Title:Beyond the Obvious: Smoking and Respiratory Infection Implications on Alzheimer's Disease
Volume: 19
Issue: 9
Author(s): Ridhima Wadhwa, Keshav Raj Paudel, Meenu Mehta , Shakti D. Shukla, Krishna Sunkara, Parteek Prasher, Nisha Panth, Rohit Goyal, Dinesh Kumar Chellappan, Gaurav Gupta, Philip M. Hansbro, Alaa A.A. Aljabali, Murtaza M. Tambuwala and Kamal Dua*
Affiliation:
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo NSW 2007,Australia
Keywords:
Smoking, Pulmonary infections, Alzheimer’s disease, oxidative stress, infection, (Aβ) peptide deposition.
Abstract: Tobacco smoke is not only a leading cause for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiovascular
disorders, and lung and oral cancers, but also causes neurological disorders such as Alzheimer
’s disease. Tobacco smoke consists of more than 4500 toxic chemicals, which form free radicals
and can cross blood-brain barrier resulting in oxidative stress, an extracellular amyloid plaque
from the aggregation of amyloid β (Aβ) peptide deposition in the brain. Further, respiratory infections
such as Chlamydia pneumoniae, respiratory syncytial virus have also been involved in the induction
and development of the disease. The necessary information collated on this review has been gathered
from various literature published from 1995 to 2019. The review article sheds light on the role of
smoking and respiratory infections in causing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, resulting in
Alzheimer's disease (AD). This review will be of interest to scientists and researchers from biological
and medical science disciplines, including microbiology, pharmaceutical sciences and the translational
researchers, etc. The increasing understanding of the relationship between chronic lung disease and neurological
disease is two-fold. First, this would help to identify the risk factors and possible therapeutic interventions
to reduce the development and progression of both diseases. Second, this would help to reduce
the probable risk of development of AD in the population prone to chronic lung diseases.
