trials should include a flow diagram
and authors should provide a completed randomized trial
checklist (see CONSORT Flow Diagram and Checklist; www.consort-statement.org)
and a trial protocol. For further details, please visit complete
guidelines at:
http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/publishing-and-editorial-issues/clinical-trial-registration.html
Studies of diagnostic accuracy must be reported according to STARD guidelines; (www.stard-statement.org)
Observational studies (cohort, case-control, or cross-sectional designs) must be reported
according to the STROBE statement, and should be submitted with their protocols; (www.strobe-statement.org).
Genetic association studies must be reported according to STREGA guidelines; (www.medicine.uottawa.ca)
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses must be reported according to PRISMA guidelines; (www.prisma-statement.org)
To find the reporting guidelines see (
www.equator-network.org)
Important points to remember while submitting clinical trials:
Each manuscript should clearly state an objective or hypothesis; the design and methods
(including the study setting and dates, patients or participants with inclusion and exclusion
criteria, or data sources, and how these were selected for the study); the essential features of
any interventions; the main outcome measures; the main results of the study; a comment section
placing the results in context with the published literature and addressing study limitations;
and the conclusions. Data included in research reports must be original.
Trial registry name, registration identification number, and the URL for the registry should be
included at the end of the abstract and also in the space provided on the online manuscript
submission form. If your research article reports the results of a controlled health care
intervention, list the trial registry, along with the unique identifying number (Please note
that there should be no space between the letters and numbers of your trial registration
number). Studies designed for other purposes, such as to study pharmacokinetics or major
toxicity (e.g., phase 1 trials), are exempted.
All reports of randomized trials should include a section entitled “Randomization and Masking”,
within the Methods section.
The manuscript must include a statement identifying the institutional and/or licensing committee
that has approved the experiments, including any relevant details.
The SI system of units and the recommended international non-proprietary name (rINN) for drug
names must be used. Kindly ensure that the dose, route, and frequency of administration of any
drug you mention are correct.
Please ensure that the clinical trials sponsored by pharmaceutical companies follow the
guidelines on good publication practice: (www.gpp-guidelines.org)
The editors reserve the right to reject manuscripts that do not comply with the above-mentioned
requirements. The author will be held responsible for false statements or failure to fulfill the
above-mentioned requirements.
REFERENCES
References should be submitted preferably in the ACS or Vancouver style. All references must be complete
and accurate. The reference numbers must be finalized and the bibliography must be fully formatted
before submission.
The references should be relevant to the study and should refer to the original research sources.
Self-citation and self-interest should be avoided by the authors, editors and peer-reviewers.
See below few examples of references listed in the ACS and Vancouver Style:
ACS Style
In ACS style, all references should be numbered sequentially [in square brackets] in the text and
listed in the same numerical order in the reference section. Superscript in the in-text citations
and reference section should be avoided.
Reference Lists
Different reference formats have different rules for citation. See below for some common format
examples.
Journal Article
The minimum required information for a journal article reference is author, abbreviated journal
title, year, publication, volume number, and initial page of cited article, though complete
pagination is possible. Journal abbreviation and volume are italicized. Year of
publication is bold. All authors must be cited and there should be no use of the
phrase et al. Journal abbreviations should follow the Index Medicus/MEDLINE.
Bard, M.; Woods, R.A.; Bartón, D.H.; Corrie, J.E.; Widdowson, D.A. Sterol mutants of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae: chromatographic analyses. Lipids
, 1977, 12(8), 645-654.
Zhang, W.; Brombosz, S.M.; Mendoza, J.L.; Moore, J.S. A high-yield, one-step synthesis of
o-phenylene ethynylene cyclic trimer via precipitation-driven alkyne
metathesis. J. Org. Chem., 2005, 70,
10198-10201.
Book Reference
Crabtree, R.H. The Organometallic Chemistry of the Transition Metals,
3rd ed.; Wiley & Sons: New York, 2001.
Book Chapter Reference
Wheeler, D.M.S.; Wheeler, M.M. D. Stereoselective Syntheses of Doxorubicin and Related
Compounds In: Studies in Natural Products Chemistry; Atta-ur-Rahman,
Ed.; Elsevier Science B. V: Amsterdam, 1994; Vol. 14, pp.
3-46.
Conference Proceedings
Jakeman, D.L.; Withers, S.G.E. In: Carbohydrate Bioengineering: Interdisciplinary
Approaches, Proceedings of the 4th Carbohydrate Bioengineering
Meeting, Stockholm, Sweden, June 10-13, 2001; Teeri, T.T.; Svensson, B.; Gilbert, H.J.;
Feizi, T., Eds.; Royal Society of Chemistry: Cambridge, UK, 2002; pp. 3-8.
URL(WebPage)
National Library of Medicine. Specialized Information Services: Toxicology and
Environmental Health. sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
(Accessed May 23, 2004).
Patent
Hoch, J.A.; Huang, S. Screening methods for the identification of novel antibiotics. U.S.
Patent 6,043,045, March 28, 2000.
Thesis
Mackel, H. Capturing the Spectra of Silicon Solar Cells. PhD Thesis, The
Australian National University: Canberra, December 2004.
E-citations
Citations for articles/material published exclusively online or in open access
(free-to-view), must contain the accurate Web addresses (URLs) at the end of the
reference(s), except those posted on an author’s Web site (unless editorially
essential), e.g. ‘Reference: Available from: URL’.
Some important points to remember
All authors must be cited and there should be no use of the phrase et al.
Date of access should be provided for online citations.
Punctuation should be properly applied as mentioned in the examples given above.
Abstracts, unpublished data and personal communications (which can only be included if
prior permission has been obtained) should not be given in the references section. The
details may however appear in the footnotes.
The authors are encouraged to use a recent version of EndNote (version 5 and above) or
Reference Manager (version 10) when formatting their reference list, as this allows
references to be automatically extracted.
Vancouver Style
In Vancouver style, all references should be numbered sequentially [in square brackets] in the text
and listed in the same numerical order in the reference section. Punctuation should be properly
applied as mentioned in the examples given above.
Reference Lists
Different reference formats have different rules for citation. See below for some common format
examples.
Journal Article
The required information for a journal article is author, abbreviated journal title, year,
publication, volume number, and initial page of cited article, though complete pagination is
possible. It is necessary to list all authors if the total number of author is six or less and
for more than six authors use three authors and then et al (the term "et al."
should be in italics). Journal abbreviations should follow the Index Medicus/MEDLINE. Capitalize
the first letter of the first word in the title. The rest of the title is in lower-case, with
the exception of proper names.
Al-Habian A, Harikumar PE, Stocker CJ, Langlands K, Selway JL. Histochemical and
immunohistochemical evaluation of mouse skin histology: comparison of fixation with
neutral buffered formalin and alcoholic formalin. J Histotechnol 2014; 37(4): 115-24.
Guilbert TW, Morgan WJ, Zeiger RS, Mauger DT, Boehmer SJ, Szefler SJ, et al. Long-term
inhaled corticosteroids in preschool children at high risk for asthma. N Engl J Med.
2006 May 11;354(19):1985-1997.
Edited Book
Blaxter PS, Farnsworth TP. Social health and class inequalities. In: Carter C, Peel JR,
Eds. Equalities and inequalities in health. 2nd ed. London: Academic Press 1976; pp.
165-78.
Chapter in a Book
Phillips SJ, Whisnant JP. Hypertension and stroke. In: Laragh JH, Brenner BM, Eds.
Hypertension: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. 2nd ed. New York: Raven Press
1995; pp. 465-78.
Patent
Larsen CE, Trip R, Johnson CR. Methods for procedures related to the electrophysiology of
the heart. US Patent 5529067, 1995.
Conference Proceedings
Kimura J, Shibasaki H, Eds. Recent advances in clinical neurophysiology. Proceedings of
the 10th International Congress of EMG and Clinical Neurophysiology; 1995 Oct 15-19;
Kyoto, Japan. Amsterdam: Elsevier 1996.
Thesis and Dissertation
Borkowski MM. Infant sleep and feeding: a telephone survey of Hispanic Americans. PhD
dissertation. Mount Pleasant (MI): Central Michigan University 2002.
URL(WebPage)
Aylin P, Bottle A, Jarman B, Elliott, P. Paediatric cardiac surgical mortality in England
after Bristol: descriptive analysis of hospital episode statistics 1991-2002. BMJ
[serial on the Internet]. 2004 Oct 9; [cited: 15 October 2004]; 329: [about 10 screens].
Available from: sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
Electronic Material
Journal Article in Electronic Format
Frangioni G, Bianchi S, Fuzzi G, Borgioli G. Dynamics of hepatic melanogenesis in newts
in recovery phase from hypoxia. Open Zoo J 2009; 2: 1-7. Available from: https://benthamopen.com/ABSTRACT/TOZJ-2-1
[cited: 26th Jan 2009]
Abood S. Quality improvement initiative in nursing homes: the ANA acts in an advisory
role. Am J Nurs [serial on the Internet]. June 2002 [cited: 12th Aug 2002];
102(6): [about 3 p.]. Available from: www.nursingworld.org/AJN/2002/june/Wawatch.htm.
Some important points to remember
Date of access should be provided for online citations.
Avoid using superscript in the in-text citations and reference section.
Abstracts, unpublished data and personal communications (which can only be included if
prior permission has been obtained) should not be given in the references section. The
details may however appear in the footnotes.
The authors are encouraged to use a recent version of EndNote (version 5 and above) or
Reference Manager (version 10) when formatting their reference list, as this allows
references to be automatically extracted.
AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS
The source of data and materials should be mentioned in the manuscript, in support of the findings. If
the data source is not revealed, the authors need to clearly state the reasons. Authors who do not wish
to share their data should clearly state that the data will not be shared, and give the reasons.
The statement relating to the data should be presented in the following format under a separate
‘Availability of Data and Materials’ section in the manuscript:
"The data supporting the findings of the article is available in the [repository name] at [URL],
reference number [reference number]”.
STANDARDS OF REPORTING
The Authors are encouraged to use industry-recognized reporting guidelines for biomedical and biological
research, if applicable, to explain that all requirements for reporting have been adopted.
All authors must strictly follow the reporting guidelines below for preparing the study for publication.
CONSORT: All randomized clinical trials must include a flow diagram and authors should provide a
completed randomized trial checklist (see CONSORT Flow Diagram and Checklist; www.consort-statement.org) and a trial
protocol. For further details, please visit complete guidelines at:
http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/publishing-and-editorial-issues/clinical-trial-registration.html
STARD and TRIPOD: Studies of diagnostic accuracy must be reported according to STARD guidelines;
(www.stard-statement.org) and TRIPOD
guidelines; (www.tripod-statement.org)
STROBE: Observational studies (cohort, case-control, or cross-sectional designs) must be reported
according to the STROBE statement, and should be submitted with their protocols; (www.strobe-statement.org).
CARE: Case report must be reported according to CARE guidelines; (www.care-statement.org)
COREQ: Qualitative research must be reported according to COREQ guidelines; (academic.oup.com/intqhc/article/19/6/349/1791966)
CHEERS: Economic evaluations must be reported according to CHEERS guidelines; (www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.f1049)
STREGA: Genetic association studies must be reported according to STREGA guidelines; (www.medicine.uottawa.ca)
PRISMA: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses must be reported according to PRISMA guidelines; (www.prisma-statement.org)
MOOSE: Meta-analyses of observational studies in epidemiology must be reported according to MOOSE
guidelines (http://www.ijo.in/documents/14MOOSE_SS.pdf)
EQUATOR: To find the reporting guidelines see (www.equator-network.org)
FIGURES/TABLES
Figures/Illustrations
All authors must strictly follow the guidelines below for preparing illustrations for publication in
Current Immunology Reviews
. If the figures are found to be sub-standard, then the manuscripts will be rejected.
The authors are expected to submit good quality figure(s) in PDF, PPT, MS Word, TIFF or JPEG
versions, which, if required, should be improved yourself or by professional graphic designers of
your organization/country. You may even consider approaching our contracted service providers Eureka Science for Graphics Enhancement
Services.
The Graphics Designing team at Eureka Science can assist in improving the quality of your images at
affordable rates. Eureka Science has offered special rates of US $135 for the
improvement of up to five figures, with any additional figures being charged at US $20
each.
The quality of Graphic Enhancement Services offered by Eureka Science can be viewed at http://www.eureka-science.com/images/Binder1.pdf,
along with valuable feedback on their services at http://www.eureka-science.com/testimonials.php.
You may contact Eureka Science at info@eurekascience.net
Note: Availing Graphics Enhancement Services does not guarantee acceptance of the manuscript
for publication. The final acceptance/decision on the manuscript is taken by the EiC.
Guideline for Figures/Illustrations
Illustrations must be provided according to the following guideline:
Illustrations should be embedded in the text file, and must be numbered consecutively in
the order of their appearance. Each figure should include only a single illustration
which should be cropped to minimize the amount of space occupied by the illustration.
If a figure is in separate parts, all parts of the figure must be provided in a single
composite illustration file.
Photographs should be provided with a scale bar if appropriate, as well as
high-resolution component files.
All the numbers, symbols and letters in figures should be consistent and clear throughout
and large enough to remain readable when the size is reduced for publication.
It must be ensured to cite each figure in the text in sequence.
Scaling/Resolution
Line Art image type is normally an image based on lines and text. It does not contain tonal or
shaded areas. The preferred file format should be TIFF or EPS, with the color mode being
Monochrome 1-bit or RGB, in a resolution of 900-1200 dpi.
Halftone image type is a continuous tone photograph containing no text. It should have the
preferred file format TIFF, with color mode being RGB or Grayscale, in a resolution of 300 dpi.
Combination image type is an image containing halftone , text or line art elements. It should
have the preferred file format TIFF, with color mode being RGB or Grayscale, in a resolution of
500-900 dpi.
Formats
Illustrations may be submitted in the following file formats:
Illustrator
EPS (preferred format for diagrams)
PDF (also especially suitable for diagrams)
PNG (preferred format for photos or images)
Microsoft Word (version 5 and above; figures must be a single page)
PowerPoint (figures must be a single page)
TIFF
JPEG (conversion should be done using the original file)
BMP
CDX (ChemDraw)
TGF (ISISDraw)
Bentham Science does not process figures submitted in GIF format.
For TIFF or EPS figures with considerably large file size restricting the file size in online
submissions is advisable. Authors may therefore convert to JPEG format before submission as this
results in significantly reduced file size and upload time, while retaining acceptable quality.
JPEG is a ‘lossy’ format. However, in order to maintain acceptable image quality, it is
recommended that JPEG files are saved at High or Maximum quality.
Zipit or Stuffit tools should not be used to compress files prior to submission as the resulting
compression through these tools is always negligible.
Please refrain from supplying:
Graphics embedded in word processor (spreadsheet, presentation) document.
Optimized files optimized for screen use (like GIF, BMP, PICT, WPG) because of the low
resolution.
Files with too low a resolution.
Graphics that are disproportionately large for the content.
Technical Requirements for Graphic/Figure Submissions
Requirement |
Width = 8.5 inches (In-between the required size) |
Height = 11 inches (In-between the required size) |
Pixels/Inches = 300 (minimum dpi) |
All figures should be in vector scale (except half tone, photograph.) |
Image Conversion Tools
There are many software packages, many of them freeware or shareware, capable of converting to
and from different graphics formats, including PNG.
General tools for image conversion include Graphic Converter on the Macintosh, Paint Shop Pro,
for Windows, and ImageMagick, available on Macintosh, Windows and UNIX platforms.
Bitmap images (e.g. screenshots) should not be converted to EPS as they result in a much larger
file size than the equivalent JPEG, TIFF, PNG or BMP, and poor quality. EPS should only be used
for images produced by vector-drawing applications such as Adobe Illustrator or CorelDraw. Most
vector-drawing applications can be saved in, or exported as, EPS format. If the images were
originally prepared in an Office application, such as Word or PowerPoint, original Office files
should be directly uploaded to the site, instead of being converted to JPEG or another format of
low quality.
Color Figures/Illustrations
The cost for color figures/plates/illustrations is US$ 540 per article for
up to 3 colour pages and subsequently US$ 215.00 per page for any
additional colour pages.
Color figures should be supplied in CMYK and not RGB colors.
Note for authors To maintain publication quality, figures submitted in colour will
be published in colour only.
Chemical Structures
Chemical structures must be prepared in ChemDraw/CDX and provided as separate file.
Structure Drawing Preferences
[As according to the ACS style sheet]
Drawing Settings
|
Chain angle |
120° |
Bond spacing |
18% of width |
Fixed length |
14.4 pt (0.500cm, 0.2in) |
Bold width |
2.0 pt (0.071cm, 0.0278in) |
Line width |
0.6 pt (0.021cm, 0.0084in) |
Margin width |
1.6 pt (0.096cm) |
Hash spacing |
2.5 pt (0.088cm, 0.0347in) |
Text settings
|
Font |
Times New Roman |
Size |
10 pt |
Under the Preference Choose
|
Units |
points |
Tolerances |
3 pixels |
Under Page Setup Use
|
Paper |
US letter |
Scale |
100% |
Tables
Data Tables should be submitted in Microsoft Word table format.
Each table should include a title/caption being explanatory in itself with respect to the
details discussed in the table. Detailed legends may then follow.
Table number in bold font i.e. Table
1
, should follow a title. The title should be in small case with the first letter in
caps. A full stop should be placed at the end of the title.
Tables should be embedded in the text exactly according to their appropriate placement in the
submitted manuscript.
Columns and rows of data should be made visibly distinct by ensuring that the borders of each
cell are displayed as black lines.
Tables should be numbered in Arabic numerals sequentially in order of their citation in the
body of the text.
If a reference is cited in both the table and text, please insert a lettered footnote in the
table to refer to the numbered reference in the text.
Tabular data provided as additional files can be submitted as an Excel spreadsheet.
It is adequate to present data in Tables to avoid unnecessary repetition and reduce the
length of the text.
The citation of each table in the text must be ensured.
Symbols and nonstandard abbreviations should be explained in the end of the text.
All references should be numbered sequentially [in square brackets] in the table and listed
in the same numerical order in the reference section.
AUTHORSHIP
AUTHORSHIP CRITERIA
Bentham Science Publishers requires that all
individuals listed as authors must have made a
substantial contribution to the design, performance,
analysis, or reporting of the work. The role of
authors is judged on the basis of ICMJE and COPE guidelines.
Authorship Declaration
All contributing authors are required to sign a
copyright letter, mentioning complete details,
including full name, affiliation, email address,
ORCID ID and their role in the article. After
successful electronic submission of a manuscript, a
system-generated acknowledgement will be sent to all
authors on their provided email addresses.
AUTHORS AND INSTITUTIONAL AFFILIATIONS
The Corresponding Author must provide a final list of authors at the time of submission, ensuring the correct sequence of the names of authors, which will not be considered for any addition, deletion or rearrangement after final submission of the manuscript. The
email address of the principal author should be
provided with an asterisk. However, the complete
address, business telephone numbers, fax numbers and
e-mail address of the corresponding author must be
stated to receive correspondence and galley proofs.
Bentham Science Publishers recommends that all
contributors regularly update their profiles on
SCOPUS/ORCID and other databases.
The corresponding author must have the approval of all other listed authors for the submission and publication of all versions of the manuscript.
AUTHOR IDENTIFICATION
Authors are strongly recommended to use their ORCID
ID when submitting an article for consideration.
Alternatively, they can acquire an ORCID ID via the
submission process. For more information about ORCID
IDs, visit here.
CHANGES TO AUTHORSHIP
At the time of initial submission, the finalized list
of authors in correct sequence should be provided,
which will not be changed once the publication
process has started.
If any change is essential, then it can only be done
after the approval of the Editor-in-Chief upon
receiving the following details from the
corresponding author:
- The reason for the change in the author list
and/or their sequence
- A proper justification should be provided
for changes in authorship.
- Correction of existing names should be
accompanied by a notice to the
Editor-in-Chief of the journal.
- A written confirmation from all the co-authors
is a prerequisite for any amendment or removal.
Any amendment to the authors' list will only be considered and approved by the Editor-in-Chief after complete verification. Publication of the manuscript will be withheld during consideration of the request. However, if the manuscript has already been published online, requests approved thereafter by the Editor-in-Chief will result in an erratum or corrigendum. The corresponding author is responsible for obtaining permission from all co-authors for any changes in the authorship.
Here is some advice by COPE on authorship issues. Bentham strives to follow these guidelines.
AUTHORSHIP AND AI TOOLS
Bentham Science Publishers recognizes that authors use a variety of tools for preparing articles related to their scientific works, ranging from simple ones to very sophisticated ones.
According to the COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) guidelines, "AI tools cannot meet the requirements for authorship as they cannot take responsibility for the submitted work. As non-legal entities, they cannot assert the presence or absence of conflicts of interest nor manage copyright and license agreements".
The pertinence of such tools may vary and evolve with public opinion, due to which the use of AI-powered language tools has led to a significant debate. These tools may generate useful results, but they can also lead to errors or misleading results; therefore, it is important to know which tools were used for evaluating and interpreting a particular scientific work.
Considering the above we require that:
- The authors to report any significant use of such tools in their works, such as instruments and software along with text-to-text generative AI consistent with subject standards for methodology.
- All co-authors should sign a declaration that they take full responsibility for all of its contents, regardless of how the contents were generated. Inappropriate language, plagiarized and biased contents, errors, mistakes, incorrect references, or misleading content generated by AI language tools and the relevant results reported in scientific works are the full and shared responsibility of all the authors, including co-authors.
- AI language tools should not be listed as an author; instead, authors should follow clause (1) above.
General Advice:
Advice on how to spot authorship problems
Before Publication:
Corresponding author requests addition of extra author before publication
Corresponding author requests removal of the author before publication
After publication:
Request for addition of extra author after publication
Request for removal of author after publication
NON-AUTHOR CONTRIBUTORS
Activities such as the acquisition of funding,
general supervision of a research group or general
administrative support, writing assistance,
technical editing, language editing, and
proofreading alone do not qualify any contributor
for authorship. Such contributors may be
acknowledged individually or together as a group in
the acknowledgement section. Further details for
writing acknowledgements are available here.
Persons not meeting authorship criteria can be
acknowledged in the acknowledgement section of the
article rather than being enlisted as authors.
GUEST OR HONORARY AUTHORSHIP
All contributing authors should contribute
substantially to the article and sign the copyright
letter. Bentham Science Publishers discourages
authorship based solely on position (e.g., a
research supervisor or a departmental head). We use
COPE
guidelines for identifying any suspected
ghost, guest or gift authorship.
LANGUAGE AND EDITING
Authors should seek professional assistance for the correction of grammatical, scientific, and typographical errors before submission of the revised version of the article for publication.
You may use the professional editing services of our nominated English Language editing organizations TopEdit or Eureka Science.
Please note that we accept a language certificate, only from one of the above two language editing organizations.
PROOF CORRECTIONS
Authors will receive page proofs of their accepted paper before publications. To avoid delays in
publication, proofs should be checked immediately for typographical errors and returned within
48 hours. Major changes are not acceptable at the proof stage.
The corresponding author will be solely responsible for ensuring that the revised version of the
manuscript incorporating all the submitted corrections receives the approval of all the co-authors
of the manuscript.
PAGE CHARGES/QUICK TRACK PUBLICATION
PAGE CHARGES
No page charges will be levied to authors for the publication of their article. However, the authors
may decide for some paid-for editorial services such as open access publication and/or a faster
overall publication for their article(s).
QUICK TRACK PUBLICATION
For this journal an optional fast publication fee-based service called QUICK TRACK is available to
authors for their submitted manuscripts.
QUICK TRACK allows online publication within 2 weeks of receipt of the final approved galley proofs
from the authors. Similarly the manuscript can be published in the next forthcoming PRINT issue of
the journal. The total publication time, from date of first receipt of manuscript to its online
publication is 12 weeks, subject to its acceptance by the referees and modification (if any) by the
authors within one week.
The author will be initially charged a small fee on receipt of the agreement form for Quick Track
publication to partially cover the initial costs incurred for expedited processing of the submitted
manuscript. Later, the full Quick Track publication fee (US$ 52 per composed page charges) will be
payable in advance, after acceptance of the manuscript, before online publication of the article.
However, if the article is rejected at the peer-review stage, then the US$ 52 per composed page
charges will not be charged.
Please note that whether the author opts for the QUICK TRACK facility or not, standard reviewing
practices will be followed, which will not in any way affect the acceptance or rejection of the
manuscript by the reviewers.
Authors who have availed QUICK TRACK services in a BSP journal will be entitled for an exclusive 30%
discount if they again wish to avail the same services in any Bentham journal.
For more information please contact the Editorial Office by e-mail at cir@benthamscience.net.
Bentham Science offers a 50% discount off the Quick Track Publication Fee for manuscripts of all
corresponding authors who reside in countries which are categorized as low-income economies by the
World Bank. To see if you qualify to the discount, please refer to the complete list of these
countries click here.
REFUND POLICY
Bentham Science offers three major services related to its publications:
- Subscription services (to subscribers, institutes, libraries, customers, etc.): Involving access to published content based on certain charges for corporates, academic institutes, and individuals.
- Editorial / Author Pre-publication services (to editors, authors, etc.): Quick track processing, language editing, etc.
- Editorial / Author Post-publication Promotional Services (to authors, institutions and organizations): Open Access Plus, Animated Abstracts, Sharing PDF on KUDOS, reprints, etc.
Since these services are optional in nature and are offered for specific services rendered, hence refunds are not allowed against the availed and charged services, except under special cases.
OPEN ACCESS PLUS (GOLD OPEN ACCESS)/REPRINTS
OPEN ACCESS PLUS (GOLD OPEN ACCESS)
Bentham Science also offers authors the choice of “Open Access Plus (Gold Open Access)” publication
of articles at a fee of US$ 825 per article. This paid service allows for articles to
be disseminated to a much wider audience, on the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode).
Authors are asked to indicate whether or not they wish to pay to have their article made more widely
available on this “Open Access Plus (Gold Open Access)” basis. Where an author does not opt-in to
this paid service, then the author’s article will be published only on Bentham Science’s standard
subscription-based access, at no additional cost to the author.
Authors who select the “Quick Track” publication option and also wish to have their article made
available on an “Open Access Plus (Gold Open Access)” basis will be entitled to a 50% discount
on the “Open Access Plus (Gold Open Access)” publication fee.
For more information please contact us at e-mail: openaccess@benthamscience.net
Bentham Science offers a 50% discount off the Open Access Plus (Gold Open Access) Fee for manuscripts
of all corresponding authors who reside in countries which are categorized as low-income economies
by the World Bank. To see if you qualify to the discount, please refer to the complete list of these
countries click here.
REPRINTS
Printed reprints and e-prints may be ordered from the Publisher prior to publication of the article.
First named authors may also order a personal online subscription of the journal at 50% off the
normal subscription rate by contacting the subscription department at e-mail: subscriptions@benthamscience.net.
ANIMATED ABSTRACTS
Extend the scope and visibility of your research by creating an animated abstract. Bentham Science has
collaborated with Focus Medica, one of the world’s largest publishers of expert animated atlases and
videos in medicine and science.
An animated abstract will help summarise the essential discoveries/ key findings of your published
research or review article. Each professionally produced full-coloured animated abstract in video format
(length 3 – 5 minutes) is accompanied by an English spoken or foreign language commentary. The animated
abstract will be published online along with the published article.
The payment for an animated abstract will be US$ 950 for English language, and US$
1450 for Foreign language articles. Initially, an advance amount of US$ 500 will
be payable to the Publisher to start work on the Animated Abstract, while the balance of US$ 450
(English language) or US$ 950 (Foreign language) will be payable on completion of
the Animated Abstract.
Authors who opt for the “Animated Abstract” option and also wish to have their article made available on
an “Open Access Plus (Gold Open Access)” basis will be entitled to a 50% discount only on the Animated
Abstract fee and, in addition, pay the normal Open Access Plus (Gold Open Access) fee.
Authors will be asked whether they wish to opt-in for this paid animated abstract service, and if not,
the article will be published as normal. Animated abstracts are available as open access (free viewing)
for maximum visibility and awareness to readers at anytime, anywhere. The animated abstracts are
licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution – NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0
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SPECIAL DISCOUNTS
Bentham Science offers discounts to those corresponding authors who are based in low-income countries*.
The authors who wish to avail this offer should request for a discount at the time of submission of their
manuscripts to Bentham Science.
Eligibility:
Bentham Science offers 50% discount on the Open Access Plus (Gold Open Access) Fee, Quick Track Fee
and Article Processing Charges (APC) for manuscripts of the corresponding authors based in countries
categorized as low-income economies by World Bank (list given below).
For any query or suggestion, please contact us on info@benthamscience.net.
List of Countries*
- Afghanistan
- Benin
- Burundi
- Central African Republic
- Congo, Rep.
- Eritrea
- Georgia
- Guinea-Bissau
- Iraq
- Kosovo
- Liberia
- Marshall Islands
- Mongolia
- Nepal
- Paraguay
- Sierra Leone
- Sudan
- Tajikistan
- Tonga
- Yemen, Rep.
- Albania
- Bhutan
- Cambodia
- Chad
- Côte d'Ivoire
- Ethiopia
REVIEWING AND PROMPTNESS OF PUBLICATION
All papers submitted for publication are immediately subjected to preliminary editorial scrutiny by the
Editor-in-Chief regarding their suitability. The Editor-in-Chief determines if the manuscript
(a) falls within the scope of the journal and
(b) meets the editorial criteria of Bentham Science Publishers in terms of originality
and quality.
Manuscripts that appear to be suitable are then subjected to single-blind peer-review by, usually three,
neutral eminent experts. The services of eminent international experts are sought through invitations to
conduct the peer-review of a submitted manuscript, keeping in view the scope of the manuscript and the
expertise of the reviewers. The identity of the reviewers is not disclosed to the authors. The anonymity
of reviewers ensures objective and unbiased assessment of the manuscript by the reviewers.
Before sending the manuscripts to reviewers, Bentham Science seeks consent from
potential reviewers about their availability and willingness to review. Correspondence between the
editorial office of the journal and the reviewers is kept confidential. The reviewers are expected to
provide their reports in a timely fashion since a prompt review leads to timely publication of a
manuscript which is beneficial not only to the authors but to the scientific community as well.
The editorial process and peer-review workflow for each journal are taken care of by a team of Senior
Editors, Editorial Board Members (EBMs) and dedicated Journal managers who have the required expertise
in their specific fields.
Bentham Science Publishers carries out independent review of all articles. The reviewers are selected
according to their expertise, from our, regularly updated, referee database.
On the basis of reviewer comments, the Editors may recommend acceptance, revision or rejection of a
manuscript.
After review of the manuscript by at least three independent experts, in addition to the views of the
Editor, the decision is relayed to the authors, which may be categorized as:
Requires minor changes
Requires major changes
Rejected but may be resubmitted
Rejected with no resubmission
Bentham Science requests not to have the manuscripts peer-reviewed by those experts who
may have competing interest with the author(s) of a submitted manuscript. It is not possible for Editors
to be aware of all competing interests; it is therefore expected that the reviewers would inform the
Editor-in-Chief/Handling Editor if they notice any potential competing interest during the course of
review of a manuscript. Moreover, the reviewers are expected to inform the Editors or editorial office
of the journal if they have a conflict of interest in carrying out the review of a manuscript submitted
by any author/contributor of the manuscript.
The authors are usually requested to resubmit the revised paper within 15 days and it will then be
returned to the reviewers for further evaluation. The publishers normally allow one round of revision
and, in exceptional cases, a second round of revision may be allowed. If further revision is needed,
then the manuscript is rejected and the author is requested to resubmit the manuscript for fresh
processing.
The final decision regarding acceptance or rejection is that of the Editor-in-Chief, depending on the
quality of the revision and his assessment of the quality of the manuscript. In rare cases, manuscripts
recommended for publication by the referees may be rejected in the final assessment by the
Editor-in-Chief.
Papers which are delayed by the authors in revision for more than 30 days are required to be re-submitted
as a new submission. Papers accepted for publication are typeset and proofs are dispatched to authors
for any corrections prior to final publication.
All peer-reviewing will be conducted via the Internet to facilitate rapid reviewing of the submitted
manuscripts. Every possible effort will be made to assess the manuscripts quickly with the decision
being conveyed to the authors in due course.
PLAGIARISM PREVENTION
Bentham Science Publishers uses the iThenticate software which detects instances of overlapping and similar text in
submitted manuscripts. This software checks content against a database of periodicals, the Internet, and
a comprehensive article database. It generates a similarity report, highlighting the percentage overlap
between the uploaded article and the published material. Any instance of content overlap is further
scrutinized for suspected plagiarism according to the publisher’s Editorial Policies. If the similarity
seems legitimate, the article will be proceeded for further review process; however, in cases of
superfluous plagiarism, the authors have to revise the text as per editorial instructions.
Bentham Science Publishers strictly follows the COPE guidelines to detect plagiarism; for more clear
insight, authors may refer to flowcharts provided by COPE by clicking here or by
visiting COPE website.
Low Text Similarity
The text of every submitted manuscript is checked by using the Content Tracking mode in iThenticate.
The Content Tracking mode ensures that manuscripts with an overall low percentage similarity (but
which may have a higher similarity from a single source) are not overlooked. If the similarity level
is significantly high, then the manuscript is returned to the author for paraphrasing the text and
citing the original source of the copied material.
It is important to mention that the text taken from different sources with an overall low similarity
percentage will be considered as a plagiarized content if the majority of the article is a
combination of copied material.
High Text Similarity
There may be some manuscripts with an overall low similarity percentage, but a higher percentage from
a single source. For instance, a manuscript may have less than 20% overall similarity but there may
be 15 % similar text taken from a single article; the similarity index in such cases is higher than
the approved limit for a single source. Authors are advised to thoroughly rephrase the similar text
and properly cite the original source to avoid plagiarism and copyright violation.
Types of Plagiarism
We all know that scholarly manuscripts are written after a thorough review of previously published
articles. It is therefore, not easy to draw a clear boundary between legitimate representation and
plagiarism. However, the following important features can assist in identifying different kinds of
plagiarized content. These are:
Reproduction of others words, sentences, ideas or findings as one’s own without proper
acknowledgement.
Text recycling, also known as self-plagiarism. It is an author’s use of a previous
publication in another paper without proper citation and acknowledgment of the original
source.
Paraphrasing poorly: Copying complete paragraphs and modifying a few words without changing
the structure of original sentences or changing the sentence structure but not the words.
Verbatim copying of text without putting quotation marks and not acknowledging the work of
the original author.
Properly citing a work but poorly paraphrasing the original text is considered as
unintentional plagiarism. Similarly, manuscripts with language somewhere between
paraphrasing and quoting are not acceptable. Authors should either paraphrase properly or
quote and in both cases, cite the original source.
Higher similarity in the abstract, introduction, materials and methods, and discussion and
conclusion sections indicates that the manuscript may contain plagiarized text. Authors can
easily explain these parts of the manuscript in many ways. However, technical terms and
sometimes standard procedures cannot be rephrased; therefore Editors must review these
sections carefully before making a decision.
Plagiarism in Published Manuscripts
Published manuscripts which are found to contain plagiarized text are retracted from the journal
website after careful investigation and approval by the Editor-in-Chief of the journal. A
‘Retraction Note’ as well as a link to the original article is published on the electronic version
of the plagiarized manuscript and an addendum with retraction notification in the journal concerned.
For further details, please visit: https://www.eurekaselect.com/research-misconduct
GAIN MORE PUBLICATION REACH AND IMPACT KUDOS
Bentham Science is a publishing partner of Kudos. All authors who publish in this journal will receive an
invitation to join the Kudos platform, an entirely free service for authors. Kudos enables authors to
help broaden their audience and readers, increase their professional profile and reputation, and
establish an impact for their publications. The website link is www.growkudos.com.
Kudos provides a free platform to researchers to have their publications accessible, read and cited
across multiple networks and channels available to researchers for the dissemination of their work. It
takes on average 15 minutes and leads to 23% higher growth in full-text downloads.
Authors are encouraged to explain their work in clear English and to attract researchers of the relevant
communities, share a trackable link that you can email to your existing network of contacts, or share on
social media and academic websites, and track how well the articles are performing through the summary
of views, downloads, citations, and altmetrics on the Kudos dashboard.
Authors may also use the new shareable PDF (S-PDF) service. The S-PDF provides researchers with the means
to write and share a high-level overview for each of their publications. Kudos thereby provides
researchers, and their publishers and institutions, with a rich understanding of which channels and
activities are most effective for broadening the reach and impact of published science.
COPE MEMBERSHIP
Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) is an advisory body
that ensures the highest standards of editorial practice in scholarly publishing, by providing guidance
to editors and publishers in all aspects of publication ethics.
Bentham Science Publishers is committed to upholding ethical standards in scholarly publishing. Our
publications are affiliated with COPE and adhere to its guidelines. To learn more about COPE guidelines,
visit COPE website.
E-PUB AHEAD OF SCHEDULE
Bentham Science Publishers is pleased to offer electronic publication of accepted papers prior to scheduled publication.
These peer-reviewed papers can be cited using the date of access and the unique DOI number. Any final
changes in manuscripts will be made at the time of print publication and will be reflected in the final
electronic version of the issue. Articles ahead of schedule may be ordered by pay-per-view at the
relevant links by each article stated via the E-Pub
Ahead of Schedule
Disclaimer
Articles appearing in E-Pub Ahead-of-Schedule sections have been peer-reviewed and accepted for
publication in this journal and posted online before scheduled publication. Articles appearing here
may contain statements, opinions, and information that have errors in facts, figures, or
interpretation. Accordingly,
Bentham Science Publishers
, the editors , authors and their respective employees are not responsible or liable for
the use of any such inaccurate or misleading data, opinion or information contained of articles in
the E-Pub Ahead-of-Schedule.
APPEALS AND COMPLAINTS
Generally, the editorial decisions are not reverted. However, authors who think that their manuscript was
rejected due to a misunderstanding or mistake may seek an explanation for the decision. Appeals must
give sound reasoning and compelling evidence against the criticism raised in the rejection letter. A
difference of opinion as to the interest, novelty, or suitability of the manuscript for the journal will
not be considered as an appeal. The EIC and other relevant editors will consider the appeal and the
decision thereafter taken by the journal will be deemed final. Acceptance of the manuscript is not
guaranteed even if the journal agrees to reconsider the manuscript, and the reconsideration process may
involve previous or new reviewers or editors and substantive revision.
Authors who wish to make a complaint should refer them to the Editor-in-Chief of the journal concerned.
Complaints to the Publisher may be emailed to info@benthamscience.net