The ability of HIV to mutate and replicate in the presence of antiretroviral
therapy (ART) drugs are called HIV drug resistance. There are many reasons for HIV
drug resistance happening. Some determinants are related to virus such as infidel
reverse transcriptase, error-prone replication, etc. The appearance of drug resistance
mutations and viral evolution could be a result of continuing HIV-1 replication in ART
among some infected subjects. A wide range of mechanisms has been described with
difference characteristics for different classes of drugs and also for drugs of a given
class. New antiretroviral (ARV) drugs which are often applied in treatment-experienced
patients include the entry inhibitor (Enfuvirtide), protease inhibitors (PIs) (Darunavir
and Tipranavir), a C-C chemokine receptor (CCR) type 5 antagonist (Maraviroc), an
integrase inhibitor (Raltegravir) and a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
(NNRTI) (Etravirine). The overwhelming data presented in journals and at scientific
meetings helps staying informed about current issues, but makes new developments a
daunting task.
Keywords: Antiretroviral therapy, Determinants, Drug Resistance, Epidemiology,
Guideline, HIV, Mechanism, Novel, Prevalence, Transmission, Treatment.
