Neurodegenerative disorders are threatening mankind with significant health
and economic burden. Neurodegeneration involves the deterioration of neurons in the
central nervous system (CNS), resulting in decreased neuronal survival. Therefore, it is
of utmost requirement to develop a promising pharmacological strategy to minimize or
prevent the progression of the underlying disease pathogenesis. In neurodegenerative
disease conditions, neurons and glial cells present in the specific brain regions are
damaged and depraved, resulting in specified disease symptoms in the patients.
Neuroinflammation plays a major role in the degeneration of neuronal cells by
regulating the expression of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, IL-33, tumor
necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), chemokines Cxcl3 (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2),
CXCL5, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), glia
maturation factor (GMF), substance P, reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive
nitrogen species (RNS), impaired tuning of immune cells and nuclear factor kappa-B
(NF-κB). Considering this, it is very important to understand the in-depth role of
neuroinflammation in the initiation and progression of various neurodegenerative
diseases, including Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD), Huntington's
Disease (HD), as well as Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Recent shreds of evidence have
suggested that using exogenous ligands to approach various biological molecules or
cellular functioning that modulates the neuroinflammation, such as microglia response,
P2X7 receptors, TLR receptors, oxidative stress, PPARγ, NF-κB signaling pathway,
NLRP3 inflammasome, caspase-1 signaling pathway, and mitochondrial dysfunction,
helps to combat neurodegeneration in a variety of diseases. Thus, targeting the
neuroinflammatory drive could provide a beacon for the management of
neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we have attempted to provide comprehensive
literature suggesting the role of neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration and its
implication in the development of near-future neurotherapeutics.
Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, Multiple sclerosis, Neuroinflammation, Neurodegeneration, Parkinson’s disease, Pro-inflammatory cytokines, Therapeutics.
