Generic placeholder image

Current Drug Discovery Technologies

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1570-1638
ISSN (Online): 1875-6220

Research Article

Investigating the Antifungal Effect of the Essential Oil of Thymus eriocalyx on Dominant Filamentous Fungal Agents Isolated from Livestock and Poultry Feed

Author(s): Abdelnasser Mohammadi, Sima Shiravand, Fatemeh Saleh, Mohammad Yarahmadi and Asghar Sepahvand*

Volume 20, Issue 4, 2023

Published on: 27 March, 2023

Article ID: e220223213880 Pages: 11

DOI: 10.2174/1570163820666230222093118

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: One of the most important principles in disease control is the health of livestock and poultry feed. Given the natural growth of Th. eriocalyx in Lorestan province, its essential oil can be added to the livestock and poultry feed and prevent the growth of the dominant filamentous fungi.

Objective: Therefore, this study aimed to identify the dominant moldy fungal agents of livestock and poultry feed, examine phytochemical compounds and analyze antifungal effects, anti-oxidant properties, as well as cytotoxicity against human white blood cells in Th. eriocalyx.

Methods: Sixty samples were collected in 2016. The PCR test was used to amplify ITS1 and ASP1 regions. The analysis of essential oil was conducted by gas chromatography and gas chromatographymass spectrometry devices. MIC and MFC were performed using the broth micro-dilution method. For the analysis of DDPH activity, DDPH was used. Cytotoxicity effect on healthy human lymphocytes was carried out by the MTT method.

Results: In this study, A. niger, F. verticilloides and F. circinatum, P. oxalicum, and P. chrysogenum were the most resistant species, and A. oryzae and A. fumigatus, F. prolifratum and F. eqiseti, P. janthnellum were the most susceptible ones. IC50 value of T. daenensis Celak was 41.33 μg/ml, and 100 μl/ml of the essential oil caused slight cell lysis.

Conclusion: Considering our results, compared with drugs and chemical additives, essential oils can be added to livestock and poultry feed to prevent the growth of filamentous fungi in the livestock and poultry feed.

Keywords: Chromatography, phytochemical, antioxidant, cytotoxicity, PCR, antifungal effect.

Graphical Abstract
[1]
Anwar T, Ahmad I, Tahir S. Determination of pesticide residues in fruits of Nawabshah district, Sindh, Pakistan. Pak J Bot 2011; 43(2): 1133-9.
[2]
Sultana N, Hanif N. Mycotoxin contamination in cattle feed and feed ingredients. Pak Vet J 2009; 29(4): 211-3.
[3]
Abedullah N, Khalid M, Kouser S. The role of agricultural credit in the growth of livestock sector: A case study of Faisalabad. Pak Vet J 2009; 29(2): 81-4.
[4]
Sadhasivam S, Britzi M, Zakin V, et al. Rapid detection and identification of mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in stored wheat grain. Toxins 2017; 9(10): 302.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins9100302] [PMID: 28946706]
[5]
Akande K, Abubakar M, Adegbola T, Bogoro S. Nutritional and health implications of mycotoxins in animal feeds: A review. Pak J Nutr 2006; 5(5): 398-403.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2006.398.403]
[6]
Sivakumar V, Singaravelu G, Sivamani P. Isolation, characterization and growth optimization of toxicogenic molds from different animal feeds in Tamilnadu. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci 2014; 3(9): 430-45.
[7]
Burger HM, Shephard GS, Louw W, Rheeder JP, Gelderblom WCA. The mycotoxin distribution in maize milling fractions under experimental conditions. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 165(1): 57-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.03.028] [PMID: 23693022]
[8]
Atongbiik AM, Opoku N, Amagloh FK. Aflatoxin contamination in cereals and legumes to reconsider usage as complementary food ingredients for Ghanaian infants: A review. J Nutr Intermed Metab 2017; 10: 1-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnim.2017.09.001]
[9]
Kumar P, Mahato DK, Kamle M, Mohanta TK, Kang SG. Aflatoxins: A global concern for food safety, human health and their management. Front Microbiol 2017; 7: 2170.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.02170] [PMID: 28144235]
[10]
Li Y, Zhang X, Nie J, Bacha SAS, Yan Z, Gao G. Occurrence and co-occurrence of mycotoxins in apple and apple products from China. Food Control 2020; 118: 107354.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107354]
[11]
Deshpande S. Fungal toxins. In: Handbook of food toxicology. New York: Marcel Decker 2002; pp. 387-456.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203908969]
[12]
Simon P, Delsaut P, Lafontaine M, Morele Y, Nicot T. Automated column-switching high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of aflatoxin M1. J Chromatogr, Biomed Appl 1998; 712(1-2): 95-104.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4347(98)00139-X] [PMID: 9698232]
[13]
Mohammadi A, Shams-Ghahfarokhi M, Nazarian-Firouzabadi F, Kachuei R, Gholami-Shabani M, Razzaghi-Abyaneh M. Giberella fujikuroi species complex isolated from maize and wheat in Iran: distribution, molecular identification and fumonisin B1 in vitro] biosynthesis. J Sci Food Agric 2016; 96(4): 1333-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.7227] [PMID: 25903322]
[14]
Ridenour JB, Smith J, Bluhm BH. The HAP complex governs fumonisin biosynthesis and maize kernel pathogenesis in Fusarium verticillioides. J Food Prot 2016; 79(9): 1498-507.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-15-596] [PMID: 28221941]
[15]
Friedman M, Henika PR, Mandrell R. Bactericidal activities of plant essential oils and some of their isolated constituents against Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica. J Food Prot 2002; 65(10): 1545-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-65.10.1545] [PMID: 12380738]
[16]
Tassou CC, Drosinos EH, Nychas GJE. Effects of essential oil from mint (Mentha piperita) on Salmonella enteritidis and Listeria monocytogenes in model food systems at 4° and 10°C. J Appl Bacteriol 1995; 78(6): 593-600.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1995.tb03104.x] [PMID: 7615414]
[17]
Rančić A, Soković M, Vukojević J, et al. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of essential oils of Myrrhis odorata (l.) scop, Hypericum perforatum l and Helichrysum arenarium (L.) moench. J Essent Oil Res 2005; 17(3): 341-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2005.9698925]
[18]
Kalemba D, Kunicka A. Antibacterial and antifungal properties of essential oils. Curr Med Chem 2003; 10(10): 813-29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867033457719] [PMID: 12678685]
[19]
Silva AM, Félix LM, Teixeira I, et al. Orange thyme: Phytochemical profiling, in vitro bioactivities of extracts and potential health benefits. Food Chem X 2021; 12: 100171.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fochx.2021.100171] [PMID: 34901827]
[20]
Ebadollahi A, Sendi JJ, Aliakbar A. Efficacy of nanoencapsulated Thymus eriocalyx and Thymus kotschyanus essential oils by a mesoporous material mcm-41 against tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae). J Econ Entomol 2017; 110(6): 2413-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/tox234] [PMID: 29029248]
[21]
Xiang F, Zhao Q, Zhao K, Pei H, Tao F. The efficacy of composite essential oils against aflatoxigenic fungus Aspergillus flavus in maize. Toxins 2020; 12(9): 562.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12090562] [PMID: 32882838]
[22]
Barnett H, Hunter BB. Illustrated genera of imperfect fungi. St. Paul, Minnesota: APS Press 1998; p. 218.
[23]
Klich MA. Identification of common Aspergillus species Centraalbureau voor schimmelcultures. 2002; p. 1162.
[24]
Dugan FM, Glawe DA, Attanayake RN, Chen W. The importance of reporting new host-fungus records for ornamental and regional crops. Plant Health Prog 2009; 10(1): 34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PHP-2009-0512-01-RV]
[25]
White TJ, Bruns T, Lee S, Taylor J. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics In PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications. Academic Press Inc. 1990; 18: pp. (1)315-22.
[26]
Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ, White TJ. PCR protocols: A guide to methods and applications. London: Academic Press 2012; p. 482.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0307-4412(91)90165-5]
[27]
Golparvar AR, Hadipanah A, Gheisari MM, Naderi D, Rahmaniyan S, Khorrami M. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Salvia officinalis L. and Salvia virgata Jacq. J Med Plants Res 2017; 8(2): 71-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18869/JHD.2017.71]
[28]
John H. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi, approved standard. M38-A2. Clin Lab Stand Inst 2008; 28(16): 1-35.
[29]
Baliukoniene V, Bakutis B, Stankevicius H. Mycological and mycotoxicological evaluation of grain. Ann Agric Environ Med 2003; 10(2): 223-7.
[PMID: 14677916]
[30]
Orsi RB, Corrêa B, Possi CR, et al. Mycoflora and occurrence of fumonisins in freshly harvested and stored hybrid maize. J Stored Prod Res 2000; 36(1): 75-87.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-474X(99)00029-6]
[31]
Atehnkeng J, Ojiambo PS, Donner M, et al. Distribution and toxigenicity of Aspergillus species isolated from maize kernels from three agro-ecological zones in Nigeria. Int J Food Microbiol 2008; 122(1-2): 74-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.11.062] [PMID: 18180068]
[32]
Dawlal P, Barros E, Marais GJ. Evaluation of maize cultivars for their susceptibility towards mycotoxigenic fungi under storage conditions. J Stored Prod Res 2012; 48: 114-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2011.10.006]
[33]
Rosa CAR, Ribeiro JMM, Fraga MJ, et al. Mycoflora of poultry feeds and ochratoxin-producing ability of isolated Aspergillus and Penicillium species. Vet Microbiol 2006; 113(1-2): 89-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.10.031] [PMID: 16309858]
[34]
Fernández-Cruz ML, Mansilla ML, Tadeo JL. Mycotoxins in fruits and their processed products: Analysis, occurrence and health implications. J Adv Res 2010; 1(2): 113-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2010.03.002]
[35]
Ashiq S. Natural occurrence of mycotoxins in food and feed: Pakistan perspective. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2015; 14(2): 159-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12122] [PMID: 33401806]
[36]
Varga J, Kocsubé S, Suri K, et al. Fumonisin contamination and fumonisin producing black Aspergilli in dried vine fruits of different origin. Int J Food Microbiol 2010; 143(3): 143-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.08.008] [PMID: 20826035]
[37]
Barroso VM, Rocha LO, Reis TA, et al. Fusarium verticillioides and fumonisin contamination in Bt and non-Bt maize cultivated in Brazil. Mycotoxin Res 2017; 33(2): 121-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12550-017-0271-4] [PMID: 28265970]
[38]
Johnson ET, Proctor RH, Dunlap CA, Busman M. Reducing production of fumonisin mycotoxins in Fusarium verticillioides by RNA interference. Mycotoxin Res 2018; 34(1): 29-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12550-017-0296-8] [PMID: 29164518]
[39]
Ahsan S, Bhatti IA, Asi MR, Bhatti HN, Sheikh MA. Occurrence of aflatoxins in maize grains from central areas of Punjab, Pakistan. Int J Agric Biol 2010; 12(4): 571-5.
[40]
Helander IM, Alakomi HL, Latva-Kala K, et al. Characterization of the action of selected essential oil components on Gram-negative bacteria. J Agric Food Chem 1998; 46(9): 3590-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf980154m]
[41]
de Lira Mota K, de Oliveira Pereira F, de Oliveira W, Lima I, de Oliveira Lima E. Antifungal activity of Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil and its constituent phytochemicals against Rhizopus oryzae: Interaction with ergosterol. Molecules 2012; 17(12): 14418-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules171214418] [PMID: 23519243]
[42]
Felšöciová S, Kačániová M, Horská E, et al. Antifungal activity of essential oils against selected Terverticillate penicillia. Ann Agric Environ Med 2015; 22(1): 38-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/12321966.1141367] [PMID: 25780826]
[43]
Varga E, Bardocz A, Belak A, et al. Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of thyme essential oils and the polyphenolic content of different Thymus extracts. Thymus 2015; 63(3)
[44]
Stević T, Berić T, Šavikin K, et al. Antifungal activity of selected essential oils against fungi isolated from medicinal plant. Ind Crops Prod 2014; 55: 116-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.02.011]
[45]
Tabti L, Dib MEA, Gaouar N, Samira B, Tabti B. Antioxidant and antifungal activity of extracts of the aerial parts of Thymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns against four phytopathogenic fungi of Citrus sinensis. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2014; 9(1): 49-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.17795/jjnpp-13972] [PMID: 24644439]
[46]
Kohiyama CY, Yamamoto Ribeiro MM, Mossini SAG, et al. Antifungal properties and inhibitory effects upon aflatoxin production of Thymus vulgaris L. by Aspergillus flavus Link. Food Chem 2015; 173: 1006-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.135] [PMID: 25466118]
[47]
Bounatirou S, Smiti S, Miguel M, et al. Thermal stability of the essential oils isolated from Tunisian Thymus capitatus Hoff. et Link.: Effect on the chemical composition and the antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Acta Aliment 2010; 39(3): 299-307.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/AAlim.39.2010.3.6]
[48]
López-Meneses AK, Plascencia-Jatomea M, Lizardi-Mendoza J, Rosas-Burgos EC, Luque-Alcaraz AG, Cortez-Rocha MO. Antifungal and antimycotoxigenic activity of essential oils from Eucalyptus globulus, Thymus capitatus and Schinus molle. Food Sci Technol 2015; 35(4): 664-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-457X.6732]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy