Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1389-2010
ISSN (Online): 1873-4316

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Mini-Review Article

Unconventional Remedies for Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Journey into Alternative Treatments

Author(s): Elen Deng and Amor Khachemoune*

Volume 25, Issue 16, 2024

Published on: 12 February, 2024

Page: [2047 - 2059] Pages: 13

DOI: 10.2174/0113892010286715240119061108

Price: $65

conference banner
Abstract

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second most common form of skin cancer and is typically found on sun-exposed skin. Risk factors include ultraviolet radiation exposure, older age, fairer complexion, smoking, and immunosuppression. SCC is a slow-growing tumor with the possibility of metastasis if not treated. The clinical presentation can range from a dry, scaly erythematous patch or plaque to a firm hyperkeratotic papule, plaque, or nodule, depending on the histological type via biopsy. The first-line therapies for SCC removal are standard excision and Mohs microscopic surgery; however, there are novel and alternative non-surgical options being considered for the treatment of SCC. This review summarizes the current guidelines for treating low-risk and high-risk SCC and discusses rare, experimental, and anecdotal non-surgical treatments for SCC in the literature.

Keywords: Squamous cell carcinoma, skin cancer, non-melanoma skin cancer, alternative treatment, herbal, natural remedies.

Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Fania, L.; Didona, D.; Di Pietro, F.R. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: From pathophysiology to novel therapeutic approaches. Biomedicines, 2021, 9(2), 171.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9020171]
[2]
Howell, J.Y.; Ramsey, M.L. Squamous cell skin cancer. In: StatPearls; StatPearls Publishing: Treasure Island, FL, 2023.
[3]
Yanofsky, V.R.; Mercer, S.E.; Phelps, R.G. Histopathological variants of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: A review. J. Skin Cancer, 2011, 2011, 1-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/210813] [PMID: 21234325]
[4]
Lin, J.L.; Asgari, M. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC): Clinical features and diagnosis. Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/cutaneous-squamous-cell-carcinoma-cscc-clinical-features-and-diagnosis#
[5]
Kim, J.Y.S.; Kozlow, J.H.; Mittal, B.; Moyer, J.; Olenecki, T.; Rodgers, P.; Alam, M.; Armstrong, A.; Baum, C.; Bordeaux, J.S.; Brown, M.; Busam, K.J.; Eisen, D.B.; Iyengar, V.; Lober, C.; Margolis, D.J.; Messina, J.; Miller, A.; Miller, S.; Mostow, E.; Mowad, C.; Nehal, K.; Schmitt-Burr, K.; Sekulic, A.; Storrs, P.; Teng, J.; Yu, S.; Huang, C.; Boyer, K.; Begolka, W.S.; Bichakjian, C. Guidelines of care for the management of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 2018, 78(3), 560-578.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2017.10.007] [PMID: 29331386]
[6]
Aasi, S.Z.; Hong, A.M. Treatment and prognosis of low-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-and-prognosis-of-low-risk-cutaneous-squamous-cell-carcinoma-cscc?sectionName=HIGH-RISK%20LESIONS&topicRef=13708&anchor=H4084930639&source=see_link#H4233402051
[7]
Mazzoni, D.; Muir, J. A guide to curettage and cautery in the management of skin lesions. Aust. J. Gen. Pract., 2021, 50(12), 893-897.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.31128/AJGP-10-20-5695] [PMID: 34845465]
[8]
Squamous Cell Carcinoma Treatment The Skin Cancer Foundation., 2022. Available from: https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/squamous-cell-carcinoma/scc-treatment-options/
[9]
DeSimone, J.A.; Hong, A.M. Recognition and management of high-risk (aggressive) cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/recognition-and-management-of-high-risk-aggressive-cutaneous-squamous-cell-carcinoma?topicRef=13708&source=see_link#H1262413
[10]
Waldman, A.; Schmults, C. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Hematol. Oncol. Clin. North Am., 2019, 33(1), 1-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hoc.2018.08.001] [PMID: 30497667]
[11]
Bertino, G.; Groselj, A.; Campana, L.G. Electrochemotherapy for the treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: The INSPECT experience (2008-2020). Front. Oncol., 2020, 12, 951662.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2022.951662] [PMID: 36203425]
[12]
LIBTAYO® (cemiplimab-rwlc) injection prescribing information: Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2018, 2018 Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2021/761097s007lbl.pdf
[13]
Martins, G.R. Systemic treatment of advanced basal cell and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas not amenable to local therapies., Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/systemic-treatment-of-advanced-basal-cell-and-cutaneous-squamous-cell-carcinomas-not-amenable-to-local-therapies?search=Smile%20fitness%20pants-Smile%20fitness%20pants%F0%9F%91%89Whatsapp%5BID%2018767976533%5Dgym%20pants%20manufacturer-fitness%20pants%20wholesalel0uBZ&topicRef=5339&source=see_link#H3398682241
[14]
Schauder, D.M.; Kim, J.; Nijhawan, R.I. Evaluation of the use of capecitabine for the treatment and prevention of actinic keratoses, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma. JAMA Dermatol., 2020, 156(10), 1117-1124.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2020.2327] [PMID: 32639538]
[15]
Li, J.Y.; Kampp, J.T. Review of common alternative herbal “remedies” for skin cancer. Dermatol. Surg., 2019, 45(1), 58-67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/DSS.0000000000001622] [PMID: 30096105]
[16]
Prickett, K.A.; Ramsey, M.L. Mohs micrographic surgery. In: StatPearls; StatPearls Publishing: Treasure Island, FL, 2023.
[17]
Fravor, L.; Khachemoune, A. Dermatologic uses of bloodroot: A review and reappraisal. Int. J. Dermatol., 2021, 60(9), 1070-1075.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijd.15273] [PMID: 33128472]
[18]
Croaker, A.; Liu, L.; Myers, S.P. Persisting cancer in black salve treated skin lesions: Results of a large 5 year retrospective analysis of australian histopathology specimens. Integr. Cancer Ther., 2023, 22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15347354221151145] [PMID: 36718525]
[19]
Wölfle, U.; Seelinger, G.; Schempp, C. Topical application of St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum). Planta Med., 2013, 80(02/03), 109-120.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1351019] [PMID: 24214835]
[20]
Alecu, M.; Ursaciuc, C.; Hãlãlãu, F.; Coman, G.; Merlevede, W.; Waelkens, E.; de Witte, P. Photodynamic treatment of basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma with hypericin. Anticancer Res., 1998, 18(6B), 4651-4654.
[PMID: 9891535]
[21]
Kacerovská, D.; Pizinger, K.; Majer, F.; Šmíd, F. Photodynamic therapy of nonmelanoma skin cancer with topical hypericum perforatum extract--a pilot study. Photochem. Photobiol., 2008, 84(3), 779-785.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00260.x] [PMID: 18179625]
[22]
Leskur, D.; Perišić, I.; Romac, K.; Šušak, H.; Šešelja, P.A.; Bukić, J.; Rušić, D.; Kladar, N.; Božin, B.; Modun, D. Comparison of mechanical, chemical and physical human models of in vivo skin damage: Randomized controlled trial. Skin Res. Technol., 2021, 27(2), 208-216.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/srt.12932] [PMID: 32686217]
[23]
Goldberg, L.H.; Landau, J.M.; Moody, M.N.; Vergilis-Kalner, I.J. Treatment of Bowen’s disease on the penis with low concentration of a standard mixture of solasodine glycosides and liquid nitrogen. Dermatol. Surg., 2011, 37(6), 858-861.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.2011.02014.x] [PMID: 21605251]
[24]
Cham, B.E.; Daunter, B.; Evans, R.A. Topical treatment of malignant and premalignant skin lesions by very low concentrations of a standard mixture (BEC) of solasodine glycosides. Cancer Lett., 1991, 59(3), 183-192.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3835(91)90140-D] [PMID: 1913614]
[25]
Greenberg, E.R.; Baron, J.A.; Stukel, T.A.; Stevens, M.M.; Mandel, J.S.; Spencer, S.K.; Elias, P.M.; Lowe, N.; Nierenberg, D.W.; Bayrd, G.; Vance, J.C.; Freeman, D.H., Jr; Clendenning, W.E.; Kwan, T. A clinical trial of beta carotene to prevent basal-cell and squamous-cell cancers of the skin. N. Engl. J. Med., 1990, 323(12), 789-795.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199009203231204] [PMID: 2202901]
[26]
Laborada, J.; Cohen, P.R. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and lichen simplex chronicus successfully treated with topical cannabinoid oil: A case report and summary of cannabinoids in dermatology. Cureus, 2022, 14(4), e23850.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.23850]
[27]
Kumar, R.; Deep, G.; Agarwal, R. An overview of ultraviolet B radiation-induced skin cancer chemoprevention by silibinin. Curr. Pharmacol. Rep., 2015, 1(3), 206-215.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40495-015-0027-9] [PMID: 26097804]
[28]
Tilley, C.; Deep, G.; Agarwal, C.; Wempe, M.F.; Biedermann, D.; Valentová, K.; Kren, V.; Agarwal, R. Silibinin and its 2,3‐dehydro‐derivative inhibit basal cell carcinoma growth via suppression of mitogenic signaling and transcription factors activation. Mol. Carcinog., 2016, 55(1), 3-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mc.22253] [PMID: 25492239]
[29]
Prasad, R.R.; Paudel, S.; Raina, K.; Agarwal, R. Silibinin and non-melanoma skin cancers. J. Tradit. Complement. Med., 2020, 10(3), 236-244.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2020.02.003]
[30]
Dhanalakshmi, S.; Mallikarjuna, G.U.; Singh, R.P.; Agarwal, R. Silibinin prevents ultraviolet radiation-caused skin damages in SKH-1 hairless mice via a decrease in thymine dimer positive cells and an up-regulation of p53-p21/Cip1 in epidermis. Carcinogenesis, 2004, 25(8), 1459-1465.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgh152] [PMID: 15033902]
[31]
Gu, M.; Dhanalakshmi, S.; Singh, R.P.; Agarwal, R. Dietary feeding of silibinin prevents early biomarkers of UVB radiation-induced carcinogenesis in SKH-1 hairless mouse epidermis. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 2005, 14(5), 1344-1349.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-04-0664] [PMID: 15894701]
[32]
Hoh, C.; Boocock, D.; Marczylo, T.; Singh, R.; Berry, D.P.; Dennison, A.R.; Hemingway, D.; Miller, A.; West, K.; Euden, S.; Garcea, G.; Farmer, P.B.; Steward, W.P.; Gescher, A.J. Pilot study of oral silibinin, a putative chemopreventive agent, in colorectal cancer patients: Silibinin levels in plasma, colorectum, and liver and their pharmacodynamic consequences. Clin. Cancer Res., 2006, 12(9), 2944-2950.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-2724] [PMID: 16675592]
[33]
Flaig, T.W.; Glodé, M.; Gustafson, D.; van Bokhoven, A.; Tao, Y.; Wilson, S.; Su, L.J.; Li, Y.; Harrison, G.; Agarwal, R.; Crawford, E.D.; Lucia, M.S.; Pollak, M. A study of high‐dose oral silybin‐phytosome followed by prostatectomy in patients with localized prostate cancer. Prostate, 2010, 70(8), 848-855.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pros.21118] [PMID: 20127732]
[34]
Wei, H.; Bowen, R.; Zhang, X.; Lebwohl, M. Isoflavone genistein inhibits the initiation and promotion of two-stage skin carcinogenesis in mice. Carcinogenesis, 1998, 19(8), 1509-1514.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/carcin/19.8.1509] [PMID: 9744550]
[35]
Pawlicka, M.; Filip, A. Can genistein be a potential agent against skin side effects associated with the treatment of breast cancer? Postepy Dermatol. Alergol., 2022, 39(1), 7-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/ada.2022.113800] [PMID: 35369627]
[36]
Isoherranen, K.; Punnonen, K.; Jansen, C.; Uotila, P. Ultraviolet irradiation induces cyclooxygenase-2 expression in keratinocytes. Br. J. Dermatol., 1999, 140(6), 1017-1022.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.1999.02897.x] [PMID: 10354065]
[37]
Iovine, B.; Iannella, M.L.; Gasparri, F.; Monfrecola, G.; Bevilacqua, M.A. Synergic effect of genistein and daidzein on UVB-induced DNA damage: An effective photoprotective combination. J. Biomed. Biotechnol., 2011, 2011, 1-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/692846] [PMID: 21785564]
[38]
Wang, Y.N.; Wu, W.; Chen, H.C.; Fang, H. Genistein protects against UVB-induced senescence-like characteristics in human dermal fibroblast by p66Shc down-regulation. J. Dermatol. Sci., 2010, 58(1), 19-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2010.02.002] [PMID: 20211546]
[39]
Zhang, Y.; Ai, P.; Chen, S.; Lei, S. Sulforaphane suppresses skin squamous cell carcinoma cells proliferation through miR-199a-5p/Sirt1/CD44ICD signaling pathway. Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol., 2023, 45(1), 52-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08923973.2022.2112221] [PMID: 35947042]
[40]
Alyoussef, A.; Taha, M. Antitumor activity of sulforaphane in mice model of skin cancer via blocking sulfatase‐2. Exp. Dermatol., 2019, 28(1), 28-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/exd.13802] [PMID: 30315662]
[41]
Dickinson, S.E.; Rusche, J.J.; Bec, S.L.; Horn, D.J.; Janda, J.; Rim, S.H.; Smith, C.L.; Bowden, G.T. The effect of sulforaphane on histone deacetylase activity in keratinocytes: Differences between in vitro and in vivo analyses. Mol. Carcinog., 2015, 54(11), 1513-1520.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mc.22224] [PMID: 25307283]
[42]
Afaq, F. Natural agents: Cellular and molecular mechanisms of photoprotection. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 2011, 508(2), 144-151.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2010.12.007] [PMID: 21147060]
[43]
Mazière, C.; Dantin, F.; Dubois, F.; Santus, R.; Mazière, J.C. Biphasic effect of UVA radiation on STAT1 activity and tyrosine phosphorylation in cultured human keratinocytes. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 2000, 28(9), 1430-1437.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(00)00264-1] [PMID: 10924861]
[44]
Wang, Y.; Zhang, X.; Lebwohl, M.; DeLeo, V.; Wei, H. Inhibition of ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced c-fos and c-jun expression in vivo by a tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein. Carcinogenesis, 1998, 19(4), 649-654.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/carcin/19.4.649] [PMID: 9600350]
[45]
Stratton, S.P.; Alberts, D.S.; Einspahr, J.G.; Sagerman, P.M.; Warneke, J.A.; Curiel-Lewandrowski, C.; Myrdal, P.B.; Karlage, K.L.; Nickoloff, B.J.; Brooks, C.; Saboda, K.; Yozwiak, M.L.; Krutzsch, M.F.; Hu, C.; Lluria-Prevatt, M.; Dong, Z.; Bowden, G.T.; Bartels, P.H. A phase 2a study of topical perillyl alcohol cream for chemoprevention of skin cancer. Cancer Prev. Res., 2010, 3(2), 160-169.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-09-0183] [PMID: 20103724]
[46]
Mentor, JM; Etemadi, A; Patta, AM; Scheinfeld, N Topical AC-11 abates actinic keratoses and early squamous cell cancers in hairless mice exposed to Ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation. Dermatol Online J., 2015, 21(4), 13030/qt5rt46141.
[47]
Yang, S.Y.; Wang, H.M.; Wu, T.W.; Chen, Y.J.; Shieh, J.J.; Lin, J.H.; Ho, T.F.; Luo, R.J.; Chen, C.Y.; Chang, C.C. Subamolide B isolated from medicinal plant cinnamomum subavenium induces cytotoxicity in human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cells through mitochondrial and CHOP-dependent cell death pathways. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med., 2013, 2013, 1-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/630415] [PMID: 23573140]
[48]
Chen, C.Y.; Chen, C.H.; Wong, C.H.; Liu, Y.W.; Lin, Y.S.; Wang, Y.D.; Hsui, Y.R. Cytotoxic constituents of the stems of Cinnamomum subavenium. J. Nat. Prod., 2007, 70(1), 103-106.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np060425k] [PMID: 17253858]
[49]
Duncan, F.J.; Martin, J.R.; Wulff, B.C.; Stoner, G.D.; Tober, K.L.; Oberyszyn, T.M.; Kusewitt, D.F.; Van Buskirk, A.M. Topical treatment with black raspberry extract reduces cutaneous UVB-induced carcinogenesis and inflammation. Cancer Prev. Res., 2009, 2(7), 665-672.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-08-0193] [PMID: 19584078]
[50]
Zhao, J.; Wang, J.; Chen, Y.; Agarwal, R. Anti-tumor-promoting activity of a polyphenolic fraction isolated from grape seeds in the mouse skin two-stage initiation–promotion protocol and identification of procyanidin B5-3′-gallate as the most effective antioxidant constituent. Carcinogenesis, 1999, 20(9), 1737-1745.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/carcin/20.9.1737] [PMID: 10469619]
[51]
Meeran, S.M.; Katiyar, S.K. Proanthocyanidins inhibit mitogenic and survival-signaling in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. Front. Biosci., 2008, 13, 887-897.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2741/2729]
[52]
Lee, Y. Cancer chemopreventive potential of procyanidin. Toxicol. Res., 2017, 33(4), 273-282.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5487/TR.2017.33.4.273] [PMID: 29071011]
[53]
Sonavane, K.; Phillips, J.; Ekshyyan, O.; Moore-Medlin, T.; Roberts Gill, J.; Rong, X.; Lakshmaiah, R.R.; Abreo, F.; Boudreaux, D.; Clifford, J.L.; Nathan, C.A.O. Topical curcumin-based cream is equivalent to dietary curcumin in a skin cancer model. J. Skin Cancer, 2012, 2012, 1-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/147863] [PMID: 23316365]
[54]
Vollono, L.; Falconi, M.; Gaziano, R. Potential of curcumin in skin disorders. Nutrients, 2019, 11(9), 2169.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11092169]
[55]
Kuttan, R.; Sudheeran, P.C.; Josph, C.D. Turmeric and curcumin as topical agents in cancer therapy. Tumori, 1987, 73(1), 29-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089168707300105] [PMID: 2435036]
[56]
Cheng, A.L.; Hsu, C.H.; Lin, J.K.; Hsu, M.M.; Ho, Y.F.; Shen, T.S.; Ko, J.Y.; Lin, J.T.; Lin, B.R.; Ming-Shiang, W.; Yu, H.S.; Jee, S.H.; Chen, G.S.; Chen, T.M.; Chen, C.A.; Lai, M.K.; Pu, Y.S.; Pan, M.H.; Wang, Y.J.; Tsai, C.C.; Hsieh, C.Y. Phase I clinical trial of curcumin, a chemopreventive agent, in patients with high-risk or pre-malignant lesions. Anticancer Res., 2001, 21(4B), 2895-2900.
[PMID: 11712783]
[57]
Kim, J.K.; Kim, Y.; Na, K.M.; Surh, Y.J.; Kim, T.Y. [6]-Gingerol prevents UVB-induced ROS production and COX-2 expression in vitro and in vivo. Free Radic. Res., 2007, 41(5), 603-614.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10715760701209896] [PMID: 17454143]
[58]
Katiyar, S.K.; Agarwal, R.; Mukhtar, H. Inhibition of tumor promotion in SENCAR mouse skin by ethanol extract of Zingiber officinale rhizome. Cancer Res., 1996, 56(5), 1023-1030.
[PMID: 8640756]
[59]
Nigam, N.; Bhui, K.; Prasad, S.; George, J.; Shukla, Y. [6]-Gingerol induces reactive oxygen species regulated mitochondrial cell death pathway in human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells. Chem. Biol. Interact., 2009, 181(1), 77-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2009.05.012] [PMID: 19481070]
[60]
Kessels, J.; Voeten, L.; Nelemans, P.; Cleutjens, J.; Hillen, L.M.; Mosterd, K.; Kelleners-Smeets, N.W.J. Topical sinecatechins, 10%, ointment for superficial basal cell carcinoma. JAMA Dermatol., 2017, 153(10), 1061-1063.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2017.2529] [PMID: 28793140]
[61]
Asgari, M.; White, E.; Warton, E.M.; Hararah, M.; Friedman, G.; Chren, M.M. Association of tea consumption and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Nutr. Cancer, 2011, 63(2), 314-318.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2011.523496] [PMID: 21240832]
[62]
Rees, J.R.; Stukel, T.A.; Perry, A.E.; Zens, M.S.; Spencer, S.K.; Karagas, M.R. Tea consumption and basal cell and squamous cell skin cancer: Results of a case-control study. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 2007, 56(5), 781-785.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2006.11.038] [PMID: 17261341]
[63]
Hakim, I.A.; Harris, R.B. Joint effects of citrus peel use and black tea intake on the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. BMC Dermatol., 2001, 1(1), 3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-5945-1-3] [PMID: 11527506]
[64]
Hakim, I.A.; Harris, R.B.; Weisgerber, U.M. Tea intake and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: Influence of type of tea beverages. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 2000, 9(7), 727-731.
[PMID: 10919744]
[65]
Filip, A.; Clichici, S.; Daicoviciu, D.; Catoi, C.; Bolfa, P.; Postescu, I.D.; Gal, A.; Baldea, I.; Gherman, C.; Muresan, A. Chemopreventive effects of Calluna vulgaris and Vitis vinifera extracts on UVB-induced skin damage in SKH-1 hairless mice. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 2011, 62(3), 385-392.
[PMID: 21893700]
[66]
Oak, A.S.W.; Shafi, R.; Elsayed, M.; Mishra, B.; Bae, S.; Barnes, S.; Kashyap, M.P.; Slominski, A.T.; Wilson, L.S.; Athar, M.; Elmets, C.A. Dietary table grape protects against ultraviolet photodamage in humans: 2. molecular biomarker studies. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 2021, 85(4), 1032-1034.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2021.01.036] [PMID: 33484768]
[67]
Oak, A.S.W.; Shafi, R.; Elsayed, M.; Bae, S.; Saag, L.; Wang, C.L.; Athar, M.; Elmets, C.A. Dietary table grape protects against ultraviolet photodamage in humans: 1. clinical evaluation. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 2021, 85(4), 1030-1032.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2021.01.035] [PMID: 33484767]
[68]
Rizwan, M.; Rodriguez-Blanco, I.; Harbottle, A.; Birch-Machin, M.A.; Watson, R.E.B.; Rhodes, L.E. Tomato paste rich in lycopene protects against cutaneous photodamage in humans in vivo: A randomized controlled trial. Br. J. Dermatol., 2011, 164(1), 154-162.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10057.x] [PMID: 20854436]
[69]
Ramsay, J.R.; Suhrbier, A.; Aylward, J.H.; Ogbourne, S.; Cozzi, S.J.; Poulsen, M.G.; Baumann, K.C.; Welburn, P.; Redlich, G.L.; Parsons, P.G. The sap from Euphorbia peplus is effective against human nonmelanoma skin cancers. Br. J. Dermatol., 2011, 164(3) no.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10184.x] [PMID: 21375515]
[70]
PICATO® (ingenol mebutate) gel, 0.015% for topical use PICATO ® (ingenol mebutate) gel, 0.05% for topical use, LEO Pharma Inc. 2012. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/202833lbl.pdf
[71]
Ahmady, S.; Jansen, M.H.E.; Nelemans, P.J.; Kessels, J.P.H.M.; Arits, A.H.M.M.; de Rooij, M.J.M.; Essers, B.A.B.; Quaedvlieg, P.J.F.; Kelleners-Smeets, N.W.J.; Mosterd, K. Risk of invasive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma after different treatments for actinic keratosis. JAMA Dermatol., 2022, 158(6), 634-640.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2022.1034] [PMID: 35475852]
[72]
PICATO® (ingenol mebutate) gel, 0.015% for topical use PICATO ® (ingenol mebutate) gel, 0.05% for topical use, LEO Pharma Inc; 2012, 2012 Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda. gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/202833lbl.pdf
[73]
Khalfe, Y.; Rosen, T. Ingenol mebutate as treatment of squamous cell carcinoma in situ: A case series. J. Drugs Dermatol., 2021, 20(2), 169-171.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.36849/JDD.5602] [PMID: 33538561]
[74]
SOLARAZE® GEL. 2011. Available from: https://www. accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/021005s013lbl.pdf
[75]
Pentland, A.P.; Schoggins, J.W.; Scott, G.A.; Khan, K.N.M.; Han, R. Reduction of UV-induced skin tumors in hairless mice by selective COX-2 inhibition. Carcinogenesis, 1999, 20(10), 1939-1944.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/carcin/20.10.1939] [PMID: 10506108]
[76]
Asgari, M.; White, E.; Chren, M.M. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use in the prevention and treatment of squamous cell carcinoma. Dermatol. Surg., 2004, 30(10), 1335-1342.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.2004.30407.x] [PMID: 15458531]
[77]
Dawe, S.A.; Salisbury, J.R.; Higgins, E. Two cases of Bowen’s disease successfully treated topically with 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronan gel. Clin. Exp. Dermatol., 2005, 30(6), 712-713.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2230.2005.01867.x] [PMID: 16197397]
[78]
Jeter, J.M.; Curiel-Lewandrowski, C.; Stratton, S.P.; Myrdal, P.B.; Warneke, J.A.; Einspahr, J.G.; Bartels, H.G.; Yozwiak, M.; Bermudez, Y.; Hu, C.; Bartels, P.; Alberts, D.S. Phase IIB randomized study of topical difluoromethylornithine and topical diclofenac on sun-damaged skin of the forearm. Cancer Prev. Res., 2016, 9(2), 128-134.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-15-0232] [PMID: 26712942]
[79]
Bailey, H.H.; Kim, K.; Verma, A.K.; Sielaff, K.; Larson, P.O.; Snow, S.; Lenaghan, T.; Viner, J.L.; Douglas, J.; Dreckschmidt, N.E.; Hamielec, M.; Pomplun, M.; Sharata, H.H.; Puchalsky, D.; Berg, E.R.; Havighurst, T.C.; Carbone, P.P. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 skin cancer prevention study of alpha-difluoromethylornithine in subjects with previous history of skin cancer. Cancer Prev. Res., 2010, 3(1), 35-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-09-0096] [PMID: 20051371]
[80]
Carbone, P.P.; Pirsch, J.D.; Thomas, J.P.; Douglas, J.A.; Verma, A.K.; Larson, P.O.; Snow, S.; Tutsch, K.D.; Pauk, D. Phase I chemoprevention study of difluoromethylornithine in subjects with organ transplants. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 2001, 10(6), 657-661.
[PMID: 11401916]
[81]
Kilgour, J.M.; Shah, A.; Eichstadt, S.; Bailey, I.; Aasi, S.Z.; Sarin, K.Y. Treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma with the topical histone deacetylase inhibitor remetinostat. JAMA Dermatol., 2022, 158(1), 105-107.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2021.4549] [PMID: 34787644]
[82]
Kalin, J.H.; Eroglu, A.; Liu, H. Investigation into the use of histone deacetylase inhibitor MS-275 as a topical agent for the prevention and treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in an SKH-1 hairless mouse model. PLoS One, 2019, 14(3), e0213095.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213095]
[83]
Chen, A.C.; Martin, A.J.; Choy, B.; Fernández-Peñas, P.; Dalziell, R.A.; McKenzie, C.A.; Scolyer, R.A.; Dhillon, H.M.; Vardy, J.L.; Kricker, A.; St George, G.; Chinniah, N.; Halliday, G.M.; Damian, D.L. A phase 3 randomized trial of nicotinamide for skin-cancer chemoprevention. N. Engl. J. Med., 2015, 373(17), 1618-1626.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1506197] [PMID: 26488693]
[84]
Mainville, L.; Smilga, A.S.; Fortin, P.R. Effect of nicotinamide in skin cancer and actinic keratoses chemoprophylaxis, and adverse effects related to nicotinamide: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Cutan. Med. Surg., 2022, 26(3), 297-308.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/12034754221078201] [PMID: 35134311]
[85]
Allen, N.C.; Martin, A.J.; Snaidr, V.A.; Eggins, R.; Chong, A.H.; Fernandéz-Peñas, P.; Gin, D.; Sidhu, S.; Paddon, V.L.; Banney, L.A.; Lim, A.; Upjohn, E.; Schaider, H.; Ganhewa, A.D.; Nguyen, J.; McKenzie, C.A.; Prakash, S.; McLean, C.; Lochhead, A.; Ibbetson, J.; Dettrick, A.; Landgren, A.; Allnutt, K.J.; Allison, C.; Davenport, R.B.; Mumford, B.P.; Wong, B.; Stagg, B.; Tedman, A.; Gribbin, H.; Edwards, H.A.; De Rosa, N.; Stewart, T.; Doolan, B.J.; Kok, Y.; Simpson, K.; Low, Z.M.; Kovitwanichkanont, T.; Scolyer, R.A.; Dhillon, H.M.; Vardy, J.L.; Chadban, S.J.; Bowen, D.G.; Chen, A.C.; Damian, D.L. Nicotinamide for skin-cancer chemoprevention in transplant recipients. N. Engl. J. Med., 2023, 388(9), 804-812.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2203086] [PMID: 36856616]
[86]
Lin, X.Y.; He, C.D.; Xiao, T.; Jin, X.; Chen, J.; Wang, Y.K.; Liu, M.; Wang, K.B.; Jiang, Y.; Wei, H.C.; Chen, H.D. Acitretin induces apoptosis through CD95 signalling pathway in human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cell line SCL‐1. J. Cell. Mol. Med., 2009, 13(9a), 2888-2898.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00397.x] [PMID: 18624760]
[87]
Wang, H.; Bata, B.; Currie, Z.; Salvi, S.; Tan, J. Systemic acitretin in the management of periocular squamous cell carcinoma. BMJ Case Rep., 2021, 14(4), e241167.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-241167]
[88]
Kadakia, K.C.; Barton, D.L.; Loprinzi, C.L.; Sloan, J.A.; Otley, C.C.; Diekmann, B.B.; Novotny, P.J.; Alberts, S.R.; Limburg, P.J.; Pittelkow, M.R. Randomized controlled trial of acitretin versus placebo in patients at high‐risk for basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (North Central Cancer Treatment Group Study 969251). Cancer, 2012, 118(8), 2128-2137.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cncr.26374] [PMID: 21882176]
[89]
Martin-Gorgojo, A.; Gilaberte, Y.; Nagore, E. Vitamin D and skin cancer: An epidemiological, patient-centered update and review. Nutrients, 2021, 13(12), 4292.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13124292]
[90]
Anand, S.; Rollakanti, K.R.; Horst, R.L.; Hasan, T.; Maytin, E.V. Combination of oral vitamin D3 with photodynamic therapy enhances tumor cell death in a murine model of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Photochem. Photobiol., 2014, 90(5), 1126-1135.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/php.12286] [PMID: 24807677]
[91]
Curiel-Lewandrowski, C.; Tang, J.Y.; Einspahr, J.G.; Bermudez, Y.; Hsu, C.H.; Rezaee, M.; Lee, A.H.; Tangrea, J.; Parnes, H.L.; Alberts, D.S.; Chow, H.H.S. Pilot study on the bioactivity of vitamin d in the skin after oral supplementation. Cancer Prev. Res., 2015, 8(6), 563-569.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-14-0280] [PMID: 25835512]
[92]
Gade, A.; Hwang, J.R.; Hoegler, K.; Khan, S.; Khachemoune, A. Therapeutic use of trace elements in dermatology. Altern. Ther. Health Med., 2023, 29(4), 246-252.
[PMID: 34264859]
[93]
Clark, L.C.; Combs, G.F., Jr; Turnbull, B.W.; Slate, E.H.; Chalker, D.K.; Chow, J.; Davis, L.S.; Glover, R.A.; Graham, G.F.; Gross, E.G.; Krongrad, A.; Lesher, J.L., Jr; Park, H.K.; Sanders, B.B., Jr; Smith, C.L.; Taylor, J.R. Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 1996, 276(24), 1957-1963.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1996.03540240035027] [PMID: 8971064]
[94]
Argos, M.; Dignam, J.J.; Parvez, F.; Rahman, M.; Hore, S.K.; Shahriar, M.H.; Sarwar, G.; Islam, T.; Slavkovich, V.; Graziano, J.; Gamble, M.; Harjes, J.; Anton, K.; Kibriya, M.G.; Jasmine, F.; Kamal, M.; Shea, C.R.; Yunus, M.; Baron, J.A.; Ahsan, H. A randomized trial of selenium and vitamin E for primary prevention of non-melanoma skin cancer: Trial results and experience from a low-resource setting. J. Clin. Oncol., 2017, 35(S15), 1511.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2017.35.15_suppl.1511]
[95]
Caini, S.; Cattaruzza, S.; Bendinelli, B.; Tosti, G.; Masala, G.; Gnagnarella, P.; Assedi, M.; Stanganelli, I.; Palli, D.; Gandini, S. Coffee, tea and caffeine intake and the risk of non-melanoma skin cancer: A review of the literature and meta-analysis. Eur. J. Nutr., 2017, 56(1), 1-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00394-016-1253-6] [PMID: 27388462]
[96]
Zhang, X.; Bommareddy, A.; Chen, W. Chemopreventive effects of sarcophine-diol on ultraviolet B-induced skin tumor development in SKH-1 hairless mice. Mar. Drugs, 2009, 7(2), 153-165.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md7020153]
[97]
Kundoor, V.; Zhang, X.; Khalifa, S.; Fahmy, H.; Dwivedi, C. A possible mechanism of action of the chemopreventive effects of sarcotriol on skin tumor development in CD-1 mice. Mar. Drugs, 2006, 4(4), 274-285.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md404274]
[98]
Zhang, X.; Kundoor, V.; Khalifa, S.; Zeman, D.; Fahmy, H.; Dwivedi, C. Chemopreventive effects of sarcophine-diol on skin tumor development in CD-1 mice. Cancer Lett., 2007, 253(1), 53-59.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2007.01.009] [PMID: 17321042]
[99]
Guillermo, R.F.; Zhang, X.; Kaushik, R.S.; Zeman, D.; Ahmed, S.A.; Khalifa, S.; Fahmy, H.; Dwivedi, C. Dose-response on the chemopreventive effects of sarcophine-diol on UVB-induced skin tumor development in SKH-1 hairless mice. Mar. Drugs, 2012, 10(12), 2111-2125.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md10092111] [PMID: 23118725]
[100]
Mahen, K.K.; Markley, L.; Bogart, J.; Klatka, H.; Krishna, V.; Maytin, E.V.; Stark, G.R.; McDonald, C. Topical N ‐phosphonacetyl‐ L ‐aspartate is a dual action candidate for treating non‐melanoma skin cancer. Exp. Dermatol., 2023, 32(9), 1485-1497.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/exd.14853] [PMID: 37309615]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
9
1
Wayfinder Image
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy