The application of endoscopic resection (ER) and endoscopic submucosal
dissection (ESD) to gastrointestinal (GI) early neoplasms is limited to lesions with
limited depth of invasion with no risk of nodal metastasis. Endoscopic electrosurgical
knives are used in combination with high frequency electrosurgical current. Radiofrequency
ablation (RFA) is the modality of choice for dysplastic lesions due to its
efficacy and low side effect profile. ER and RFA could be used together in
combination with encouraging results.
Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGBI) is a common medical emergency and has
an average 10% in-hospital mortality rate. A risk stratification score should be
calculated and used to guide subsequent management. Endoscopic therapy can be
categorized into injection therapy, thermal coagulation, and mechanical haemostasis.
The optimal choice of the endoscopic technique depends on the bleeding source, the
endoscopists’ skills, the available equipment, the patient's clinical condition and costs.
Endoscopic stenting has become the palliative treatment of choice for many patients
with malignant oesophageal obstruction. However, the procedure is associated with a
high incidence of complications. Stenting is widely used as a first line treatment option
in patients that are not suitable for surgery and those with limited survival. Stents
consist of a flexible framework of wire mesh, and are either uncovered or covered.
Some have anti-reflux valves as an option.
Keywords: Dysplasia, Endoscopic treatment, Gastric cancer, Injection therapy,
Oesophageal cancer, Oesophageal stenting, Pyloric stenting, Radio-frequency
ablation, Rebleeding risk, Thermal coagulation, Topical therapy.
