Manuscripts submitted for research and review articles in the journal should be divided into the
following sections:
Structured Abstract:
The abstract of an article should be a clear, concise and accurate summary, having no more than
250 words, and including the explicit sub-headings (as in-line or run-in headings in bold). Use
of abbreviations should be avoided and the references should not be cited in the abstract.
All the original research articles, systematic reviews and meta-analyses must be accompanied by a
structured abstract. Ideally, each abstract should include the following sub-headings, but these
may vary according to the requirements of the article.
Introduction/Objective: Summarize the objective or purpose of the
research in a few sentences.
Methods: Give a brief description of the research design, methodology,
and other relevant details about the conduct of the study.
Results: Outline the main conclusions or findings of the study, often
with statistical data or significant findings.
Conclusion: Provide an overview of the study's key findings and any
implications.
The headings can vary but must state the purpose of the study, details of the participants,
measurements, methods, main findings and conclusion.
Graphical Abstract
A graphic should be included when possible with each manuscript for use in the Table of Contents
(TOC). This must be submitted separately as an electronic file (preferred file types are EPS,
PDF, TIFF, Microsoft Word, PowerPoint and CDX etc.). A graphical abstract, not exceeding 30
words along with the illustration, helps to summarize the contents of the manuscript in a
concise pictorial form. It is meant as an aid for the rapid viewing of the journals' contents
and to help capture the readers’ attention. The graphical abstract may feature a key structure,
reaction, equation, etc. that the manuscript elucidates upon. It will be listed along with the
manuscript title, authors’ names and affiliations in the contents page, typeset within an area
of 5 cm by 17 cm, but it will not appear in the article PDF file or in print.
Graphical Abstracts should be submitted as a separate file (must clearly mention graphical
abstract within the file) online viaBentham's Manuscript Processing System (MPS).
You can view a few examples of the Graphical
Abstractson our website.
Text Organization
The main text should begin on a separate page and should be divided into title page, abstract and
the main text. The text may be subdivided further according to the areas to be discussed, which
should be followed by the List of Abbreviations, Conflict of Interest, Acknowledgements and
Reference section. For Review, the manuscript should be divided into title page, abstract and
the main text. The text may be subdivided further according to the areas to be discussed, which
should be followed by the Acknowledgements and Reference section. The review article should
mention any previous important reviews in the field and contain a comprehensive discussion
starting with the general background of the field. It should then go on to discuss the salient
features of recent developments. The authors should avoid presenting material which has already
been published in a previous review. The authors are advised to present and discuss their
observations in brief.
The manuscript style must be uniform throughout the text and 10 pt Times New Roman font should be
used. The full term for an abbreviation should precede its first appearance in the text unless
it is a standard unit of measurement. The reference numbers should be given in square brackets
in the text. Italics should be used for Binomial names of organisms (Genus and Species), for
emphasis and for unfamiliar words or phrases. Non-assimilated words from Latin or other
languages should also be italicized e.g in vivo, in vitro, per se, et al. etc.
SECTION HEADINGS
Section headings should be numbered sequentially, left aligned and have the first letter
capitalized, starting with the introduction. Sub-section headings however, should be in
lower-case and italicized with their initials capitalized. They should be numbered as 1.1,
1.2, etc.
INTRODUCTION
The Introduction section should include the background and aims of the research in a
comprehensive manner.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This section provides details of the methodology used along with information on any previous
efforts with corresponding references. Any details for further modifications and research
should be included. Sufficient details should be provided to the reader about the original
data source in order to enable the analysis, appropriateness and verification of the results
reported in the study.
It is important for the Methods Section should be sufficiently detailed in respect of the
data presented, and the results produced from it. This section should include all the
information and protocol gathered for the study at the time when it was being written. If
the study is funded or financially supported by an organization to conduct the research,
then it should be mentioned in the Methods Section. Methods must be result-oriented.
Transparent reporting on AI and AI-assisted Technologies
Authors who use AI tools for the production of images or graphical elements of the paper,
or in the collection and analysis of data, must disclose the use of such tools in the
Materials and Methods (or similar section) of the paper, stating how the AI tool was
used and which tool was used.
Authors are fully responsible for the content of their manuscript, including parts
produced with the assistance of an AI tool, and are thus liable for any breach of
publication ethics.
Bentham Science Publishers will assess whether the manner AI was used and declared is
reasonable and compliant with its published principles and practices. After publication,
content may be rejected or changed due to inadequate declaration or the specific
circumstances of its use.
EXPERIMENTAL
Repeated information should not be reported in the text of an article. A calculation section
must include experimental data, facts and practical development from a theoretical
perspective.
RESULTS
The important and main findings of the study should come first in the Results Section. The
tables, figures and references should be given in sequence to emphasize the important
information or observations related to the research. The repetition of data in tables and
figures should be avoided. Results should be precise.
DISCUSSION
This should explore the significance of the results of the work, present a reproducible
procedure and emphasis the importance of the article in the light of recent developments in
the field. Extensive citations and discussion of published literature should be avoided.
This section of research articles should discuss the implications of the findings in the
context of existing research and highlight the study's limitations. The authors should
justify the sample size according to the study purpose and methods.
The Results and Discussion may be presented together under one heading of “Results and
Discussion”. Alternatively, they may be presented under two separate sections (“Results”
Section and “Discussion” Sections). Short sub-headings may be added in each section if
required.
CONCLUSION
A small paragraph summarizing the contents of the article, presenting the final outcome of
the research or proposing further study on the subject, may be given at the end of the
article under the Conclusion section.
FUNDING
The authors need to declare the funding sources of their manuscripts clearly by providing the
name of the funding agency or financial support along with allotted grant/award number in
round brackets (if applied), for instance, "This work was financially supported by [Name of
the funding agency] (Grant number XXX)".
Similarly, if a paper does not have any specific funding source, and is part of the
employment of the authors, then the name of the employer will be required. Authors will have
to clearly state that the funder was involved in writing, editing, approval, or decision to
publish the article.
Greek Symbols and Special Characters
Greek symbols and special characters often undergo formatting changes and get corrupted or
lost during preparation of manuscript for publication. To ensure that all special characters
used are embedded in the text, these special characters should be inserted as a symbol but
should not be a result of any format styling (Symbol font face) otherwise they will be lost
during conversion to PDF/XML.
Authors are encouraged to consult reporting guidelines. These guidelines provide a set of
recommendations comprising a list of items relevant to their specific research design.
Chemical equations, chemical names, mathematical usage, unit of measurements, chemical and
physical quantity & units must conform to SI and Chemical Abstracts or IUPAC.
All kinds of measurements should be reported only in International System of Units (SI).
Appendices
In case there is a need to present lengthy, but essential methodological details, appendices
must be used, which can be a part of the article. An appendix must not exceed three pages
(Times New Roman, 10 point fonts, 900 max. words per page).The information should be
provided in a condensed form, ruling out the need of full sentences. A single appendix
should be titled APPENDIX, while more than one can be titled APPENDIX A, APPENDIX B, and so
on.
Supportive/Supplementary Material
We do encourage to append supportive material, for example a PowerPoint file containing a
talk about the study, a PowerPoint file containing additional screenshots, a Word, RTF, or
PDF document showing the original instrument(s) used, a video, or the original data
(SAS/SPSS files, Excel files, Access Db files etc.) provided it is inevitable or endorsed by
the journal's Editor.
Supportive/Supplementary material intended for publication must be numbered and referred to
in the manuscript but should not be a part of the submitted paper. In-text citations as well
as a section with the heading "Supportive/Supplementary Material" before the "References"
section should be provided. Here, list all Supportive/Supplementary Material and include a
brief caption line for each file describing its contents.
Any additional files will be linked to the final published article in the form supplied by
the author, but will not be displayed within the paper. They will be made available in
exactly the same form as originally provided only on our Web site. Please also make sure
that each additional file is a single table, figure or movie (please do not upload linked
worksheets or PDF files larger than one sheet). Supportive/Supplementary material must be
provided in a single zipped file not larger than 4 MB.
Authors must clearly indicate if these files are not for publication but meant for the
reviewers'/editors' perusal only.
List of Abbreviations
If abbreviations are used in the text either they should be defined in the text where first
used, or a list of abbreviations can be provided.